Psychology Wiki
Register
Advertisement

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)


Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different. This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal's internal environment and its external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as heat stroke occurs. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.

Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within certain limits, a thermoconformer changes its body temperature with changes to the temperature outside of its body. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to determine the temperature of those parts which most nearly approaches to that of the internal organs. Also for such results to be comparable they must be made in the same situation. The rectum gives most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the vagina, uterus or bladder.

Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use. More usually the temperature is taken in the mouth, underarm(axilla), ear or groin.

Thermoregulation in humans[]

Thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. In order to deal with these climatic conditions, humans have developed physiologic and cultural modes of adaptation.

The skin assists in homeostasis (keeping different aspects of the body constant e.g. temperature). It does this by reacting differently to hot and cold conditions so that the inner body temperature remains more or less constant. Vasodilation and sweating are the primary modes by which humans attempt to lose excess body heat. The effectiveness of these methods is influenced by the character of the climate and the degree to which the individual is acclimatized.

In hot conditions[]

  1. When sweating, sweat glands under the skin secrete sweat (a fluid containing mostly water with some dissolved ions) which travels up the sweat duct, through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin. This causes heat loss by evaporation; however, a lot of essential water is lost.
  2. The hairs on the skin lie flat, preventing heat from being trapped by the layer of still air between the hairs. This is caused by tiny muscles under the surface of the skin called errector pili muscles relaxing so that their attached hair follicles are not erect. These flat hairs increase the flow of air next to the skin increasing heat loss by convection. When environmental temperature is above core body temperature (for example in very hot climates-above 37 degrees), sweating is the only physiological way for man to lose heat.
  3. Arterioles Vasodilation occures, this is the process of relaxation of smooth muscle in arteriole walls allowing increased blood flow through the artery. This redirects blood into the superficial capillaries in the skin increasing heat loss by radiation and conduction.
  4. It should be noted that most animals can't sweat efficiently. Cats and dogs only have sweat glands on the pads of their feet. Horses and humans are two of the few animals capable of sweating. Many animals pant rather than sweat, this is because the lungs have a large surface area and are highly vascularised. Air is inhaled, cooling the surface of the lungs and is then exhaled losing heat and some water vapour.

In cold conditions[]

  1. Sweat stops being produced.
  2. The minute muscles under the surface of the skin called erectorpili muscles (attached to an individual hair follicle) contract (piloerection), lifting the hair follicle upright. This makes our hairs stand on end which acts as an insulating layer, trapping heat. This is what also causes goose pimples since humans don't have very much hair and the contracted muscles can easily be seen.
  3. Arterioles carrying blood to superficial capillaries under the surface of the skin can shrink (constrict)blood is rerouted away from the skin and towards the warmer core of the body. This prevents blood from loosing heat to the surroundings and also prevents the core temperature dropping further. This process is called vasoconstriction. It is impossible to prevent all heat loss from the blood, only to reduce it. In extremely cold conditions excessive vasoconstriction leads to numbness and pale skin. Frostbite only occurs when water within the cells begins to freeze, this destroys the cell causing damage.
  4. Muscles can also receive messages from the thermo-regulatory centre of the brain (the hypothalamus) to cause shivering. This increases heat production as respiration is an exothermic reaction in muscle cells. Shivering is more effective than exercise at producing heat because the animal remains still. This means that less heat is lost to the environment via convection. There are 2 types of shivering low intensity and high intensity. During low intensity shivering animals shiver constantly at a low level for months during cold conditions. During high intensity shivering animals shiver violently for a relatively short time. Both processes consume energy although high intensity shivering uses glucose as a fuel source and low intensity tends to use fats.

Note: Messages from the brain that reach effectors (e.g. muscles and glands) are done so by motor neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that pass messages around the body in the form of electrical impulses. Motor neurons are the ones that pass messages from the brain directly to the effector, in this case muscles. A collection of thousands of neurons is termed a nerve.

The process explained above, in which the skin regulates body temperature is a part of thermoregulation. This is one aspect of homeostasis-the process by which the body regulates itself to keep internal conditions constant.

Temperature symptoms[]

Temperature symptoms and medications:

Thermoregulation in vertebrates[]

Thermoregulation simplified

Human thermoregulation (simplified)

By numerous observations upon humans and other animals, John Hunter showed that the essential difference between the so-called warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former, and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter. Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air. This is called homeothermy. Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature, dependent on their surroundings. This is called poikilothermy.

Certain mammals are exceptions to this rule, being warm-blooded during the summer or daytime, but cold-blooded during the winter when they hibernate or at night during sleep. J. O. Wakelin Barratt has demonstrated that under certain pathological conditions, a warm-blooded (homeothermic) animal may become temporarily cold-blooded (poikilothermic). He has shown conclusively that this condition exists in rabbits suffering from rabies during the last period of their life, the rectal temperature being then within a few degrees of the room temperature and varying with it. He explains this condition by the assumption that the nervous mechanism of heat regulation has become paralysed. The respiration and heart-rate being also retarded during this period, the resemblance to the condition of hibernation is considerable. Again, Sutherland Simpson has shown that during deep anaesthesia a warm-blooded animal tends to take the same temperature as that of its environment. He demonstrated that when a monkey is kept deeply anaesthetized with ether and is placed in a cold chamber, its temperature gradually falls, and that when it has reached a sufficiently low point (about 25 °C in the monkey), the employment of an anaesthetic is no longer necessary, the animal then being insensible to pain and incapable of being roused by any form of stimulus; it is, in fact, narcotised by cold, and is in a state of what may be called "artificial hibernation." Once again this is explained by the fact that the heat-regulating mechanism has been interfered with. Similar results have been obtained from experiments on cats. It has also been concluded that in humans, it is possible for as much as 80% of body heat lose to escape through the head. This is due to the skin on the head being relatively thin along with the abundance of blood vessels present. It is also known that in temperature differences, that of the higher temperature will raise. This causes heat to raise to the head and escape through the skin.

Ectotherms[]

Main article: Ectotherm

Ectothermic cooling[]

BFAL SOTE shade

Seeking shade is one method of cooling. Here Sooty Tern chicks are using a Black-footed Albatross chick for shade.

  • Vaporization:
    • Getting wet in a river, lake or sea.
  • Convection:
    • Climbing to lower ground from trees, into valleys, burrows, etc.
    • Entering a cold water or air current.
    • Building a nest that allows natural or generated air/water flow for cooling.
  • Conduction:
    • Lie on cold ground.
    • Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.
    • Covering in cool mud.
  • Radiation:
    • Find shade.
    • Enter a burrow shaped for radiating heat (Black box effect).
    • Expand folds of skin.
    • Expose wing surfaces.

Ectothermic heating (or minimising heat loss)[]

  • Convection:
    • Climb to higher ground up trees, ridges, rocks.
    • Entering a warm water/air current.
    • Building an insulated nest or burrow.
  • Conduction:
    • Lie on hot rock.
  • Radiation:
    • Lie in sun.
    • Fold skin to reduce exposure.
    • Conceal wing surfaces.
Wiki stranglesnake

Thermographic image of a snake around an arm

To cope with low temperatures, some fish have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing; some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues. Amphibians and reptiles cope with heat loss by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations.

Endotherms[]

Main article: Endotherm

To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals possessing sweat glands, helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range. Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat, relying heavily on panting to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth. Birds also avoid overheating by panting since their thin skin has no sweat glands. Down feathers trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator; mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis — in marine mammals like whales this is referred to as blubber. Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain. Another cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate and body temperature regulated decrease in body temperature decreases the temperature difference between the animal and the air and therefore minimizes heat loss. Furthermore, having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive. Many animals survive cold frosty nights through torpor, a short-term temporary drop in body temperature. Organisms when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature not only have behavioural, physiological and structural adaptations, but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are; Stimulus, Receptor, Modulator, Effector and then the feedback of the now adjusted temperature to the Stimulus. This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.

Heat production in birds and mammals[]

In cold environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss:

  1. using small smooth muscles (erector pili in mammals) which are attached to feather or hair shafts; this shivering thermogenesis distorts the surface of the skin as the feather/hair shaft is made more erect (called goose bumps or pimples)
  2. increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature (warm-blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates (see Bergmann's Rule))
  3. having the ability to store energy as fat for metabolism
  4. have shortened extremities
  5. have countercurrent blood flow in extremities (e.g. Arctic Wolf[2] or penguins[3][4]) to avoid freezing of tissues

In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss:

  1. behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal
  2. evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting
  3. storing fat reserves in one place (e.g. camel's hump) to avoid its insulating effect
  4. elongated, often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air

Thermoregulation and sleep[]

In animals[]

The periodicity of the sleep cycle is strongly correlated with body size both between and within species. This may be related to the demands of thermoregulation. During quiet sleep the thermoregulatory mechanisms work normally but there is no response to thermal stress during active sleep. This could have serious implications for small animals (see gigantothermy) whose body temperature is more easily influenced by ambient temperature because of their lesser thermal capacity. So, as a rule, smaller animals have shorter periods of active sleep, ending before becoming thermally threatening.[5]

Behavioural temperature regulation[]

In addition to human beings, a number of other animals also maintain their body temperature with physiological and behavioral adjustments. For example, a desert lizard is an ectotherm and is therefore unable to control its temperature through metabolic regulation. However, by altering its location continuously, it is able to maintain a crude form of temperature control. In the morning, only its head will emerge from its burrow. Later, the entire body is exposed. The lizard basks in the sun, absorbing solar heat. When the temperature reaches higher levels, the lizard will hide under rocks or return to its burrow. When the sun goes down or the temperature falls, it emerges again.

Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss. Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of insulation. Some animals are regionally heterothermic and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature -- nearly to 0 °C. This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts, like the legs, feet (or hooves), and nose.

Wiki ostrich

An ostrich can keep its body temperature very constant, even though it can be very hot during the day and cold at night.

Hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor[]

To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures, some mammals hibernate in underground burrows. In order to remain in "stasis" for long periods, these animals must build up brown fat reserves and be capable of slowing all body functions. True hibernators (e.g. groundhogs) keep their body temperature down throughout their hibernation while the core temperature of false hibernators (e.g. bears) varies with them sometimes emerging from their dens for brief periods. Some bats are true hibernators which rely upon a rapid, non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation.

Estivation occurs in summer (like siestas) and allows some mammals to survive periods of high temperature and little water (e.g. turtles burrow in pond mud).

Daily torpor occurs in small endotherms like bats and humming birds which temporarily reduce their high metabolic rates to conserve energy.[6]

Variations in the temperature of human beings and some animals[]

1911 Animal heat

Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature, ranging from about 37.5 °C from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., and falling to about 36.3 °C from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.

Normal human temperature[]

Main article: Normal human body temperature

Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) to 37.8 °C (100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 °C was considered "ideal" temperature, while normal ranges are 36 °C to 36.9 °C.

Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 98.2 °F or 36.8 °C (same result in three different studies). Variations (one standard deviation) from three other studies are:

  • 36.4 - 37.1 °C
  • 36.3 - 37.1 °C for males, 36.5 - 37.3 °C for females
  • 36.6 - 37.3 °C[7]

Variations from thermometer placement[]

Temperature varies according to thermometer placement, with rectal temperature being 0.3-0.6 °C (0.5-1 °F) higher than oral temperature, while axillary temperature is 0.3-0.6 °C (0.5-1 °F) lower than oral temperature.[8] The average difference between oral and axillary temperatures of Indian children aged 6-12 was found to be only 0.1 °C (standard deviation 0.2 °C),[9] and the mean difference in Malta children aged 4-14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 °C, while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 °C.[10]

Variations associated with development[]

Of the lower warm-blooded animals, there are some that appear to be cold-blooded at birth. Kittens, rabbits and puppies, if removed from their surroundings shortly after birth, lose their body heat until their temperature has fallen to within a few degrees of that of the surrounding air. But such animals are at birth blind, helpless and in some cases naked. Animals who are born when in a condition of greater development can maintain their temperature fairly constant. In strong, healthy infants a day or two old the temperature rises slightly, but in that of weakly, ill-developed children it either remains stationary or falls. The cause of the variable temperature in infants and young immature animals is the imperfect development of the nervous regulating mechanism.

The average temperature falls slightly from infancy to puberty and again from puberty to middle age, but after that stage is passed the temperature begins to rise again, and by about the eightieth year is as high as in infancy.

Variations due to circadian rhythms[]

In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature which follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds - whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference - experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day). Those diurnal temperature can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.[11]

The temperature curve of diurnal birds is essentially similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also that the curves obtained from rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs were quite similar to those from man. These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms.

Variations due to women's menstrual cycles[]

During the follicular phase (which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation), the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45 - 36.7 °C (97.6 - 98.6 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15 - 0.45 °C (0.2 - 0.9 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7 - 37.3°C (97.6 - 99.2°F) throughout the luteal phase, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation.[12] Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception.

Variations due to fever[]

Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment that people without fever do not.

Variations due to biofeedback[]

A group of monks known as the Tummo are known to practice biofeedback meditation techniques that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially.[13]

Variations due to other factors[]

In Simpson's & Galbraith's work, the mean temperature of the female was higher than that of the male in all the species examined whose sex had been determined.

Meals sometimes cause a slight elevation, sometimes a slight depression—alcohol seems always to produce a fall. Exercise and variations of external temperature within ordinary limits cause very slight change, as there are many compensating influences at work, which are discussed later. The core temperature of those living in the tropics is within a similar range to those dwelling in the Arctic regions.

Low body temperature increases lifespan[]

It was long theorised that low body temperature may prolong life. On November 2006, a team of scientists from the Scripps Research Institute reported that transgenic mice which had body temperature 0.3-0.5 C lower than normal mice (due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons (Hcrt-UCP2), which elevated hypothalamic temperature, thus forcing the hypothalamus to lower body temperature) indeed lived longer than normal mice. The lifespan was 12% longer for males and 20% longer for females. Mice were allowed to eat as much as they wanted.[14][15][16] The effects of body temperature on longevity have not been studied in humans.

Limits compatible with life[]

There are limits both of heat and cold that a warm-blooded animal can bear, and other far wider limits that a cold-blooded animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to lessen metabolism, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both catabolic and anabolic changes share in the depression, and though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. This diminished metabolism tells first on the central nervous system, especially the brain and those parts concerned in consciousness. Both heart rate and respiration rate become diminished, drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until it passes into the sleep of death. Occasionally, however, convulsions may set in towards the end, and a death somewhat similar to that of asphyxia takes place.

In some experiments on cats performed by Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring, they found them unable to survive when the rectal temperature was reduced below 16°C. At this low temperature respiration became increasingly feeble, the heart-impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased, the beats becoming very irregular, apparently ceasing, then beginning again. Death appeared to be mainly due to asphyxia, and the only certain sign that it had taken place was the loss of knee jerks.

On the other hand, too high a temperature hurries on the metabolism of the various tissues at such a rate that their capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces dyspnea and soon exhausts the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre. Heart rate is increased, the beats then become arrhythmic and finally cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected, consciousness may be lost, and the patient falls into a comatose condition, or delirium and convulsions may set in. All these changes can be watched in any patient suffering from an acute fever. The lower limit of temperature that man can endure depends on many things, but no one can survive a temperature of 45°C (113°F) or above for very long. Mammalian muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50°C, and obviously should this temperature be reached the sudden rigidity of the whole body would render life impossible.

H.M. Vernon has done work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature (temperature of heat rigor) of various animals. He found that animals of the same class of the animal kingdom showed very similar temperature values, those from the Amphibia examined being 38.5°C, Fish 39°C, Reptilia 45°C, and various Molluscs 46°C. Also in the case of Pelagic animals he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body, Cestus[How to reference and link to summary or text] having lowest death temperature and least amount of solids in its body. In higher animals, however, his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characters of the protoplasm, and hence greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life.

Human temperature variation effects[]

Hot[]

  • 37°C (98.6°F) - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36.12-37.5°C (96.8-99.5°F)
  • 38°C (100.4°F) - Sweating, feeling very uncomfortable, slightly hungry.
  • 39°C (102.2°F) - Severe sweating, flushed and very red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and people with epilepsy may be very likely to get convulsions at this point.
  • 40°C (104°F) - Fainting, dehydration, weakness, vomiting, headache and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating.
  • 41°C (105.8°F) - (Medical emergency) - Fainting, vomiting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness.
  • 42°C (107.6°F) - Subject may turn pale or remain flushed and red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, vomiting, and convulsions can occur. Blood pressure may be high or low and heart rate will be very fast.
  • 43°C (109.4°F) - Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, continuous convulsions and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will likely occur.
  • 44°C (111.2°F) or more - Almost certainly death will occur; however, patients have been known to survive up to 46.5°C (115.7°F).[17]

Cold[]

  • 37°C (98.6°F) - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36-37.5°C (96.8-99.5°F)
  • 36°C (96.8°F) - Mild to moderate shivering (it drops this low during sleep). May be a normal body temperature.
  • 35°C (95.0°F) - (Hypothermia) is less than 35°C (95.0°F) - Intense shivering, numbness and bluish/grayness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability.
  • 34°C (93.2°F) - Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness and confusion. Some behavioural changes may take place.
  • 33°C (91.4°F) - Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heart beat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. Subject may be unresponsive to certain stimuli.
  • 32°C (89.6°F) - (Medical emergency) Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent (subject may even think they are hot). Reflex may be absent or very slight.
  • 31°C (87.8°F) - Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems.
  • 28°C (82.4°F) - Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. Patient may appear to be dead.
  • 24-26°C (75.2-78.8°F) or less - Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, some patients have been known to survive with body temperatures as low as 14.2°C (57.5°F).[17]


See also[]

References[]

  1. [DOI: 10.1358/mf.2005.27.6.914775]
  2. Swan, K. G., R. E. Henshaw (March, 1973). Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf.. Analysis of Surgery 177: 286-292.
  3. Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2002. Last accessed November 27, 2006.
  4. Introduction to Penguins. Mike Bingham, International Penguin Conservation Work Group. Last accessed November 27, 2006.
  5. McFarland, D., (2006) Oxford Dictionary of Animal Behavior. Oxford:OUP
  6. Starr, Cecie (2005), Biology: Concepts and Applications, Thomson Brooks/Cole, pp. 639, ISBN 053446226X, http://books.google.com/books?id=RtSpGV_Pl_0C&pg=PA639&dq=cold+temperatures+birds+minimize+heat+loss&ei=K89ZR4HhKImssgOGwsHRCw&sig=npWc-dz0QUTa-pkxj7bOgpjKq8M 
  7. Wong, Lena (2005), Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature), http://hypertextbook.com/facts/LenaWong.shtml 
  8. Rectal, ear, oral, and axillary temperature comparison, Yahoo Health, http://health.yahoo.com/topic/hearing/resources/article/healthwise/tw9223 
  9. Deepti Chaturvedi, K.Y. Vilhekar, Pushpa Chaturvedi, M.S. Bharambe (June 17, 2004), "Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children", INDIAN PEDIATRICS 41: 600-603, http://www.indianpediatrics.net/june2004/600.pdf 
  10. Quintana, E.C. (June 2004), "How reliable is axillary temperature measurement?", Annuals of Emergency Medicine 43 (6): 797-798, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.010, http://www.annemergmed.com/article/PIIS0196064404002318/fulltext 
  11. Simpson, Sutherland; Galbraith, J.J. (1905), "An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds, and a few mammals", The Journal of Physiology Online, http://jp.physoc.org/cgi/reprint/33/3/225.pdf 
  12. Swedan, Nadya Gabriele (2001), Women's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 149, ISBN 0834217317, http://books.google.com/books?id=JZb0ibgYDCIC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=temperature+higher+during+follicular+phase&source=web&ots=p3YUztWz7m&sig=wUfFvX5X-IQTkRHt7reLTW-Y73E 
  13. Cromie, William J. (2002), Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments, Harvard Gazette, http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/04.18/09-tummo.html 
  14. Transgenic Mice with a Reduced Core Body Temperature Have an Increased Life Span, by Bruno Conti et al. Science, 3, November 2006
  15. Reduced Body Temperature Extends Lifespan, Study Finds
  16. Bee cool, live long
  17. 17.0 17.1 Excerpt: Humans, Body Extremes, Guinness World Records, 2004, http://www.powells.com/biblio?show=0553587129&page=excerpt, retrieved on November 27, 2006 
  • Handbook of Physiology, Kirkes, (Philadelphia, 1907)
  • Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J. (1905) Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 45: 65-104.
  • Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993). Encyclopedia of animals - Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Pages 567-568. ISBN 1875137491.

Further reading[]

  • Adair, E. R., & Adams, B. W. (1983). Behavioral thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey: Adaptation processes during prolonged microwave exposure: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 97(1) Feb 1983, 49-61.
  • Adair, E. R., & Wright, B. A. (1976). Behavioral thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey when response effort is varied: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 90(2) Feb 1976, 179-184.
  • Agren, G., Olsson, C., Uvnas-Moberg, K., & Lundeberg, T. (1997). Olfactory cues from an oxytocin-injected male rat can reduce energy loss in its cagemates: Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience Vol 8(11) Jul 1997, 2551-2555.
  • Akins, C., Thiessen, D., & Cocke, R. (1991). Lipopolysaccharide increases ambient temperature preferences in C57BL/6J adult mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 50(2) Aug 1991, 461-463.
  • Alberts, J. R. (1978). Huddling by rat pups: Group behavioral mechanisms of temperature regulation and energy conservation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 92(2) Apr 1978, 231-245.
  • Alberts, J. R. (2004). Depth from Breadth: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 45(1) Jul 2004, 49-50.
  • Aldemir, H., Atkinson, G., Cable, T., Edwards, B., Waterhouse, J., & Reilly, T. (2000). A comparison of the immediate effects of moderate exercise in the early morning and late afternoon on core temperature and cutaneous thermoregulatory mechanisms: Chronobiology International Vol 17(2) 2000, 197-207.
  • Allen, K. D., & Shriver, M. D. (1997). Enhanced performance feedback to strengthen biofeedback treatment outcome with childhood migraine: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 37(3) Mar 1997, 169-173.
  • Amaro, S., Monda, M., & De Luca, B. (1996). EEG arousal, sympathetic activity, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis after conditioned taste aversion: Physiology & Behavior Vol 60(1) Jul 1996, 71-75.
  • Amaro, S., Monda, M., Pellicano, M. P., Cioffi, L. A., & et al. (1994). Postprandial thermogenesis and conditioned taste aversion or preference: Physiology & Behavior Vol 56(3) Sep 1994, 463-469.
  • Amir, S., & Stewart, J. (1996). Resetting of the circadian clock by a conditioned stimulus: Nature Vol 379(6565) Feb 1996, 542-545.
  • Anderson, J. R., Nilssen, A. C., & Folstad, I. (1994). Mating behavior and thermoregulation of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi L. (Diptera: Oestridae): Journal of Insect Behavior Vol 7(5) Sep 1994, 679-706.
  • Arbisi, P. A. (1991). Thermoregulatory response in seasonal affective disorder: Support for a functional dopamine deficit in winter depression: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Arbisi, P. A., Depue, R. A., Krauss, S., Spoont, M. R., & et al. (1994). Heat-loss response to a thermal challenge in seasonal affective disorder: Psychiatry Research Vol 52(2) May 1994, 199-214.
  • Arbisi, P. A., Depue, R. A., Spoont, M. R., Leon, A., & et al. (1989). Thermoregulatory response to thermal challenge in seasonal affective disorder: A preliminary report: Psychiatry Research Vol 28(3) Jun 1989, 323-334.
  • Arndorfer, R. E., & Allen, K. D. (2001). Extending the efficacy of a thermal biofeedback treatment package to the management of tension-type headaches in children: Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Vol 41(2) Feb 2001, 183-192.
  • Arnold, K. A., Boyd, E. J., & Collins, C. T. (1983). Natal and juvenal plumages of the Blue-and-White Swallow (Notiochelidon cyanoleuca): Auk Vol 100(1) Jan 1983, 203-205.
  • Arnold, S. J., Peterson, C. R., & Gladstone, J. (1995). Behavioural variation in natural populations: VII. Maternal body temperature does not affect juvenile thermoregulation in a garter snake: Animal Behaviour Vol 50(3) Sep 1995, 623-633.
  • Assia, E., Epstein, Y., & Shapiro, Y. (1985). Fatal heatstroke after a short march at night: A case report: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 56(5) May 1985, 441-442.
  • Atkinson, G., & Davenne, D. (2007). Relationships between sleep, physical activity and human health: Physiology & Behavior Vol 90(2-3) Feb 2007, 229-235.
  • Atkinson, G., Reilly, T., & Waterhouse, J. (2007). Chronobiological aspects of the sleep-wake cycle and thermoregulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 90(2-3) Feb 2007, 189.
  • Attia, M. (1984). Thermal pleasantness and temperature regulation in man: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 8(3) Fal 1984, 335-342.
  • Aubert, C. (1973). Hyperthermia due to neuroleptics: Essay on physiopathological interpretation: L'Encephale Vol 62(2) Mar 1973, 126-159.
  • Avery, D. D., & Penn, P. E. (1973). Effects of intrahypothalamic injections of adrenergic and cholinergic substances on behavioral thermoregulation and associated skin temperature levels in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 1(2) Mar 1973, 159-165.
  • Avery, R. A. (1989). Studies on reptiles in the laboratory and field. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Bakkevig, M. K., & Nielsen, R. (1994). Impact of wet underwear on thermoregulatory responses and thermal comfort in the cold: Ergonomics Vol 37(8) Aug 1994, 1375-1389.
  • Balasko, M., & Cabanac, M. (1998). Behavior of juvenile lizards (Iguana iguana) in a conflict between temperature regulation and palatable food: Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 52(6) Dec 1998, 257-262.
  • Baldwin, B. A., & Lipton, J. M. (1973). Central and peripheral temperatures and EEG changes during behavioural thermoregulation in pigs: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 33(2) 1973, 433-447.
  • Banet, M., & Wieland, U.-E. (1985). The effect of intraseptally applied vasopressin on thermoregulation in the rat: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 14(2) Feb 1985, 113-116.
  • Banks, M. L. (2007). Role of thermoregulation in MDMA pharmacology: Implications for abuse. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Barofsky, I. (1965). Metabolic changes during behavioral thermoregulation: Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 1965, 185-186.
  • Basakin, V. I., & Sleptchuk, N. A. (1990). The specifics of thermoregulation in sportsmen of different specialization: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im I M Sechenova Vol 76(6) Jun 1990, 782-788.
  • Batchelder, P., Kinney, R. O., Demlow, L., & Lynch, C. B. (1983). Effects of temperature and social interactions on huddling behavior in Mus musculus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 31(1) Jul 1983, 97-102.
  • Bates, G., Gazey, C., & Cena, K. (1996). Factors affecting heat illness when working in conditions of thermal stress: Journal of Human Ergology Vol 25(1) Jun 1996, 13-20.
  • Bautista, A., Drummond, H., Martinez-Gomez, M., & Hudson, R. (2003). Thermal benefit of sibling presence in the newborn rabbit: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 43(3) Nov 2003, 208-215.
  • Beal, K. G. (1979). Year-round weather-dependent behavior of the roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Beasley, L. J., & Leon, M. (1986). Metabolic strategies of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) during reproduction: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(1) Jan 1986, 159-166.
  • Beleslin, D. B., & Samardzic, R. (1984). Hypothermic effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol infused ICV in the cat: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 13(3) Sep 1984, 461-463.
  • Bell, J., Gruenthal, M., Finger, S., & Mangold, R. (1981). Effects of one- and two-stage lesions of the posterior hypothalamus on temperature regulation in the rat: Brain Research Vol 219(2) Aug 1981, 451-455.
  • Belliure, J., & Clobert, J. (2004). Behavioral sensitivity to corticosterone in juveniles of the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis: Physiology & Behavior Vol 81(1) Mar 2004, 121-127.
  • Bellward, K., & Dauncey, M. J. (1988). Behavioural energy regulation in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 42(5) 1988, 433-438.
  • Benedek, G., Obal, Jr., Jancso-Gabor, A., & Obal, F. (1980). Effects of elevated ambient temperatures on the sleep-waking activity of rats with impaired warm reception: Waking & Sleeping Vol 4(1) Jan-Mar 1980, 87-94.
  • Benedek, G., & Szikszay, M. (1985). Sensitization or tolerance to morphine effects after repeated stresses: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry Vol 9(4) 1985, 369-380.
  • Bennett, I. L., Finch, V. A., & Holmes, C. R. (1985). Time spent in shade and its relationship with physiological factors of thermoregulation in three breeds of cattle: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 13(3) Jan 1985, 227-236.
  • Berenson, P. J., & Robertson, W. G. (1973). Temperature. Oxford, England: Nasa Scientific & Technical Informa.
  • Bhatia, A. J., Schneider, J. E., & Wade, G. N. (1995). Thermoregulatory and maternal nestbuilding in Syrian hamsters: Interaction of ovarian steroids and energy demand: Physiology & Behavior Vol 58(1) Jul 1995, 141-146.
  • Bignall, K. E., & Schramm, L. (1974). Behavior of chronically decerebrated kittens: Experimental Neurology Vol 42(3) Mar 1974, 519-531.
  • Bird, E. I., & Colborne, G. R. (1980). Rehabilitation of an electrical burn patient through thermal biofeedback: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 5(2) Jun 1980, 283-287.
  • Bissinger, B. E. (1983). Homing behavior, sun-compass orientation, and thermoregulation in the lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi): The role of the parietal eye: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Blake, B. H. (1992). Ultrasonic vocalization and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (Rodentia: Arvicolidae): Developmental Psychobiology Vol 25(8) Dec 1992, 581-596.
  • Blanchard, E. B., Nicholson, N. L., Radnitz, C. L., Steffek, B. D., Appelbaum, K. A., & Dentinger, M. P. (1991). The role of home practice in thermal biofeedback: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol 59(4) Aug 1991, 507-512.
  • Blanchard, E. B., Peters, M. L., Hermann, C., Turner, S. M., Buckley, T. C., Barton, K., et al. (1997). Direction of temperature control in the thermal biofeedback treatment of vascular headache: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Vol 22(4) Dec 1997, 227-245.
  • Block, T., & Caddy, G. R. (1992). Thermoregulation in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
  • Blumberg, M. S., & Alberts, J. R. (1991). Both hypoxia and milk deprivation diminish metabolic heat production and ultrasound emission by rat pups during cold exposure: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 105(6) Dec 1991, 1030-1037.
  • Blumberg, M. S., & Moltz, H. (1988). How the nose cools the brain during copulation in the male rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 43(2) 1988, 173-176.
  • Blumberg, M. S., & Sokoloff, G. (1998). Thermoregulatory competence and behavioral expression in the young of altricial species--Revisited: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 33(2) Sep 1998, 107-123.
  • Blumberg, M. S., & Stolba, M. A. (1996). Thermogenesis, myoclonic twitching, and ultrasonic vocalization in neonatal rats during moderate and extreme cold exposure: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 110(2) Apr 1996, 305-314.
  • Boe, K. (1990). Thermoregulatory behaviour of sheep housed in insulated and uninsulated buildings: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 27(3) Sep 1990, 243-252.
  • Bomalaski, S. H., Chen, Y. T., & Constable, S. H. (1995). Continuous and intermittent personal microclimate cooling strategies: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 66(8) Aug 1995, 745-750.
  • Boon, C. R., Hague, P., & Shillito Walser, E. (1983). Effects of temporary power failure on temperature, humidity and the activity of pigs in an experimental piggery: Applied Animal Ethology Vol 10(3) May 1983, 219-232.
  • Booth, J., Marino, F., & Ward, J. J. (1997). Improved running performance in hot humid conditions following whole body precooling: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol 29(7) Jul 1997, 943-949.
  • Bouchard, P. R., & Lynch, C. B. (1989). Burrowing behavior in wild house mice: Variation within and between populations: Behavior Genetics Vol 19(3) May 1989, 447-456.
  • Boulay, D., Depoortere, R., Perrault, G., Borrelli, E., & Sanger, D. J. (1999). Dopamine D-sub-2 receptor knock-out mice are insensitive to the hypolocomotor and hyperthermic effects of dopamine D-sub-2/D-sub-3 receptor agonists: Neuropharmacology Vol 38(9) Sep 1999, 1389-1396.
  • Bourdon, L., Jacobs, I., Bell, D., & Ducharme, M. B. (1995). Effect of triazolam on responses to a cold-water immersion in humans: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 66(7) Jul 1995, 651-655.
  • Briese, E. (1983). Heterogeneity of hypothalamic rewarding sites possibly involved in temperature regulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(4) Apr 1983, 529-537.
  • Briese, E. (1985). Rats prefer ambient temperatures out of phase with their body temperature circadian rhythm: Brain Research Vol 345(2) Oct 1985, 389-393.
  • Briese, E., & Hernandez, L. (1996). Ethanol anapyrexia in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 54(2) Jun 1996, 399-402.
  • Broekman, M., Bennett, N. C., Jackson, C. R., & Scantlebury, M. (2006). Mole-rats from higher altitudes have greater thermoregulatory capabilities: Physiology & Behavior Vol 89(5) Dec 2006, 750-754.
  • Brown, G. A., & Williams, G. M. (1982). The effect of head cooling on deep body temperature and thermal comfort in man: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 53(6) Jun 1982, 583-586.
  • Brown, M. R. (1982). Bombesin and somatostatin related peptides: Effects on oxygen consumption: Brain Research Vol 242(2) Jun 1982, 243-246.
  • Brown, S. J., Gisolfi, C. V., & Mora, F. (1982). Temperature regulation and dopaminergic systems in the brain: Does the substantia nigra play a role? : Brain Research Vol 234(2) Feb 1982, 275-286.
  • Bull, D. F., Husband, A. J., Munro, K. I., Exton, M. S., & et al. (1994). Inhibition of endotoxin-induced temperature change by behavioral conditioning using !a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone as an unconditioned stimulus: Peptides Vol 15(1) Jan 1994, 139-142.
  • Bult, A., & Lynch, C. B. (1997). Nesting and fitness: Lifetime reproductive success in house mice bidirectionally selected for thermoregulatory nest-building behavior: Behavior Genetics Vol 27(3) May 1997, 231-240.
  • Bult, A., Van der Zee, E. A., Compaan, J. C., & Lynch, C. B. (1992). Differences in the number of arginine-vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons exist in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of house mice selected for differences in nest-building behavior: Brain Research Vol 578(1-2) Apr 1992, 335-338.
  • Burse, R. L. (1979). Sex differences in human thermoregulatory response to heat and cold stress: Human Factors Vol 21(6) Dec 1979, 687-699.
  • Bushnell, P. J., & Gordon, C. J. (1987). Effects of d-amphetamine on behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 27(3) Jul 1987, 431-435.
  • Camaclang, A. E., Hollis, L., & Barclay, R. M. R. (2006). Variation in body temperature and isolation calls of juvenile big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus: Animal Behaviour Vol 71(3) Mar 2006, 657-662.
  • Campagna, C., & le Boeuf, B. J. (1988). Thermoregulatory behaviour of southern sea lions and its effect on mating strategies: Behaviour Vol 107(1-2) Nov 1988, 72-90.
  • Campbell, J. W. (1985). The central effects of bombesin on thermoregulation in euthermic and hibernating ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) with accompanying stereotaxic atlas of the brain of this species: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Dubuc, P. U. (1982). Unchanged thermoregulatory set-point in the obese mouse: Nature Vol 297(5868) Jun 1982, 678-679.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Dubuc, P. U. (1984). Temperature preference of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 33(6) Dec 1984, 899-902.
  • Carlisle, H. J., Dubuc, P. U., & Stock, M. J. (1993). Effects of !b-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on thermoregulation in the cold in lean and obese Zucker rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 46(4) Dec 1993, 953-958.
  • Carlisle, H. J., Dubuc, P. U., & Stock, M. J. (1995). Effects of epinephrine on thermoregulatory behavior in lean and obese zucker rats in the cold: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 51(2-3) Jun-Jul 1995, 255-261.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Laudenslager, M. L. (1979). Observations on the thermoregulatory effects of preoptic warming in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(4) Oct 1979, 723-732.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Stock, M. J. (1991). Effect of conventional (mixed !b-sub-1/!b-sub-2) and novel (!b-sub-3) adrenergic agonists on thermoregulatory behavior: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 40(2) Oct 1991, 249-254.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Stock, M. J. (1993). Thermoregulatory effects of beta adrenoreceptors: Effects of selective agonists and the interaction of antagonists with isoproterenol and BRL-35135 in the cold: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 266(3) Sep 1993, 1446-1453.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Stock, M. J. (1995). Temperature-dependent effects of !a-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in the cold: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 51(2-3) Jun-Jul 1995, 263-270.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Stock, M. J. (1996). Temperature-dependent effects of ephedrine in the cold: Physiology & Behavior Vol 60(4) Oct 1996, 1147-1150.
  • Carlisle, H. J., & Stock, M. J. (1997). Effects of alpha -sub-1-adrenoceptor and Ca-super(2+ ) channel inhibition on norepinephrine-induced thermoregulatory behavior in the cold: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 57(1-2) May-Jun 1997, 185-189.
  • Caroff, S. N., & et al. (1981). Acute metabolic response to cold exposure in unipolar and bipolar II patients: Biological Psychiatry Vol 16(10) Oct 1981, 919-929.
  • Carpenter, J. S. (2001). The Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale: A tool for assessing the impact of hot flashes on quality of life following breast cancer: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol 22(6) Dec 2001, 979-989.
  • Carrascal, L. M., Lopez, P., Martin, J., & Salvador, A. (1992). Basking and antipredator behaviour in a high altitude lizard: Implications of heat-exchange rate: Ethology Vol 92(2) Oct 1992, 143-154.
  • Carruba, M. O., & et al. (1980). Effects of lisuride on body temperature of rats and rabbits: Relation to microsomal biotransformation and dopaminergic receptor stimulation: Psychopharmacology Vol 70(3) Oct 1980, 223-229.
  • Cheatham, C. C., Caine-Bish, N., Blegen, M., Potkanowicz, E. S., & Glickman, E. L. (2004). Nicotine Effects on Thermoregulatory Responses of Men and Women During Acute Cold Exposure: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 75(7, Section 1) Jul 2004, 589-595.
  • Chong, T. W. H., & Castle, D. J. (2004). Layer upon layer: Thermoregulation in schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Research Vol 69(2-3) Aug 2004, 149-157.
  • Christian, K. A., & Tracy, C. R. (1983). Thermoregulation and mate-selection in Fowler's toads? : Science Vol 219(4584) Feb 1983, 518-519.
  • Clark, W. G., & Bernardini, G. L. (1982). Depression of learned thermoregulatory behavior by central injection of opioids in cats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 16(6) Jun 1982, 983-988.
  • Clark, W. G., Bernardini, G. L., & Ponder, S. W. (1982). Extreme hyperthermia induced in cats by the enkephalin analog FK 33-824: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 16(6) Jun 1982, 989-993.
  • Clark, W. G., Pang, I.-h., & Bernardini, G. L. (1983). Evidence against involvement of !b-endorphin in thermoregulation in the cat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 18(5) May 1983, 741-745.
  • Cohen, R., & Kronfeld-Schor, N. (2006). Individual variability and photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in golden spiny mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 87(3) Mar 2006, 563-574.
  • Collins, K. J., & Exton-Smith, A. N. (1983). Thermal homeostasis in old age: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Vol 31(9) Sep 1983, 519-524.
  • Cormareche-Leydier, M. (1986). The effect of an intraperitoneal injection of capsaicin on the thermopreferendum in the frog (Rana esculenta): Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(1) Jan 1986, 29-32.
  • Coscina, D. V., & et al. (1985). Impaired diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue from rats made obese with parasagittal hypothalamic knife-cuts: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 14(6) Jun 1985, 585-593.
  • Costentin, J., Protais, P., & Schwartz, J. C. (1975). Rapid and dissociated changes in sensitivities of different dopamine receptors in mouse brain: Nature Vol 257(5525) Oct 1975, 405-407.
  • Cox, B., Ary, M., & Lomax, P. (1976). Dopaminergic involvement in withdrawal hypothermia and thermoregulatory behavior in morphine dependent rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 4(3) Mar 1976, 259-262.
  • Crawshaw, L. I. (1972). Effects of intracerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine injection on thermoregulation in rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(2) Aug 1972, 133-140.
  • Crawshaw, L. I. (1973). Effect of intracranial acetylcholine injection on thermoregulatory responses in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 83(1) Apr 1973, 32-35.
  • Crawshaw, L. I., & Carlisle, H. J. (1974). Thermoregulatory effects of electrical brain stimulation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(3) Sep 1974, 440-448.
  • Crawshaw, L. I., & Hammel, H. T. (1973). Behavioral temperature regulation in the California horn shark, Heterodontus francisci: Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 7(6) 1973, 447-452.
  • Crawshaw, L. I., Moffitt, B. P., Lemons, D. E., & Downey, J. A. (1981). The evolutionary development of vertebrate thermoregulation: American Scientist Vol 69(5) Sep-Oct 1981, 543-550.
  • Croskerry, P. G., Smith, G. K., & Leon, M. (1978). Thermoregulation and the maternal behaviour of the rat: Nature Vol 273(5660) May 1978, 299-300.
  • Crow, L. T. (1973). Other drives. Oxford, England: Prentice Hall.
  • Cunningham, C. L., Ostroff, R. L., & Harris, D. F. (1989). Thermoregulation and performance of heat-reinforced autoshaped keypecking in chicks: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 51(1) Jan 1989, 54-72.
  • Cutrera, A. P., Antinuchi, C. D., & Busch, C. (2003). Thermoregulatory development in pups of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum: Physiology & Behavior Vol 79(2) Jul 2003, 321-330.
  • Cutts, J., Lee, G., Berarducci, J., Thomas, C., Dempsey, P. K., & Kadish, S. P. (2002). Goosebumps: Lancet Vol 360(9334) Aug 2002, 690.
  • Dabrowska, B., & Manikowski, S. (1982). Temperature and immobility reaction in Rana temporaria: Behavioural Processes Vol 7(2) Jun 1982, 179-182.
  • Dafters, R. I., & Lynch, E. (1998). Persistent loss of thermoregulation in the rat induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") but not by fenfluramine: Psychopharmacology Vol 138(2) Jul 1998, 207-212.
  • Dafters, R. I., & Taggart, P. (1990). Interaction of circadian rhythm and opiate-induced thermic and kinetic responses: A biotelemetric investigation: Life Sciences Vol 47(23) 1990, 2155-2161.
  • Dark, J., & Miller, D. R. (1997). Metabolic fuel privation in hibernating and awake ground squirrels: Physiology & Behavior Vol 63(1) Dec 1997, 59-65.
  • Dark, J., & Zucker, I. (1983). Short photoperiods reduce winter energy requirements of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 31(5) Nov 1983, 699-702.
  • Davydov, B. I., Ushakov, I. B., Tikhonchuk, V. S., & Galkin, A. A. (1984). Rat behavior when choosing a negative stimulant: Pain or exposure to electromagnetic field: Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina Vol 18(3) 1984, 68-71.
  • Dawson, R., & Lorden, J. F. (1981). Behavioral and neurochemical effects of neonatal administration of monosodium {l}-glutamate in mice: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 95(1) Feb 1981, 71-84.
  • Dawson, T. J. (1977). Kangaroos: Scientific American Vol 237(2) Aug 1977, 78-89.
  • De Paula, D., Steiner, A. A., & Branco, L. G. S. (2000). The nitric oxide pathway is an important modulator of stress-induced fever in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 70(5) Sep 2000, 505-511.
  • DeVries, A. L. (1983). Antifreeze peptides and glycopeptides in cold-water fishes: Annual Review of Physiology Vol 45 1983, 245-260.
  • Dewasmes, G., Loos, N., Delanaud, S., Ramadan, W., & Dewasmes, D. (2003). Liver Temperature During Sleep: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 26(8) Dec 2003, 948-950.
  • Dib, B. (1982). Effects of intracerebroventricular capsaicin on thermoregulatory behavior in the rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 16(1) Jan 1982, 23-27.
  • Dib, B., & Cabanac, M. (1984). Skin or hypothalamus cooling: A behavioral choice by rats: Brain Research Vol 302(1) Jun 1984, 1-7.
  • Dib, B., Cormareche-Leydier, M., & Cabanac, M. (1982). Behavioral self warming and cooling of spinal canal by rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 28(3) Mar 1982, 489-495.
  • Dienstbier, R. A., LaGuardia, R. L., & Wilcox, N. S. (1987). The relationship of temperament to tolerance of cold and heat: Beyond "cold hands-warm heart." Motivation and Emotion Vol 11(3) Sep 1987, 269-295.
  • Dietvorst, T. F., & Eulberg, M. K. (1986). Self-regulation treatment of post-polio cold limb: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 11(2) Jun 1986, 157-161.
  • Dilsaver, S. C., Majchrzak, M. J., & Alessi, N. E. (1988). Chronic treatment with amitriptyline produces supersensitivity to nicotine: Biological Psychiatry Vol 23(2) Jan 1988, 169-175.
  • Dilsaver, S. C., Majchrzak, M. J., & Flemmer, D. (1989). Bright light blocks amitriptyline-induced cholinoceptor supersensitivity: Biological Psychiatry Vol 26(4) Aug 1989, 416-423.
  • Divert, G. M., Krivoshchekov, S. G., & Osipov, V. F. (1993). Changes in thermoregulation and external respiration during cold adaptation in man: Human Physiology Vol 19(2) Mar-Apr 1993, 144-148.
  • Dobrea, G. M., & Goodrich, C. (1987). Pirenperone effects on temperature preference and body temperature in maturing mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 39(3) 1987, 327-331.
  • Dogan, M. D., Ataoglu, H., & Akarsu, E. S. (2002). Characterization of the hypothermic component of LPS-induced dual thermoregulatory response in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 72(1-2) May 2002, 143-150.
  • Donald, M. W., & Hovmand, J. (1981). Autoregulation of skin temperature with feedback-assisted relaxation of the target limb, and controlled variation in local air temperature: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 53(3) Dec 1981, 799-809.
  • Done-Currie, J. R., Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, M., & Lynch, J. J. (1984). The effects of thermoregulatory behaviour on the heat loss from shorn sheep as measured by a model ewe for micro-climate integration: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 13(1-2) Nov 1984, 59-70.
  • Doris, P. A. (1982). Water balance and body temperature regulation in the heat-stressed cat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Doris, P. A., & Baker, M. A. (1982). Intracranial osmoreceptors control evaporation in the heat-stressed cat: Brain Research Vol 239(2) May 1982, 644-648.
  • Douglas, M. M. (1981). Thermoregulatory significance of thoracic lobes in the evolution of insect wings: Science Vol 211(4477) Jan 1981, 84-86.
  • Drake, C. L. (2002). Thermoregulatory response to light exposure: Seasonal affective disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Dymond, K. E., & Fewell, J. E. (1999). Gender influences the core temperature response to a simulated open field in adult guinea pigs: Physiology & Behavior Vol 65(4-5) Jan 1999, 889-892.
  • Dzhaparidze, M. A. (1965). Features of a fixated set established for different temperatures: Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 38(1) 1965, 249-254.
  • Eastman, C. I., Mistlberger, R. E., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1984). Suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions eliminate circadian temperature and sleep rhythms in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 32(3) Mar 1984, 357-368.
  • Ebben, M. R., & Spielman, A. J. (2006). The Effects of Distal Limb Warming on Sleep Latency: International Journal of Behavioral Medicine Vol 13(3) 2006, 221-228.
  • Echizenya, M., Mishima, K., Satoh, K., Kusanagi, H., Sekine, A., Ohkubo, T., et al. (2003). Heat loss, sleepiness and impaired performance after diazepam administration in humans: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 28(6) 2003, 1198-1206.
  • Echizenya, M., Mishima, K., Satoh, K., Kusanagi, H., Sekine, A., Ohkubo, T., et al. (2004). Enhanced Heat Loss and Age-Related Hypersensitivity to Diazepam: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 24(6) Dec 2004, 639-646.
  • Edelman, A. J., & Koprowski, J. L. (2007). Communal Nesting in Asocial Abert's Squirrels: The Role of Social Thermoregulation and Breeding Strategy: Ethology Vol 113(2) Feb 2007, 147-154.
  • Edwards, D. A., & Roberts, R. L. (1972). Olfactory bulb removal produces a selective deficit in behavioral thermoregulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 9(5) Nov 1972, 747-752.
  • Edwards, S. J., Montgomery, I. M., Colquhoun, E. Q., Jordan, J. E., & et al. (1992). Spicy meal disturbs sleep: An effect of thermoregulation? : International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 13(2) Sep 1992, 97-100.
  • Egan, G. F., Johnson, J., Farrell, M., McAllen, R., Zamarripa, F., McKinley, M. J., et al. (2005). Cortical, thalamic, and hypothalamic responses to cooling and warming the skin in awake humans: A positron-emission tomography study: PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol 102(14) Apr 2005, 5262-5267.
  • Erwin, V. G., & Su, N. C. (1989). Neurotensin and ethanol interactions on hypothermia and locomotor activity in LS and SS mice: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 13(1) Feb 1989, 91-94.
  • Fairchild, L. (1983). "Thermoregulation and mate-selection in Fowler's toads?": Reply: Science Vol 219(4584) Feb 1983, 519.
  • Farrell, W. J., & Alberts, J. R. (2000). Ultrasonic vocalizations by rat pups after adrenergic manipulations of brown fat metabolism: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(4) Aug 2000, 805-813.
  • Farrell, W. J., & Alberts, J. R. (2007). Rat behavioral thermoregulation integrates with nonshivering thermogenesis during postnatal development: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 121(6) Dec 2007, 1333-1341.
  • Feehan, C. J. (1992). Cold hands and feet as a sign of abusive neglect in infants and children: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 55(3) Aug 1992, 303-309.
  • Fewell, J. E., & Eliason, H. L. (2002). Fetal exposure to nicotine does not alter the core temperature response of 7- to 8-week-old rats to intracerebroventricular administration of PGE-sub-1: Physiology & Behavior Vol 77(2-3) 2002, 269-275.
  • Figa-Talamanca, L., & Gualandi, C. (1989). Hyperthermic syndromes and impairment of the dopaminergic system: A clinical study: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences Vol 10(1) Feb 1989, 49-59.
  • Fitzgerald, P. I. (1982). Thermoregulatory responses of disabled women to prolonged wheelchair exercise: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Flemmer, D. D., & Dilsaver, S. C. (1989). Chronic injections of saline produce subsensitivity to nicotine: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 34(2) Oct 1989, 261-263.
  • Fletcher, J. M. (1986). Effects on growth and endocrine status of maintaining obese and lean Zucker rats at 22C and 30C from weaning: Physiology & Behavior Vol 37(4) 1986, 597-602.
  • Foust, J. A. (1978). A study of systematic biofeedback training and a follow-up study of retainment of biofeedback training skills: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Fowler, S. J., & Kellogg, C. (1975). Ontogeny of thermoregulatory mechanisms in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 89(7) Sep 1975, 738-746.
  • Fraizer, T. (1997). A dynamic model of mating behavior in digger wasps: The energetics of male-male competition mimic size-dependent thermal constraints: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 41(6) Dec 1997, 423-434.
  • Francis, J. M., & Boness, D. J. (1991). The effect of thermoregulatory behaviour on the mating system of the Juan Fernandez fur seal, Arctocephalus philippii: Behaviour Vol 119(1-2) Nov 1991, 104-126.
  • Frank, L. H., & Meyer, M. E. (1974). Behavioral thermoregulation in hypophysectomized and sham-operated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: Behavioral Biology Vol 11(1) May 1974, 101-108.
  • Freedman, R. R., Johanson, C.-E., & Tancer, M. E. (2005). Thermoregulatory effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans: Psychopharmacology Vol 183(2) Dec 2005, 248-256.
  • Frol, A. B. (1988). Effects of repeated heat experience on thermoregulatory behaviors of the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Fryer, J. N., & Ogilvie, D. M. (1978). Alteration of thermoregulatory behavior in fish by 5-hydroxytryptamine: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 8(2) Feb 1978, 129-132.
  • Fuller, C. A., Sulzman, F. M., & Moore-Ede, M. C. (1978). Thermoregulation is impaired in an environment without circadian time cues: Science Vol 199(4330) Feb 1978, 794-796.
  • Fyda, D. M. (1988). The influence of one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension and cold acclimation on adrenergically-induced cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adjustments in rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gale, C. C. (1973). Neuroendocrine aspects of thermoregulation: Annual Review of Physiology 1973, 391-430.
  • Gallup, A. C., & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2007). Yawning as a brain cooling mechanism: Nasal breathing and forehead cooling diminish the incidence of contagious yawning: Evolutionary Psychology Vol 5 2007, 92-101.
  • Garrick, L. D. (1974). Reproductive influences on behavioral thermoregulation in the lizard, Sceloporus cyanogenys: Physiology & Behavior Vol 12(1) Jan 1974, 85-91.
  • Gaunt, S. L. (1980). Thermoregulation in doves (Columbidae): A novel esophageal heat exchanger: Science Vol 210(4468) Oct 1980, 445-447.
  • Gerrish, C. J. (1995). Thermal and behavioral determinants of weaning onset in norway rats. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Gerrish, C. J., Onischak, C. M., & Alberts, J. R. (1998). Acute, early thermal experience alters weaning onset in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 64(4) Jun 1998, 463-474.
  • Gessner, P. K., & Clarke, C. C. (1979). Effects of meperidine on operant behavioral thermoregulation in mice under conditions of symmetrical thermal drive: Psychopharmacology Vol 65(1) Sep 1979, 59-63.
  • Giacchino, J. L. (1982). Serotonin: Its effects on a hippocampal neural network and on temperature regulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gibson, R. C. (1993). A short study of captive Jamaican iguanas Cyclura collei at Hope Zoo, Jamaica: Dodo: Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts No 29 1993, 156-167.
  • Gilliam, D. M., & Kotch, L. E. (1992). Developmental thermoregulatory deficits in prenatal ethanol exposed long- and short-sleep mice: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 25(5) Jul 1992, 365-373.
  • Giordano, J., & Rogers, L. (1992). Putative mechanisms of buspirone-induced antinociception in the rat: Pain Vol 50(3) Sep 1992, 365-372.
  • Glick, S. D., & Guido, R. A. (1982). Naloxone antagonism of the thermoregulatory effects of phencyclidine: Science Vol 217(4566) Sep 1982, 1272-1273.
  • Glick, Z., Uncyk, A., Lupien, J., & Schmidt, L. (1989). Meal associated changes in brown fat thermogenesis and glycogen: Physiology & Behavior Vol 45(2) Feb 1989, 243-248.
  • Glickman, E. L., Cheatham, C. C., Caine, N., & Blegen, M. (2001). The influence of ethnicity on thermosensitivity during cold water immersion: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 72(7) Jul 2001, 632-637.
  • Godek, S. F., Godek, J. J., & Bartolozzi, A. R. (2004). Thermal Responses in Football and Crosscountry Athletes During Their Respective Practices in a Hot Environment: Journal of Athletic Training Vol 39(3) Jul-Sep 2004, 235-240.
  • Godsil, B. P., Tinsley, M. R., & Fanselow, M. S. (2003). Motivation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Goel, N., & Lee, T. M. (1995). Sex differences and effects of social cues on daily rhythms following phase advances in Octodon degus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 58(2) Aug 1995, 205-213.
  • Golja, P., & Mekjavic, I. B. (2003). Effect of hypoxia on preferred hand temperature: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 74(5,Sect1) May 2003, 522-526.
  • Gordon, C. J. (1985). Relationship between autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in the mouse: Physiology & Behavior Vol 34(5) May 1985, 687-690.
  • Gordon, C. J. (1986). Relationship between behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in the guinea pig: Physiology & Behavior Vol 38(6) 1986, 827-831.
  • Gordon, C. J. (1989). Effect of nickel chloride on body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation in the rat: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1989, 317-320.
  • Gordon, C. J., Becker, P., & Ali, J. S. (1998). Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 65(2) Nov 1998, 255-262.
  • Gordon, C. J., & Duncan, W. C. (1994). Autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in the golden hamster during subchronic administration of clorgyline: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 48(1) May 1994, 119-125.
  • Gordon, C. J., Fogelson, L., Mohler, F., Stead, A. G., & et al. (1988). Behavioral thermoregulation in the rat following the oral administration of ethanol: Alcohol and Alcoholism Vol 23(5) 1988, 383-390.
  • Gordon, C. J., & Mohler, F. S. (1990). Thermoregulation at a high ambient temperature following the oral administration of ethanol in the rat: Alcohol Vol 7(6) Nov-Dec 1990, 551-555.
  • Gordon, C. J., & Ramsdell, J. S. (2005). Effects of marine algal toxins on thermoregulation in mice: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 27(5) Sep-Oct 2005, 727-731.
  • Gordon, C. J., & Refinetti, R. (1993). Measurement of behavioral thermoregulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Gordon, C. J., Rezvani, A. H., & Heath, J. E. (1984). Role of !b-endorphin in the control of body temperature in the rabbit: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 8(1) Spr 1984, 73-82.
  • Gordon, C. J., & Stead, A. G. (1986). Effect of alcohol on behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation in mice: Alcohol Vol 3(6) Nov-Dec 1986, 339-343.
  • Grant, M., & Thiessen, D. (1989). The possible interaction of Harderian material and saliva for thermoregulation in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 68(1) Feb 1989, 3-10.
  • Green, A. R., Sanchez, V., O'Shea, E., Saadat, K. S., Elliott, J. M., & Colado, M. I. (2004). Effect of ambient temperature and a prior neurotoxic dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on the hyperthermic response of rats to a single or repeated ('binge' ingestion) low dose of MDMA: Psychopharmacology Vol 173(3-4) May 2004, 264-269.
  • Green, B. G., & Schoen, K. L. (2005). Evidence that tactile stimulation inhibits nociceptive sensations produced by innocuous contact cooling: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 162(1) Jul 2005, 90-98.
  • Green, E. E., & Green, A. M. (1989). General and specific applications of thermal biofeedback. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co.
  • Greenberg, D. (1984). Early separation and the development of impaired thermoregulation in rats: A risk factor in gastric ulcer susceptibility: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Greenberg, N. (1976). Thermoregulatory aspects of behavior in the blue spiny lizard Sceloporus cyanogenys (Sauria, iguanidae): Behaviour Vol 59(1-2) 1976, 1-21.
  • Greenspan, J. D., & Kenshalo, D. R. (1985). The primate as a model for the human temperature-sensing system: II. Area of skin receiving thermal stimulation (spatial summation): Somatosensory Research Vol 2(4) 1985, 315-324.
  • Gruber, B. L. (1982). Development of an animal model to study mechanisms mediating biofeedback learning: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Gruber, B. L., & Taub, E. (1998). Thermal and EMG biofeedback learning in nonhuman primates: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Vol 23(1) Mar 1998, 1-12.
  • Gulia, K. K., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2005). Ambient temperature related sleep changes in rats neonatally treated with capsaicin: Physiology & Behavior Vol 85(4) Jul 2005, 414-418.
  • Gurrera, R. J., & Chang, S. S. (1996). Thermoregulatory dysfunction in neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Biological Psychiatry Vol 39(3) Feb 1996, 207-212.
  • Gutierrez, E., & Vazquez, R. (2001). Heat in the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: Eating and Weight Disorders Vol 6(1) Mar 2001, 49-52.
  • Gwosdow, A. R., & Berglund, L. G. (1989). Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation of men in simulated nonuniform thermal environments between 18 and 30C: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 60(6) Jun 1989, 558-565.
  • Hager, S. B. (1999). The thermoregulatory and reproductive behavior of the lesser earless lizard, holbrookia maculata, at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Hailman, J. P. (1982). Radiation angle and heat transferred to a bird: Science Vol 218(4575) Nov 1982, 919-920.
  • Haim, A. (1991). Behavior patterns of cold-resistant golden spiny mouse Acomys russatus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 50(3) Sep 1991, 641-643.
  • Haim, A., Shanas, U., Zubidad, A. E. S., & Scantelbury, M. (2005). Seasonality and seasons out of time--The thermoregulatory effects of light interference: Chronobiology International Vol 22(1) Feb 2005, 59-66.
  • Haim, A., Van Aarde, R. J., & Skinner, J. D. (1992). Burrowing and huddling in newborn porcupine: The effect on thermoregulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 52(2) Aug 1992, 247-250.
  • Hajos, M., & Engberg, G. (1986). Emotional hyperthermia in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 90(2) Sep 1986, 170-172.
  • Hanya, G., Kiyono, M., & Hayaishi, S. (2007). Behavioral thermoregulation of wild Japanese macaques: Comparisons between two subpopulations: American Journal of Primatology Vol 69(7) Jul 2007, 802-815.
  • Harikai, N., Tomogane, K., Sugawara, T., & Tashiro, S.-i. (2003). Differences in hypothalamic Fos expressions between two heat stress conditions in conscious mice: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 61(6) Oct 2003, 617-626.
  • Harlow, H. J., Darnell, D. K., & Phillips, J. A. (1982). Pinealectomy in ground squirrels: Effect on behavioral and physiological responses to heat stress: Physiology & Behavior Vol 28(3) Mar 1982, 501-504.
  • Harrel, L. E., Decastro, J. M., & Balagura, S. (1975). A critical evaluation of body weight loss following lateral hypothalamic lesions: Physiology & Behavior Vol 15(1) Jul 1975, 133-136.
  • Haskell, E. H. (1979). Effects of sleep at altered ambient temperatures on electrophysiological sleep and thermoregulatory mechanisms in human subjects and in the ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hawkins, M. F. (1981). Bombesin and thermoregulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hawkins, M. F., & Avery, D. D. (1983). Effects of centrally-administered bombesin and adrenalectomy on behavioral thermoregulation and locomotor activity: Neuropharmacology Vol 22(11) Nov 1983, 1249-1255.
  • Hawkins, R. C. (1976). Human temperature regulation and the perception of thermal comfort: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hayes, L. D., & Solomon, N. G. (2006). Mechanisms of maternal investment by communal prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster: Animal Behaviour Vol 72(5) Nov 2006, 1069-1080.
  • Heath, J. E., & Heath, M. S. (1982). Energetics of locomotion in endothermic insects: Annual Review of Physiology Vol 44 1982, 133-143.
  • Heath, M. E. (1980). Effect of rearing-temperature on the thermoregulatory behavior of pigs: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 28(2) Feb 1980, 193-202.
  • Heinrich, B. (1981). Energetics of honeybee swarm thermoregulation: Science Vol 212(4494) May 1981, 565-566.
  • Herczeg, G., Gonda, A., Saarikivi, J., & Merila, J. (2006). Experimental support for the cost-benefit model of lizard thermoregulation: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 60(3) Jul 2006, 405-414.
  • Hermesh, H., Shiloh, R., Epstein, Y., Manaim, H., Weizman, A., & Munitz, H. (2000). Heat intolerance in patients with chronic schizophrenia maintained with antipsychotic drugs: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 157(8) Aug 2000, 1327-1329.
  • Herzfeld, G. M., & Taub, E. (1980). Effect of slide projections and tape-recorded suggestions on thermal biofeedback training: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 5(4) Dec 1980, 393-405.
  • Hill, J. O. (1982). Dietary obesity, exercise training, and thermogenesis in rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Hofer, M. A., & Shair, H. N. (1991). Independence of ultrasonic vocalization and thermogenic responses in infant rats: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 105(1) Feb 1991, 41-48.
  • Hofer, M. A., & Shair, H. N. (1993). Ultrasonic vocalization, laryngeal braking, and thermogenesis in rat pups: A reappraisal: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 107(2) Apr 1993, 354-362.
  • Hogan, S., Himms-Hagen, J., & Coscina, D. V. (1985). Lack of diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of obese medial hypothalamic-lesioned rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 35(2) Aug 1985, 287-294.
  • Holland, K. N., Brill, R. W., Chang, R. K., Sibert, J. R., & et al. (1992). Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus): Nature Vol 358(6385) Jul 1992, 410-412.
  • Hori, T., Kiyohara, T., Oomura, Y., Nishino, H., & et al. (1987). Activity of thermosensitive neurons of monkey preoptic hypothalamus during thermoregulatory operant behavior: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 18(5) May 1987, 649-655.
  • Horowitz, K. A., Scott, N. R., Hillman, P. E., & Van Tienhoven, A. (1978). Effects of feathers on instrumental thermoregulatory behavior in chickens: Physiology & Behavior Vol 21(2) Aug 1978, 233-238.
  • Huberman, A., Turek, V. F., & Carlisle, H. J. (2000). Clozapine does not induce a motor impairment in operant responding for heat reinforcement: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 67(2) Oct 2000, 307-312.
  • Huey, R. B. (1974). Behavioral thermoregulation in lizards: Importance of associated costs: Science Vol 184(4140) May 1974, 1001-1003.
  • Huitron-Resendiz, S., Sanchez-Alavez, M., Gallegos, R., Berg, G., Crawford, E., Giacchino, J. L., et al. (2002). Age-independent and age-related deficits in visuospatial learning, sleep-wake states, thermoregulation and motor activity in PDAPP mice: Brain Research Vol 928(1-2) Feb 2002, 126-137.
  • Hull, J., & Hull, D. (1982). Behavioral thermoregulation in newborn rabbits: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 96(1) Feb 1982, 143-147.
  • Humphreys, R. B., Hawkins, M., & Lipton, J. M. (1976). Effects of anesthetic injected into brainstem sites on body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(4) Oct 1976, 667-674.
  • Ikemi, A., Tomita, S., & Hayashida, Y. (1988). Thermographical analysis of the warmth of the hands during the practice of self-regulation method: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Vol 50(1) 1988, 22-28.
  • Ingram, D. L., Walters, D. E., & Legge, K. F. (1975). Variations in behavioral thermoregulation in the young pig over 24 hour periods: Physiology & Behavior Vol 14(6) Jun 1975, 689-695.
  • Ishikawa, Y., Tanaka, H., Nakayama, T., & Kanosue, K. (1988). Competition between lever-pressing behavior and thermoregulatory behavior on exposure to heat in intracranial self-stimulating rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 42(6) 1988, 599-603.
  • Isobe, Y., Kawaguchi, T., & Tauchi, H. (2005). Thermoregulatory responses in rat pups during the nursing period: Effects of separation from the dam on Per2, Bmal1, LDH and Arg-vasopressin mRNAs in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Biological Rhythm Research Vol 36(4) Oct 2005, 335-347.
  • Jaehne, E. J., Salem, A., & Irvine, R. J. (2005). Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and related amphetamines on autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 81(3) Jul 2005, 485-496.
  • Jaehne, E. J., Salem, A., & Irvine, R. J. (2007). Pharmacological and behavioral determinants of cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and para-methoxyamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: Psychopharmacology Vol 194(1) Sep 2007, 41-52.
  • Jahnukainen, T., Van Ravenswaaij-Arts, C., Jalonen, J., & Valimaki, I. (1993). Dynamics of vasomotor thermoregulation of the skin in term and preterm neonates: Early Human Development Vol 33(2) Jun 1993, 133-143.
  • Jakubczak, L. F. (1966). Behavioral thermoregulation in young and old rats: Journal of Applied Physiology 21(1) 1966, 19-21.
  • Jans, J. E., & Leon, M. (1983). Determinants of mother-young contact in Norway rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(6) Jun 1983, 919-935.
  • Jaszberenyi, M., Bujdoso, E., Bagosi, Z., & Telegdy, G. (2006). Mediation of the behavioral, endocrine and thermoregulatory actions of ghrelin: Hormones and Behavior Vol 50(2) Aug 2006, 266-273.
  • Jenkins, J. M. (1989). Behaviour of nestling Bald Eagles: Bird Behavior Vol 8(1) Mar 1989, 23-31.
  • Jenkins, W. L. (1939). Studies in thermal sensitivity: 9. The reliability of seriatim cold-mapping with untrained subjects: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 24(3) Mar 1939, 278-293.
  • Jensen, R. A., Davis, J. L., & Shnerson, A. (1980). Early experience facilitates the development of temperature regulation in the cat: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 13(1) Jan 1980, 1-6.
  • Johanson, I. B. (1979). Thermotaxis in neonatal rat pups: Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(5) Nov 1979, 871-874.
  • Johnson, C. R. (1973). Behaviour of the Australian crocodiles, Crocodylus johnstoni and C. porosus: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Vol 52(4) Jun 1973, 315-336.
  • Johnson, K. G., & Cabanac, M. C. (1983). Human thermoregulatory behavior during a conflict between cold discomfort and money: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(1) Jan 1983, 145-150.
  • Jones, J. C., Myerscough, M. R., Graham, S., & Oldroyd, B. P. (2004). Honey Bee Nest Thermoregulation: Diversity Promotes Stability: Science Vol 305(5682) Jul 2004, 402-404.
  • Jorenby, D. E. (1992). Characterization of morphine's effects upon thermoregulatory set-point: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kaiser, T. J. (1987). Behavior and energetics of Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) breeding in the western Mojave Desert: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Katovich, M. J., Aerni, J. D., Cespedes, A. T., & Rowland, N. E. (2001). Perinatal dietary NaCl level: Effect on angiotensin-induced thermal and dipsogenic responses in adult rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 72(4) Mar 2001, 621-627.
  • Kauffman, A. S., Paul, M. J., Butler, M. P., & Zucker, I. (2003). Huddling, locomotor, and nest-building behaviors of furred and furless Siberian hamsters: Physiology & Behavior Vol 79(2) Jul 2003, 247-256.
  • Kavaliers, M. (1982). Pinealectomy modifies the thermoregulatory effects of bombesin in goldfish: Neuropharmacology Vol 21(11) Nov 1982, 1169-1173.
  • Kavaliers, M., Courtenay, S., & Hirst, M. (1984). Opiates influence behavioral thermoregulation in the curly-tailed lizard, Leiocephalus carinatus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 32(2) Feb 1984, 221-224.
  • Kavaliers, M., & Hirst, M. (1984). The presence of an opioid system mediating behavioral thermoregulation in the terrestrial snail, Cepaea nemoralis: Neuropharmacology Vol 23(11) Nov 1984, 1285-1289.
  • Kelly, L., & Bielajew, C. (1991). Ventromedial hypothalamic regulation of brown adipose tissue: Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience Vol 2(1) Jan 1991, 41-44.
  • Kelly, L., & Bielajew, C. (1996). Short-term stimulation-induced decreases in brown fat temperature: Brain Research Vol 715(1-2) Apr 1996, 172-179.
  • Kenley, R. A., Howd, R. A., & Uyeno, E. T. (1982). Effects of PAM, proPAM, and DEP on behavior, thermoregulation, and brain AChE in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 17(5) Nov 1982, 1001-1008.
  • Kenney, J. L. (2007). The dose-response effects of melatonin ingestion on sustained exercise, thermoregulation, and associated neurobehavioral assessments. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Kent, S., Hurd, M., & Satinoff, E. (1991). Phentolamine and thermoregulation in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 40(4) Dec 1991, 709-716.
  • Kessler, A. R. (2002). Tourette Syndrome Associated With Body Temperature Dysregulation: Possible Involvement of an Idiopathic Hypothalamic Disorder: Journal of Child Neurology Vol 17(10) Oct 2002, 738-744.
  • Kinahan, A. A., Inge-moller, R., Bateman, P. W., Kotze, A., & Scantlebury, M. (2007). Body temperature daily rhythm adaptations in African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana): Physiology & Behavior Vol 92(4) Nov 2007, 560-565.
  • King, A. C., & Arena, J. G. (1984). Behavioral treatment of chronic cluster headache in a geriatric patient: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 9(2) Jun 1984, 201-208.
  • Kingsolver, J. G. (1982). Thermoregulatory strategies of Colias butterflies: Adaptation in variable environments: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kittrell, E. M., Gregg, B. R., & Thiessen, D. D. (1982). Brood patch function for the ventral scent gland of the female Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 15(3) May 1982, 197-202.
  • Kittrell, E. M., & Thiessen, D. D. (1981). Does removal of the Harderian gland affect the physiology of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)? : Physiological Psychology Vol 9(3) Sep 1981, 299-304.
  • Kittrell, E. W. (1981). The Harderian gland and thermoregulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Klauenberg, B. J., & Sparber, S. B. (1983). A method for equating thermal stress parameters for neurobehavioral toxicity studies: Neurobehavioral Toxicology & Teratology Vol 5(1) Jan-Feb 1983, 77-82.
  • Klein, M. S., Conn, C. A., & Kluger, M. J. (1992). Behavioral thermoregulation in mice inoculated with influenza virus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 52(6) Dec 1992, 1133-1139.
  • Kleitman, N., & Satinoff, E. (1982). Thermoregulatory behavior in rat pups from birth to weaning: Physiology & Behavior Vol 29(3) Sep 1982, 537-541.
  • Kotze, J., Bennett, N. C., & Scantlebury, M. (2008). The energetics of huddling in two species of mole-rat (Rodentia: Bathyergidae): Physiology & Behavior Vol 93(1-2) Jan 2008, 215-221.
  • Kozlowski, S., & Domaniecki, J. (1972). Thermoregulation during physical effort in humans of different physical performance capacity: Acta Physiologica Polonica Vol 23(5) 1972, 815-825.
  • Kozyreva, T. V., Sindarovskaya, I. N., & Lazarenko, P. V. (1986). Development of some reactions to noradrenaline injection in control and cold-adapted rats: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im I M Sechenova Vol 72(3) Mar 1986, 377-381.
  • Krauchi, K. (2007). The human sleep-wake cycle reconsidered from a thermoregulatory point of view: Physiology & Behavior Vol 90(2-3) Feb 2007, 236-245.
  • Krauchi, K., Cajochen, C., Pache, M., Flammer, J., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2006). Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness: Chronobiology International Vol 23(1-2) Apr 2006, 175-484.
  • Krauchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2004). Waking up properly: Is there a role of thermoregulation in sleep inertia? : Journal of Sleep Research Vol 13(2) 2004, 121-127.
  • Krauchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2001). Circadian clues to sleep onset mechanisms: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 25(Suppl5) Nov 2001, S92-S96.
  • Kristal-Boneh, E., Glusman, J. G., Shitrit, R., Chaemovitz, C., & et al. (1995). Physical performance and heat tolerance after chronic water loading and heat acclimation: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 66(8) Aug 1995, 733-738.
  • Krizova, E., Simek, V., Abelenda, M., & Puerta, M. (1996). Food intake and body weight in rats with daily food-availability restrictions: Physiology & Behavior Vol 60(3) Sep 1996, 791-794.
  • Krohmer, R. W., & Crews, D. (1987). Temperature activation of courtship behavior in the male red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): Role of the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 101(2) Apr 1987, 228-236.
  • Kronenberg, F. (1980). Colonial thermoregulation in honey bees: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Kuhnholz, S., & Seeley, T. D. (1997). The control of water collection in honey bee colonies: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 41(6) Dec 1997, 407-422.
  • Kumar, V. M. (1999). Role of the preoptic area in the interrelationship between thermoregulatory and sleep regulatory mechanisms: Sleep and Hypnosis Vol 1(1) 1999, 1-9.
  • Kuokkanen, L. P. (1989). The effect of adaptation to heat and enhanced motor activity on thermoregulative function of motoneuronal pool: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im I M Sechenova Vol 75(8) Aug 1989, 1063-1068.
  • Lacoste, V., Spiegel, R., Amsler, H., Ferner, J., & et al. (1987). Investigations on acral rewarming: I. "Normal values" in a healthy adult population: Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie Vol 138(5) 1987, 51-71.
  • Lacoste, V., Spiegel, R., & Schweingruber, M. (1987). Investigations on acral rewarming: II. Comparison of healthy controls and depressive patients: Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie Vol 138(5) 1987, 73-85.
  • Lacroix, J. M., & Corbett, L. (1990). An experimental test of the muscle tension hypothesis of tension-type headache: International Journal of Psychophysiology Vol 10(1) Nov 1990-1991, 47-51.
  • Landis, C. A., Bergmann, B. M., Ismail, M. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1992). Sleep deprivation in the rat: XV. Ambient temperature choice in paradoxical sleep-deprived rats: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 15(1) Feb 1992, 13-20.
  • Langman, V. A. (1979). Thermoregulation and behavior in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Larina, I. M., Smirnova, T. I., Lacota, N. G., & Bystritskaya, A. F. (2005). Parameters of Thermal Homeostasis and Psychophysiological Monitoring in the Evaluation of the Phasic Structure of Adaptation during 240-Day Isolation: Human Physiology Vol 31(2) Mar 2005, 181-187.
  • Laudenslager, M. L. (1975). Hypothalamic control of behavioral thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Laudenslager, M. L. (1976). Proportional hypothalamic control of behavioral thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(3) Sep 1976, 383-390.
  • Laughter, J. S., & Blatteis, C. M. (1985). A system for the study of behavioral thermoregulation of small animals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 35(6) Dec 1985, 993-997.
  • Laurila, M., Hohtola, E., Saarela, S., & Rashotte, M. E. (2003). Adaptive timing of digestion and digestion-related thermogenesis in the pigeon: Physiology & Behavior Vol 78(3) Mar 2003, 441-448.
  • Lee, H., lida, T., Mizuno, A., Suzuki, M., & Caterina, M. J. (2005). Altered Thermal Selection Behavior in Mice Lacking Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 25(5) Feb 2005, 1304-1310.
  • Lee, R. J., & Lomax, P. (1983). Thermoregulatory, behavioral and seizure modulatory effects of AVP in the gerbil: Peptides Vol 4(6) Nov-Dec 1983, 801-805.
  • Lee, T. F., Mora, F., & Myers, R. D. (1985). Dopamine and thermoregulation: An evaluation with special reference to dopaminergic pathways: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 9(4) Win 1985, 589-598.
  • Lee, T. F., & Wang, L. C. (1985). Improving cold tolerance in elderly rats by aminophylline: Life Sciences Vol 36(21) May 1985, 2025-2032.
  • Leger, J. P., & Mathieson, W. B. (1997). Development of Bombesin-like and histamine-like innervation in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) central nervous system: Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 49(2) Feb 1997, 63-77.
  • Leger, J. P., & Mathieson, W. B. (1997). Effects of bombesin on behavioral thermoregulation in the bullfrog: Brain, Behavior and Evolution Vol 50(5) Nov 1997, 304-312.
  • Leon, M., Coopersmith, R., Beasley, L. J., & Sullivan, R. M. (1990). Thermal aspects of parenting. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Leon, M., Croskerry, P. G., & Smith, G. K. (1978). Thermal control of mother-young contact in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 21(5) Nov 1978, 793-811.
  • Leonard, C. M. (1974). Thermotaxis in golden hamster pups: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 86(3) Mar 1974, 458-469.
  • Leonard, C. M. (1978). Maturational loss of thermotaxis prevented by olfactory lesions in golden hamster pups (Mesocricetus auratus): Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 92(6) Dec 1978, 1084-1094.
  • Leonard, C. M. (1982). Shifting strategies for behavioral thermoregulation in developing golden hamsters: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 96(2) Apr 1982, 234-243.
  • Leventhal, L., Cosmi, S., & Deecher, D. (2005). Effect of calcium channel modulators on temperature regulation in ovariectomized rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 80(3) Mar 2005, 511-520.
  • Li, H., & Satinoff, E. (1992). Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on thermoregulation and sleep in rats: Brain Research Vol 569(1) Jan 1992, 46-56.
  • Li, X.-S., & Wang, D.-H. (2005). Regulation of body weight and thermogenesis in seasonally acclimatized Brandt's voles (Microtus brandti): Hormones and Behavior Vol 48(3) Sep 2005, 321-328.
  • Liaoa, W.-C., Landis, C. A., Lentz, M. J., & Chiu, M.-J. (2005). Effect of foot bathing on distal-proximal skin temperature gradient in elders: International Journal of Nursing Studies Vol 42(7) Sep 2005, 717-722.
  • Libert, J. P. (2003). Thermal regulation during sleep: Revue Neurologique Vol 159(11) Nov 2003, 6S30-6S34.
  • Lichtenshtein, V. A. (1982). A method of thermal pulsation in examination of some physiological mechanisms of the cerebral trunk: Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S S Korsakova Vol 82(5) 1982, 684-690.
  • Lin, M. T., Ho, L. T., & Chan, H. K. (1983). Effects of oxytocin and (1-penicillamine,4-threonine) oxytocin on thermoregulation in rats: Neuropharmacology Vol 22(8) Aug 1983, 1007-1013.
  • Lindner, M. D., & Gribkoff, V. K. (1991). Relationship between performance in the Morris water task, visual acuity, and thermoregulatory function in aged F-344 rats: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 45(1) Oct 1991, 45-55.
  • Lindqvist, A., Oja, R., Hellman, O., & Valimaki, I. (1983). Impact of thermal vasomotor control on the heart rate variability of newborn infants: Early Human Development Vol 8(1) Mar 1983, 37-47.
  • Linton, S. J. (1976). Behavioral thermoregulation in the spectacled caiman ( Caiman sclerops ): Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 8(5) Oct 1976, 479-480.
  • Lipton, J. M. (1981). Behavioral Temperature Control: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 26 (8), Aug, 1981.
  • Looft-Wilson, R. C., & Gisolfi, C. V. (2002). Peripheral vascular responses to heat stress after hindlimb suspension: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol 34(7) Jul 2002, 1120-1125.
  • Low, D., Cable, T., & Purvis, A. (2005). Exercise thermoregulation and hyperprolactinaemia: Ergonomics Vol 48(11-14) Sep-Nov 2005, 1547-1557.
  • Lubach, G. R., Kittrell, E. M., Coe, C. L., & Coe, C. L. (1992). Maternal influences on body temperature in the infant primate: Physiology & Behavior Vol 51(5) May 1992, 987-994.
  • Ludes, E., & Anderson, J. R. (1995). "Peating-bathing" by captive white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus): Folia Primatologica Vol 65(1) 1995, 38-42.
  • Lupien, J. R., & Bray, G. A. (1985). Effect of fenfluramine on GDP-binding to brown adipose tissue mitochondria: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 23(4) Oct 1985, 509-513.
  • Lustick, S. (1982). Technical comments: Radiation angle and heat transferred to a bird: Science Vol 218(4575) Nov 1982, 920.
  • Lustick, S., Battersby, B., & Kelty, M. (1978). Behavioral thermoregulation: Orientation toward the sun in herring gulls: Science Vol 200(4337) Apr 1978, 81-83.
  • Lutterschmidt, D. I., Lutterschmidt, W. I., Ford, N. B., & Hutchison, V. H. (2002). Behavioral thermoregulation and the role of melatonin in a nocturnal snake: Hormones and Behavior Vol 41(1) Feb 2002, 41-50.
  • Lynch, C. B., & Possidente, B. P. (1978). Relationships of maternal nesting to thermoregulatory nesting in house mice (Mus musculus) at warm and cold temperatures: Animal Behaviour Vol 26(4) Nov 1978, 1136-1143.
  • MacArthur, R. A. (1978). Behavioral and physiological aspects of temperature regulation in the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • MacMillen, R. E., & Carpenter, F. L. (1980). Evening roosting flights of the honeycreepers Himatione sanguinea and Vestiaria coccinea on Hawaii: Auk Vol 97(1) Jan 1980, 28-37.
  • Macpherson, R. K. (1973). Thermal stress and thermal comfort: Ergonomics Vol 16(5) Sep 1973, 611-622.
  • Mailis, A., Plapler, P., Ashby, P., Shoichet, R., & Roe, S. (1997). Effect of intravenous sodium amytal on cutaneous limb temperatures and sympathetic skin responses in normal subjects and pain patients with and without Complex Regional Pain Syndromes (type I and II): I: Pain Vol 70(1) Mar 1997, 59-68.
  • Malmkvist, J., Pedersen, L. J., Damgaard, B. M., Thodberg, K., Jorgensen, E., & Labouriau, R. (2006). Does floor heating around parturition affect the vitality of piglets born to loose housed sows? : Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 99(1-2) Aug 2006, 88-105.
  • Malpass, A., White, J. M., Irvine, R. J., Somogyi, A. A., & Bochner, F. (1999). Acute toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Sprague-Dawley and Dark Agouti rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 64(1) Sep 1999, 29-34.
  • Markov, A. G., Tarasov, A. V., Koreneva, L. G., Dementienko, V. V., & Tcherbakov, M. I. (1998). Hypothesis about the nature of the subject's personality influence on the blood flow regulation: New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry Vol 14(2) Apr-Jun 1998, 75-81.
  • Markowski, S., & Zelechowska-Ruda, E. (1988). Thermoregulation disorders in endogenous depression: Psychiatria Polska Vol 22(2) Mar-Apr 1988, 127-134.
  • Marotte, H., & Timbal, J. (1982). Circadian rhythm of thermoregulating responses in man exposed to thermal stimuli: Chronobiologia Vol 9(4) Oct-Dec 1982, 375-387.
  • Marques, P. R., Spencer, R. L., Burks, T. F., & McDougal, J. N. (1984). Behavioral thermoregulation, core temperature, and motor activity: Simultaneous quantitative assessment in rats after dopamine and prostaglandin E1: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 98(5) Oct 1984, 858-867.
  • Martin, J. C., & et al. (1980). Effects of ambient temperature upon diurnal activity in nutritionally iron-deficient rats: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 15(1) Jan 1980, 18-20.
  • Matthew, C. B. (1991). Anticholinergics: Effects on thermoregulation and performance in rats: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 15(1) Spr 1991, 141-146.
  • Matthew, C. B. (1993). Ambient temperature effects on thermoregulation and endurance in anticholinesterase-treated rats: Life Sciences Vol 52(16) 1993, 1343-1349.
  • Matthew, C. B., Hubbard, R. W., Francesconi, R., & Szlyk, P. C. (1986). An atropinized heat-stressed rat model: Dose response effects and pharmacokinetics: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 57(7) Jul 1986, 659-663.
  • Matthew, C. B., Hubbard, R. W., Francesconi, R. P., & Thomas, G. J. (1988). Carbamates, atropine, and diazepam: Effects on performance in the running rat: Life Sciences Vol 42(20) 1988, 1925-1931.
  • Mazzola-Pomietto, P., Aulakh, C. S., & Murphy, D. L. (1995). Temperature, food intake, and locomotor activity effects of a 5-HT-sub-3 receptor agonist and two 5-HT-sub-3 receptor antagonists in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 121(4) Oct 1995, 488-493.
  • McAllen, R. M., Farrell, M., Johnson, J. M., Trevaks, D., Cole, L., McKinley, M. J., et al. (2006). Human medullary responses to cooling and rewarming the skin: A functional MRI study: PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol 103(3) Jan 2006, 809-813.
  • McAllister-Williams, R. H., Anderson, A. J., & Young, A. H. (2001). Corticosterone selectively attenuates 8-OH-DPAT-mediated hypothermia in mice: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 4(1) Mar 2001, 1-8.
  • McCormack, J. F., & Denbow, D. M. (1988). Feeding, drinking and temperature responses to intracerebroventricular !b-endorphin in the domestic fowl: Peptides Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 1988, 709-715.
  • McCoy, J. G. (1992). Mechanisms of action mediating the physiological and behavioral effects of bombesin: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • McLean, J. H., Kostrzewa, R. M., & May, J. G. (1976). Behavioral and biochemical effects of neonatal treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopa: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 4(5) May 1976, 601-607.
  • Mechan, A. O., O'Shea, E., Elliott, J. M., Colado, M. I., & Green, A. R. (2001). A neurotoxic dose of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) to rats results in a long term defect in thermoregulation: Psychopharmacology Vol 155(4) Jun 2001, 413-418.
  • Mejsnar, J., & Jansky, L. (1971). Nonshivering thermogenesis and calorigenic action of catecholamines in the white mouse: Physiologia Bohemoslovaca Vol 20(2) 1971, 157-162.
  • Meyers, P. E. (1977). Induction of hibernation in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, by means of intermittent photic stimulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Michot, T. C. (1982). Thermal and spatial ecology of three species of water snakes (Nerodia) in a Louisiana swamp: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Miczek, K. A., & Dixit, B. N. (1980). Behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic !D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 67(2) Feb 1980, 195-202.
  • Mikulka, P. J., Thomas, D., & Vannetti, E. (1991). Transfer of training of the biofeedback-assisted control of hand temperature: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 72(1) Feb 1991, 163-170.
  • Milam, K. M. (1981). Neural influences on body composition and adipose tissue in lean and obese Zucker rats: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Miles, C. I. (1987). Effects of behaviorally relevant temperatures on the nervous system of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Miller, V. M., & South, F. E. (1981). Entry into hibernation in M. flaviventris: Sleep and behavioral thermoregulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 27(6) Dec 1981, 989-993.
  • Mills, E. M., Banks, M. L., Sprague, J. E., & Finkel, T. (2003). Uncoupling the agony from ecstasy: Nature Vol 426(6965) Nov 2003, 403.
  • Mishima, Y., Hozumi, S., Shimizu, T., Hishikawa, Y., & Mishima, K. (2005). Passive Body Heating Ameliorates Sleep Disturbances in Patients With Vascular Dementia Without Circadian Phase-Shifting: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 13(5) May 2005, 369-376.
  • Mittleman, K. D., Doubt, T. J., & Gravitz, M. A. (1992). Influence of self-induced hypnosis on thermal responses during immersion in 25C water: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 63(8) Aug 1992, 689-695.
  • Moffatt, C. A., DeVries, A. C., & Nelson, R. J. (1993). Winter adaptations of male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) that vary in reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod: Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 8(3) Fal 1993, 221-232.
  • Mohler, F. S., & Gordon, C. J. (1990). Thermoregulatory effects of methanol in Fischer and Long Evans rats: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 12(1) Jan-Feb 1990, 41-45.
  • Monk, T. H., & Carrier, J. (1998). A parallelism between human body temperature and performance independent of the endogenous circadian pacemaker: Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 13(2) Apr 1998, 113-122.
  • Morairty, S. R., Szymusiak, R., Thomson, D., & McGinty, D. J. (1993). Selective increases in non-rapid eye movement sleep following whole body heating in rats: Brain Research Vol 617(1) Jul 1993, 10-16.
  • Morimoto, A., Nakamori, T., Ono, T., Watanabe, T., & et al. (1986). Changes in: Physiology & Behavior Vol 38(2) 1986, 275-282.
  • Morita, T., Chimura, A., & Tokura, H. (2004). Preferred illuminance self-selected by women under the influence of face cooling: Physiology & Behavior Vol 81(1) Mar 2004, 23-27.
  • Mosher, J. A., & White, C. M. (1978). Falcon temperature regulation: Auk Vol 95(1) Jan 1978, 80-84.
  • Moshkin, M. P., Potapov, M. A., Frolova, O. F., & Evsikov, V. I. (1993). Changes in aggressive behavior, thermoregulation, and endocrine responses in BALB/cLac and C57Bl/6J mice under cold exposure: Physiology & Behavior Vol 53(3) Mar 1993, 535-538.
  • Muralidhara, D. V., & Desautels, M. (1996). Effects of ethanol consumption on brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity in mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 60(2) Aug 1996, 639-644.
  • Murphy, B. F. (1985). The behavioral and neural bases for thermoregulation in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Myers, R. D. (1975). Impairment of thermoregulation, food and water intakes in the rat after hypothalamic injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine: Brain Research Vol 94(3) 1975, 491-506.
  • Myers, R. D., & Ruwe, W. D. (1978). Thermoregulation in the rat: Deficits following 6-OHDA injections in the hypothalamus: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 8(4) Apr 1978, 377-385.
  • Mzilikazi, N., Masters, J. C., & Lovegrove, B. G. (2006). Lack of torpor in free-ranging southern Lesser Galagos, Galago moholi: ecological and physiological considerations: Folia Primatologica Vol 77(6) Oct 2006, 465-476.
  • Nagy, Z. M. (1993). Development of homeothermy in infant C3H mice: Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society Vol 31(3) May 1993, 221-224.
  • Nakamura, K., Matsumura, K., Hubschle, T., Nakamura, Y., Hioki, H., Fujiyama, F., et al. (2004). Identification of Sympathetic Premotor Neurons in Medullary Raphe Regions Mediating Fever and Other Thermoregulatory Functions: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 24(23) Sep 2004, 5370-5380.
  • Narebski, J. (1985). Human brain homeothermy during sleep and wakefulness: An experimental and comparative approach: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 45(1-2) 1985, 63-75.
  • Nishita, J. K., Ellinwood, E. H., & Rockwell, W. J. (1984). Thermographic evaluation of abnormal temperature responses to cold in anorexia nervosa: Preliminary evidence for brown fat? : Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior Vol 9(4) 1984, 411-422.
  • Nishita, J. K., Knopes, K. D., Ellinwood, E. H., & Rockwell, W. K. (1986). Hypothermia and abnormalities in thermoregulation in patients with anorexia nervosa: International Journal of Eating Disorders Vol 5(4) May 1986, 713-725.
  • No authorship, i. (2004). Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome and Related Conditions: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 192(1) Jan 2004, 85.
  • Nunes, M. V. (1998). Thermoperiodic responses in insects and mites simulated with the double circadian oscillator clock: Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 13(6) Dec 1998, 461-470.
  • Obal, F., & et al. (1981). Impaired heat discrimination learning after capsaicin treatment: Physiology & Behavior Vol 27(6) Dec 1981, 977-981.
  • Obal, F., Tobler, I., & Borbely, A. A. (1983). Effect of ambient temperature on the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle in normal and capsaicin-treated rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(3) Mar 1983, 425-430.
  • O'Connor, C. S., Crawshaw, L. I., Bedichek, R. C., & Crabbe, J. C. (1988). The effect of ethanol on temperature selection in the goldfish, Carassius auratus: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 29(2) Feb 1988, 243-248.
  • O'Connor, C. S., Crawshaw, L. I., & Crabbe, J. C. (1993). Genetic selection alters thermoregulatory response to ethanol: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 44(3) Mar 1993, 501-508.
  • O'Connor, C. S., Crawshaw, L. I., Kosobud, A., Bedichek, R. C., & et al. (1989). The effect of ethanol on behavioral temperature regulation in mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 33(2) Jun 1989, 315-319.
  • Odell, D. K. (1974). Behavioral thermoregulation in the California sea lion: Behavioral Biology Vol 10(2) Feb 1974, 231-237.
  • Okouchi, H. (1991). Effects of feedback on the control of skin temperature using the tensionelaxation experiment: Psychophysiology Vol 28(6) Nov 1991, 673-677.
  • Okouchi, H. (1991). Effects of feedback on the control of skin temperature using the tension-relaxation experiment: Psychophysiology Vol 28(6) Nov 1991, 673-677.
  • Ollove, M. B. (1981). Anticipatory thermoregulation in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Olmstead, C. E., Villablanca, J. R., Torbiner, M., & Rhodes, D. (1979). Development of thermoregulation in the kitten: Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(3) Sep 1979, 489-495.
  • Ostheim, J. (1992). Coping with food-limited conditions: Feeding behavior, temperature preference, and nocturnal hypothermia in pigeons: Physiology & Behavior Vol 51(2) Feb 1992, 353-361.
  • Otis, J. D., Rasey, H. W., Vrochopoulos, S., Wincze, J. P., & et al. (1995). Temperature acquisition as a function of the computer-based biofeedback system utilized: An exploratory analysis: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 20(2) Jun 1995, 185-190.
  • Owen-Ashley, N. T., Turner, M., Hahn, T. P., & Wingfield, J. C. (2006). Hormonal, behavioral, and thermoregulatory responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in captive and free-living white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii): Hormones and Behavior Vol 49(1) Jan 2006, 15-29.
  • Pandolf, K. B. (1991). Aging and heat tolerance at rest or during work: Experimental Aging Research Vol 17(3) Fal 1991, 189-204.
  • Pandolf, K. B. (1994). Heat tolerance and aging: Experimental Aging Research Vol 20(4) Oct-Dec 1994, 275-284.
  • Park, J. H., & Dark, J. (2007). Fos-like immunoreactivity in Siberian hamster brain during initiation of torpor-like hypothermia induced by 2DG: Brain Research Vol 1161 Aug 2007, 38-45.
  • Parmeggiani, P. L. (1977). Interaction between sleep and thermoregulation: Waking & Sleeping Vol 1(2) Apr 1977, 123-132.
  • Parmeggiani, P. L. (1992). Thermoregulation and control of the ultradian wake-sleep cycle. Cambridge, MA: Birkhauser.
  • Parmeggiani, P. L., Agnati, L. F., Zamboni, G., & Cianci, T. (1975). Hypothalamic temperature during the sleep cycle at different ambient temperatures: Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology Vol 38(6) Jun 1975, 589-596.
  • Parmeggiani, P. L., Cevolani, D., Azzaroni, A., & Ferrari, G. (1987). Thermosensitivity of anterior hypothalamic-preoptic neurons during the waking-sleeping cycle: A study in brain functional states: Brain Research Vol 415(1) Jul 1987, 79-89.
  • Paul, M. J., Freeman, D. A., Park, J. H., & Dark, J. (2005). Neuropeptide Y induces torpor-like hypothermia in Siberian hamsters: Brain Research Vol 1055(1-2) Sep 2005, 83-92.
  • Pawlyk, A. C., Cosmi, S., Alfinito, P. D., Maswood, N., & Deecher, D. C. (2006). Effects of the 5-HT-sub(2A) antagonist mirtazapine in rat models of thermoregulation: Brain Research Vol 1123(1) Dec 2006, 135-144.
  • Peck, J. A., Dilsaver, S. C., & McGee, M. (1991). Chronic forced swim stress produces subsensitivity to nicotine: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 38(3) Mar 1991, 501-504.
  • Pedersen, N. P., & Blessing, W. W. (2001). Cutaneous vasoconstriction contributes to hyperthermia induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in conscious rabbits: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 21(21) Nov 2001, 8648-8654.
  • Pendergrass, M., & Thiessen, D. (1983). Sandbathing is thermoregulatory in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 37(1) Jan 1983, 125-133.
  • Pendergrass, M. L. (1986). Bioenergetic effects of hair lipids in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Perdomo, E. (2000). Development of thermoregulation and cardiovascular function in rodent models of hypertension. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Pereira, D. H. S., Branco, L. G. S., Carnio, E. C., & Barros, R. C. H. (2006). nNOS is involved in behavioral thermoregulation of newborn rats during hypoxia: Physiology & Behavior Vol 89(5) Dec 2006, 681-686.
  • Pereyra, M. E., & Morton, M. L. (2001). Nestling growth and thermoregulatory development in subalpine dusky flycatchers: Auk Vol 118(1) Jan 2001, 116-136.
  • Perkins, K. A., Sexton, J. E., & di Marco, A. (1996). Acute thermogenic effects of nicotine and alcohol in healthy male and female smokers: Physiology & Behavior Vol 60(1) Jul 1996, 305-309.
  • Phillips, J. A., & Howes, K. A. (1988). The pineal complex, aggressive behavior and thermoregulation in curly-tailed lizards, Leiocephalus carinatus: Physiology & Behavior Vol 42(1) 1988, 103-108.
  • Pierpaoli, W., & Lesnikov, V. A. (1994). The pineal aging clock: Evidence, models, mechanisms, interventions. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Pilcher, J. J., Bergmann, B. M., Refetoff, S., Fang, V. S., & et al. (1991). Sleep deprivation in the rat: XIII. The effect of hypothyroidism on sleep deprivation symptoms: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 14(3) Jun 1991, 201-210.
  • Pillai, N. P., & Ross, D. H. (1986). Activation of dihydropyridine receptors differentially regulates temperature responses in rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 25(3) Sep 1986, 549-554.
  • Pillay, P., & Manger, P. R. (2004). Testing thermogenesis as the basis for the evolution of cetacean sleep phenomenology: Journal of Sleep Research Vol 13(4) Dec 2004, 353-358.
  • Platte, P., Wurmser, H., Wade, S. E., Mecheril, A., & et al. (1996). Resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in restrained and unrestrained eaters: International Journal of Eating Disorders Vol 20(1) Jul 1996, 33-41.
  • Player, W. O. (1982). Effects of hypnosis on thermal biofeedback: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Polk, D. L., & Lipton, J. M. (1975). Effects of sodium salicylate, aminopyrine and chlorpromazine on behavioral temperature regulation: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 3(2) Mar-Apr 1975, 167-172.
  • Potkanowicz, E. S., Caine-Bish, N., Otterstetter, R., & Glickman, E. L. (2003). Age Effects on Thermal, Metabolic, and Perceptual Responses to Acute Cold Exposure: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 74(11) Nov 2003, 1157-1162.
  • Price, M. J., & Campbell, I. G. (2003). Effects of Spinal Cord Lesion Level upon Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol 35(7) Jul 2003, 1100-1107.
  • Prosser, C. L., & Nelson, D. O. (1981). The role of nervous systems in temperature adaptation to poikilotherms: Annual Review of Physiology Vol 43 1981, 281-300.
  • Provins, K. A., Glencross, D. J., & Cooper, C. J. (1973). Thermal stress and arousal: Ergonomics Vol 16(5) Sep 1973, 623-631.
  • Prys-Jones, O. E. (1986). Foraging behaviour and the activity of substrate cycle enzymes in bumblebees: Animal Behaviour Vol 34(2) Apr 1986, 609-611.
  • Puchalski, W., Bulova, S. J., Lynch, C. B., & Lynch, G. R. (1988). Photoperiod, temperature and melatonin effects on thermoregulatory behavior in Djungarian hamsters: Physiology & Behavior Vol 42(2) 1988, 173-177.
  • Pulgar, J., Bozinovic, F., & Ojeda, F. P. (1999). Behavioral thermoregulation in the intertidal fish Girella laevifrons (kyphosidae): The effect of starvation: Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol 32(1) 1999, 27-38.
  • Putnam, R. W., & Bennett, A. F. (1981). Thermal dependence of behavioural performance of anuran amphibians: Animal Behaviour Vol 29(2) May 1981, 502-509.
  • Ranels, H. J., & Griffin, J. D. (2003). The effects of prostaglandin E-sub-2 on the firing rate activity of thermosensitive and temperature insensitive neurons in the ventromedial preoptic area of the rat hypothalamus: Brain Research Vol 964(1) Feb 2003, 42-50.
  • Rashotte, M. E., & Henderson, D. (1988). Coping with rising food costs in a closed economy: Feeding behavior and nocturnal hypothermia in pigeons: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol 50(3) Nov 1988, 441-456.
  • Rashotte, M. E., Phillips, D. L., & Henderson, R. P. (1997). Nocturnal digestion, cloacal excretion, and digestion-related thermogenesis in pigeons (Columba livia): Physiology & Behavior Vol 61(1) Jan 1997, 83-92.
  • Rausch, J. L., Johnson, M. E., Kasik, K. E., & Stahl, S. M. (2006). Temperature Regulation In Depression: Functional 5HT1A Receptor Adaptation Differentiates Antidepressant Response: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 31(10) Oct 2006, 2274-2280.
  • Rawls, S. M., Tallarida, R. J., Gray, A. M., Geller, E. B., & Adler, M. W. (2004). L-NAME (N-super(omega )-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester), a Nitric-Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, and WIN 55212-2: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 308(2) Feb 2004, 780-786.
  • Rawls, S. M., Tallarida, R. J., Kon, D. A., Geller, E. B., & Adler, M. W. (2004). GABA-sub(A) receptors modulate cannabinoid-evoked hypothermia: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 78(1) May 2004, 83-91.
  • Rechtschaffen, A., Bergmann, B. M., Everson, C. A., Kushida, C. A., & Gilliland, M. A. (2002). Sleep deprivation in the rat: X. Integration and discussion of the findings: Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Vol 25(1) Feb 2002, 68-87.
  • Refinetti, R. (1983). Thermoregulatory behaviour of Budgerigars in a cold environment: Bird Behavior Vol 4(2) Apr 1983, 90-92.
  • Refinetti, R. (1987). The role of the lateral hypothalamus in temperature regulation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Refinetti, R. (1995). Effects of suprachiasmatic lesions on temperature regulation in the golden hamster: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 36(1) 1995, 81-84.
  • Refinetti, R. (1995). Rhythms of temperature selection and body temperature are out of phase in the golden hamster: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 109(3) Jun 1995, 523-527.
  • Refinetti, R., & Carlisle, H. J. (1986). Complementary nature of heat production and heat intake during behavioral thermoregulation in the rat: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 46(1) Jul 1986, 64-70.
  • Refinetti, R., & Carlisle, H. J. (1986). Effects of anterior and posterior hypothalamic temperature changes on thermoregulation in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(6) 1986, 1099-1103.
  • Refinetti, R., & Carlisle, H. J. (1986). Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesions on thermoregulation in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 38(2) 1986, 219-228.
  • Refinetti, R., & Carlisle, H. J. (1987). A reevaluation of the role of the lateral hypothalamus in behavioral temperature regulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 40(2) 1987, 189-192.
  • Refinetti, R., & Horvath, S. M. (1989). Thermopreferendum of the rat: Inter- and intra-subject variabilities: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 52(1) Jul 1989, 87-94.
  • Remaury, A., Vita, N., Gendreau, S., Jung, M., Arnone, M., Poncelet, M., et al. (2002). Targeted inactivation of the neurotensin type 1 receptor reveal its role in body temperature control and feeding behavior but not in analgesia: Brain Research Vol 953(1-2) Oct 2002, 63-72.
  • Reynolds, W. W., & Casterlin, M. E. (1976). Behavioural fever in teleost fishes: Nature Vol 259(5538) Jan 1976, 41-42.
  • Riniolo, T. C., Bazhenova, O. V., & Porges, S. W. (1997). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and ambient temperature at 5 months: Infant Behavior & Development Vol 20(3) Jul-Sep 1997, 417-420.
  • Riniolo, T. C., & Schmidt, L. A. (2006). Chronic heat stress and cognitive development: An example of thermal conditions influencing human development: Developmental Review Vol 26(3) Sep 2006, 277-290.
  • Roberts, W. W., & Frol, A. B. (1979). Interaction of central and superficial peripheral thermosensors in control of thermoregulatory behaviors of the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(3) Sep 1979, 503-512.
  • Roberts, W. W., & Martin, J. R. (1974). Peripheral thermoreceptor control of thermoregulatory responses of the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 87(6) Dec 1974, 1109-1118.
  • Roberts, W. W., & Martin, J. R. (1977). Effects of lesions in central thermosensitive areas on thermoregulatory responses in rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 19(4) Oct 1977, 503-511.
  • Roberts, W. W., & Mooney, R. D. (1974). Brain areas controlling thermoregulatory grooming prone extension, locomotion, and tail vasodilation in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 86(3) Mar 1974, 470-480.
  • Roberts, W. W., Mooney, R. D., & Martin, J. R. (1974). Thermoregulatory behaviors of laboratory rodents: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 86(4) Apr 1974, 693-699.
  • Rodrigues, L. O. C., Oliveira, A., Lima, N. R. V., & Machado-Moreira, C. A. (2003). Heat storage rate and acute fatigue in rats: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Vol 36(1) Jan 2003, 131-135.
  • Rogers, N. L., Bowes, J., Lushington, K., & Dawson, D. (2007). Thermoregulatory changes around the time of sleep onset: Physiology & Behavior Vol 90(4) Mar 2007, 643-647.
  • Ronald, K., & Dougan, J. L. (1982). The ice lover: Biology of the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica): Science Vol 215(4535) Feb 1982, 928-933.
  • Rothwell, N. J., & Stock, M. J. (1982). Neural regulation of thermogenesis: Trends in Neurosciences Vol 5(4) Apr 1982, 124-126.
  • Roti, M. W., Casa, D. J., Pumerantz, A. C., Watson, G., Judelson, D. A., Dias, J. C., et al. (2006). Thermoregulatory Responses to Exercise in the Heat: Chronic Caffeine Intake Has No Effect: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 77(2) Feb 2006, 124-129.
  • Roussel, B., Dittmar, A., & Chouvet, G. (1980). Internal temperature variations during the sleep-wake cycle in the rat: Waking & Sleeping Vol 4(1) Jan-Mar 1980, 63-75.
  • Rovee-Collier, C., Hayne, H., & Collier, G. (1997). Behavioral thermoregulation in chicks: The best nest: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 31(4) Dec 1997, 231-244.
  • Rovee-Collier, C., Kupersmidt, J., O'Brien, L., Collier, G., & Tepper, V. (1991). Behavioral thermoregulation and immobilization: Conflicting demands for survival: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 105(3) Sep 1991, 232-242.
  • Rozsa, A. J., Molinari, H. H., Greenspan, J. D., & Kenshalo, D. R. (1985). The primate as a model for the human temperature-sensing system: I. Adapting temperature and intensity of thermal stimuli: Somatosensory Research Vol 2(4) 1985, 303-314.
  • Rubinstein, G. (1993). Schizophrenia, infection and temperature: An animal model for investigating their interrelationships: Schizophrenia Research Vol 10(2) Aug 1993, 95-102.
  • Ruby, N. F. (1992). Neuroendocrine regulation of daily torpor in Siberian hamsters: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Russ, C. A. (1977). Thermal biofeedback and menstrual distress: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Russell, R. J. (1978). The behavior, ecology and environmental physiology of a nocturnal primate, Lepilemur mustelinus (Strepsirhini, Lemuriformes, Lepilemuridae): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ruwe, W. D. (1980). Fever and thermoregulatory behavior in the cat: Synthesis of new protein as an essential mediator: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Ruwe, W. D., & Myers, R. D. (1982). 5-HT receptors and hyper- or hypothermia: Elucidation by catecholamine antagonists injected into the cat hypothalamus: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 8(1) Jan 1982, 79-86.
  • Saadat, K. S., O'Shea, E., Colado, M. I., Elliott, J. M., & Green, A. R. (2005). The role of 5-HT in the impairment of thermoregulation observed in rats administered MDMA ('ecstasy') when housed at high ambient temperature: Psychopharmacology Vol 179(4) Jun 2005, 884-890.
  • Sabourin, M., Deschambault, A., & Ducharme, R. (1973). Effect of light on thermal reinforcement in behavioral thermoregulation: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 37(2) Oct 1973, 611-614.
  • Sabourin, M., & Ducharme, R. (1973). Instrumental activity of thermoregulation and cardiac rhythm of albino rats: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Vol 27(1) Mar 1973, 103-111.
  • Saeki, Y., Kruse, K. C., & Switzer, P. V. (2005). Physiological Costs of Mate Guarding in the Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman): Ethology Vol 111(9) Sep 2005, 863-877.
  • Salmi, P. (1998). Independent roles of dopamine D-sub-1 and D-sub-2/3 receptors in rat thermoregulation: Brain Research Vol 781(1-2) Jan 1998, 188-193.
  • Santee, W. R., & Bakken, G. S. (1987). Social displays in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus): Sensitivity to thermoregulatory costs: Auk Vol 104(3) Jul 1987, 413-420.
  • Satinoff, E. (1991). Developmental aspects of behavioral and reflexive thermoregulation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Satinoff, E. (2005). Thermoregulation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Satinoff, E., Kent, S., Li, H., Megirian, D., & et al. (1991). Circadian rhythms of body temperature and drinking and responses to thermal challenge in rats after PCPA: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 38(2) Feb 1991, 253-257.
  • Sato, H., Yamasaki, K., Yasukouchi, A., Watanuki, S., & et al. (1988). Sex differences in human thermoregulatory response to cold: Journal of Human Ergology Vol 17(1) Sep 1988, 57-65.
  • Sawaya, A. L., Fuss, P. J., Dallal, G. E., Tsay, R., McCrory, M. A., Young, V., et al. (2001). Meal palatability, substrate oxidation and blood glucose in young and older men: Physiology & Behavior Vol 72(1-2) Jan 2001, 5-12.
  • Saxen, M. A., Smith, F. L., Dunlow, L. D., Dombrowski, D. S., & et al. (1994). The hypothermic and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injection of CGRP (8-37) in mice: Life Sciences Vol 55(21) 1994, 1665-1674.
  • Scarpace, P. J., Yenice, S., & Tumer, N. (1994). Influence of exercise training and age on uncoupling protein mRNA expression in Brown adipose tissue: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 49(4) Dec 1994, 1057-1059.
  • Scharff, L., Marcus, D. A., & Masek, B. J. (2002). A controlled study of minimal-contact thermal biofeedback treatment in children with migraine: Journal of Pediatric Psychology Vol 27(2) Mar 2002, 109-119.
  • Schino, G., & Troisi, A. (1990). Behavioral thermoregulation in long-tailed macaques: Effect on social preference: Physiology & Behavior Vol 47(6) Jun 1990, 1125-1128.
  • Schmidt, I., Barone, A., & Carlisle, H. J. (1986). Diurnal cycle of core temperature in huddling, week-old rat pups: Physiology & Behavior Vol 37(1) 1986, 105-109.
  • Schmidt, I., Stahl, J., Kaul, R., & Carlisle, H. J. (1986). Cold-rearing normalized capacity for norepinephrine-stimulated thermogenesis but not body temperature in 16-day-old fatty Zucker rats: Life Sciences Vol 38(2) Jan 1986, 129-136.
  • Schuh, L. M., & Overmier, J. B. (1997). Factors affecting baseline nociceptive sensitivity: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers Vol 29(3) Aug 1997, 390-395.
  • Schwartz, G. G. (1986). Thermal influences on the behavior of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): Does Saimiri sneeze to thermoregulate? : Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Schwartz, P. J., Rosenthal, N. E., Kajimura, N., Han, L., Turner, E. H., Bender, C., et al. (2000). Ultradian oscillations in cranial thermoregulation and electroencephalographic slow-wave activity during sleep are abnormal in humans with annual winter depression: Brain Research Vol 866(1-2) Jun 2000, 152-167.
  • Schwartz, P. J., Rosenthal, N. E., Turner, E. H., Drake, C. L., & et al. (1997). Seasonal variation in core temperature regulation during sleep in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder: Biological Psychiatry Vol 42(2) Jul 1997, 122-131.
  • Schwartz, P. J., Wehr, T. A., Rosenthal, N. E., Bartko, J. J., & et al. (1995). Serotonin and thermoregulation: Physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of control revealed by intravenous m-CPP in normal human subjects: Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 13(2) Oct 1995, 105-115.
  • Seale, T. W., Carney, J. M., Johnson, P., & Rennert, O. M. (1985). Inheritance of amphetamine-induced thermoregulatory responses in inbred mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 23(3) Sep 1985, 373-377.
  • Sewitch, D. E. (1987). Slow wave sleep deficiency insomnia: A problem in thermo-downregulation at sleep onset: Psychophysiology Vol 24(2) Mar 1987, 200-215.
  • Sewitch, D. E., Kittrell, E. M., Kupfer, D. J., & Reynolds, C. F. (1986). Body temperature and sleep architecture in response to a mild cold stress in women: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(5) 1986, 951-957.
  • Shah, B., Shine, R., Hudson, S., & Kearney, M. (2003). Sociality in Lizards: Why do thick-tailed geckos (Nephrurus Milii) aggregate? : Behaviour Vol 140(8) Aug 2003, 1039-1052.
  • Shapiro, C. M., Moore, A. T., Mitchell, D., & Yodaiken, M. L. (1974). How well does man thermoregulate during sleep? : Experientia Vol 30(11) 1974, 1279-1281.
  • Sharpe, L. G., Garnett, J. E., & Olsen, N. S. (1979). Thermoregulatory changes to cholinomimetics and angiotensin II, but not to the monoamines microinjected into the brain stem of the rabbit: Neuropharmacology Vol 18(2) Feb 1979, 117-125.
  • Shaw, P. J. (1996). Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on thermoregulation in the rat. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Shaw, P. J., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1998). Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on thermoregulation in the rat: Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine Vol 21(1) 1998, 7-17.
  • Sherman, E. (1977). Cardiovascular responses of toads to thermal stress and water deprivation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sherry, D. F. (1979). The development of thermoregulation in Junglefowl: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sherry, D. F. (1981). Parental care and the development of thermoregulation in red junglefowl: Behaviour Vol 76(3-4) 1981, 250-279.
  • Shibata, M., & et al. (1983). Impairment of thermoregulatory cooling behavior by single cortical spreading depression in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(4) Apr 1983, 599-605.
  • Shibata, M., Hori, T., Kiyohara, T., & Nakashima, T. (1983). Facilitation of thermoregulatory heating behavior by single cortical spreading depression in the rat: Physiology & Behavior Vol 31(5) Nov 1983, 651-656.
  • Shido, O., Sakurada, S., Sugimoto, N., Hiratsuka, Y., & Takuwa, Y. (2001). Ambient temperatures preferred by humans acclimated to heat given at a fixed daily time: Physiology & Behavior Vol 72(3) Feb 2001, 387-392.
  • Shiloh, R., Munitz, H., Portuguese, S., Gross-Isserof, R., Sigler, M., Bodinger, L., et al. (2005). Corneal temperature in schizophrenia patients: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 8(4) Dec 2005, 537-547.
  • Shiloh, R., Weizman, A., Epstein, Y., Rosenberg, S.-L., Valevski, A., Dorfman-Etrog, P., et al. (2001). Abnormal thermoregulation in drug-free male schizophrenia patients: European Neuropsychopharmacology Vol 11(4) Aug 2001, 285-288.
  • Shreffler, C., & Hohenboken, W. (1980). Circadian behaviour, including thermoregulatory activities, in feedlot lambs: Applied Animal Ethology Vol 6(3) Jul 1980, 241-246.
  • Shriver, P. L. (1979). Thermal biofeedback: Effects on self-regulation, generalized control expectancies and self-awareness: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Singer, G., Armstrong, S., Evans, B., & Burnstock, G. (1975). Comparison of the effects of intracranial injections of 6-OHDA and guanethidine on consummatory behavior and monoamine depletion: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 3(Suppl 1) 1975, 91-106.
  • Skingle, M., Higgins, G. A., & Feniuk, W. (1994). Stimulation of central 5-HT-sub(1D ) receptors causes hypothermia in the guinea-pig: Journal of Psychopharmacology Vol 8(1) 1994, 14-21.
  • Skoog, K. M., Muggli, M., Goehler, L., & Kenney, N. J. (1986). Ovarian steroid manipulation of the antidipsogenic and thermogenic responses of rats to central administration of prostaglandin E-sub-1: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 100(1) Feb 1986, 117-120.
  • Sluyter, F., Marican, C. C. M., & Crusio, W. E. (1999). Further phenotypical characterisation of two substrains of C57BL/6J inbred mice differing by a spontaneous single-gene mutation: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 98(1) Jan 1999, 39-43.
  • Soares, D. D., Lima, N. R. V., Coimbra, C. C., & Marubayashi, U. (2004). Intracerebroventricular tryptophan increases heating and heat storage rate in exercising rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 78(2) Jun 2004, 255-261.
  • Soderberg, U., & Larsson, K. (1976). Impaired temperature regulation in rats after anosmia induced peripherally or centrally: Physiology & Behavior Vol 17(6) Dec 1976, 993-995.
  • Sokoloff, G., & Blumberg, M. S. (1997). Thermogenic, respiratory, and ultrasonic responses of week-old rats across the transition from moderate to extreme cold exposure: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 30(3) Apr 1997, 181-194.
  • Sokoloff, G., & Blumberg, M. S. (2001). Competition and cooperation among huddling infant rats: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 39(2) Sep 2001, 65-75.
  • Sokoloff, G., & Blumberg, M. S. (2001). "Competition and cooperation among huddling infant rats": Erratum: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 39(3) Nov 2001, 229.
  • Sokoloff, G., & Blumberg, M. S. (2002). Contributions of endothermy to huddling behavior in infant Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and Syrian golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus): Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 116(3) Sep 2002, 240-246.
  • Sokoloff, G., Blumberg, M. S., & Adams, M. M. (2000). A comparative analysis of huddling in infant Norway rats and Syrian golden hamsters: Does endothermy modulate behavior? : Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 114(3) Jun 2000, 585-593.
  • Sokoloff, G., Blumberg, M. S., Boline, E. A., Johnson, E. D., & Streeper, N. M. (2002). Thermoregulatory behavior in infant Norway rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and Syrian golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus): Arousal, orientation, and locomotion: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 116(3) Sep 2002, 228-239.
  • Song, X., Kortner, G., & Geiser, F. (1998). Temperature selection and use of torpor by the marsupial Sminthopsis macroura: Physiology & Behavior Vol 64(5) Jul 1998, 675-682.
  • Spencer, R. L. (1987). Tolerance development to the effects of ethanol: Role of behavioral thermoregulatory responses: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Spiers, D. E., & Fusco, L. E. (1991). Age-dependent differences in the thermoregulatory response of the immature rat to ethanol: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol 15(1) Feb 1991, 23-28.
  • Spiers, D. E., Kelleher, S. A., & Eichen, P. A. (1996). Ethanol effect on activation and maintenance of cold stress response in immature rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 54(3) Jul 1996, 555-564.
  • Springer, T. A. (1992). Behavioral thermoregulation by channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus : Experimental analysis and consequent mechanistic model: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Srividya, R., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2005). The changes in thermal preference, sleep-wakefulness, body temperature and locomotor activity in the rats with medial septal lesion: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 164(2) Nov 2005, 147-155.
  • Stabentheiner, A. (1996). Effect of foraging distance on the thermal behaviour of honeybees during dancing, walking and trophallaxis: Ethology Vol 102(5) May 1996, 360-370.
  • Stabentheiner, A., Kovac, H., & Schmaranzer, S. (2007). Thermal behaviour of honeybees during aggressive interactions: Ethology Vol 113(10) Oct 2007, 995-1006.
  • Stamper, J. L., & Dark, J. (1997). Metabolic fuel availability influences thermoregulation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus): Physiology & Behavior Vol 61(4) Apr 1997, 521-524.
  • Stefan, H., Feichtinger, M., & Black, A. (2003). Autonomic phenomena of temperature regulation in temporal lobe epilepsy: Epilepsy & Behavior Vol 4(1) Feb 2003, 65-69.
  • Stern, J. M., & Azzara, A. V. (2002). Thermal control of mother-young contact revisited: Hyperthermic rats nurse normally: Physiology & Behavior Vol 77(1) Sep 2002, 11-18.
  • Stevens, J. C. (1991). Thermal sensibility. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Stoffer, G. R., Jensen, J. A., & Nesset, B. L. (1979). Effects of contingent versus yoked temperature feedback on voluntary temperature control and cold stress tolerance: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 4(1) Mar 1979, 51-61.
  • Strek, K. S., Long, M. D., & Gordon, C. J. (1986). Effect of sodium pentobarbital on behavioral thermoregulation in rats and mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 24(4) Apr 1986, 1147-1150.
  • Stump, B. S., McCoy, J. G., & Avery, D. D. (1990). The effects of intraventricular injections of bombesin on temperature selection in the rat: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 25(1) Jul 1990, 173-177.
  • Subramanian, S., & Vollmer, R. R. (2002). Sympathetic activation by fenfluramine depletes brown adipose tissue norepinephrine content in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 73(3) Oct 2002, 639-646.
  • Sugano, Y. (1983). Heat balance of rats acclimated to diurnal 2-hour feeding: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(2) Feb 1983, 289-293.
  • Sullivan, J. K. (1983). Circadian regulation of photoperiodism in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: A unique role for the pineal gland: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Sullivan, J. K., & Lynch, G. R. (1986). Photoperiod time measurement for activity, torpor, molt and reproduction in mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(1) Jan 1986, 167-174.
  • Sumbera, R., Zelova, J., Kunc, P., Knizkova, I., & Burda, H. (2007). Patterns of surface temperatures in two mole-rats (Bathyergidae) with different social systems as revealed by IR-thermography: Physiology & Behavior Vol 92(3) Oct 2007, 526-532.
  • Sunderam, S., & Osorio, I. (2003). Mesial temporal lobe seizures may activate thermoregulatory mechanisms in humans: An infrared study of facial temperature: Epilepsy & Behavior Vol 4(4) Aug 2003, 399-406.
  • Swiergiel, A. H. (1987). Decrease in body temperature and locomotor activity as an adaptational response in piglets exposed to cold on restricted feeding: Physiology & Behavior Vol 40(1) 1987, 117-125.
  • Swiergiel, A. H. (1997). Modifications of operant thermoregulatory behavior of the young pig by environmental temperature and food availability: Physiology & Behavior Vol 63(1) Dec 1997, 119-125.
  • Swiergiel, A. H., & Ingram, D. L. (1986). Effect of diet and temperature acclimation on thermoregulatory behaviour in piglets: Physiology & Behavior Vol 36(4) 1986, 637-642.
  • Szymusiak, R., & Satinoff, E. (1982). Acute thermoregulatory effects of unilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial and lateral preoptic area in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 28(1) Jan 1982, 161-170.
  • Szymusiak, R. S. (1983). Effects of environmental temperature on sleep and waking in normal rats and rats with basal forebrain damage: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Taffe, M. A., Lay, C. C., Von Huben, S. N., Davis, S. A., Crean, R. D., & Katner, S. N. (2006). Hyperthermia induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in unrestrained rhesus monkeys: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 82(3) May 2006, 276-281.
  • Takahashi, A., Ishimaru, H., Ikarashi, Y., Kishi, E., & Maruyama, Y. (2001). Opposite regulation of body temperature by cholinergic input to the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus in rats: Brain Research Vol 909(1-2) Aug 2001, 102-111.
  • Takahashi, R. N., Poli, A., Morato, G. S., Lima, T. C., & et al. (1991). Effects of age on behavioral and physiological responses to carbaryl in rats: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 13(1) Jan-Feb 1991, 21-26.
  • Talan, M. I., Engel, B. T., & Whitaker, J. R. (1984). Age-related decline in cold tolerance can be retarded by brain stimulation: Physiology & Behavior Vol 33(6) Dec 1984, 969-973.
  • Tamura, Y., Shintani, M., Nakamura, A., Monden, M., & Shiomi, H. (2005). Phase-specific central regulatory systems of hibernation in Syrian hamsters: Brain Research Vol 1045(1-2) May 2005, 88-96.
  • Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, Y., & Nakayama, T. (1988). Effects of current intensity on behavioral and autonomic heat-loss responses in intracranial self-stimulating rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 42(6) 1988, 605-611.
  • Tanaka, H., Kanosue, K., Nakayama, T., & Shen, Z. (1986). Grooming, body extension, and vasomotor responses induced by hypothalamic warming at different ambient temperatures in rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 38(1) 1986, 145-151.
  • Tangri, K. K., Bhargava, A. K., & Bhargava, K. P. (1974). Interrelation between monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre of rabbits: Neuropharmacology Vol 13(5) May 1974, 333-346.
  • Tapki, I., & Sahin, A. (2006). Comparison of the thermoregulatory behaviours of low and high producing dairy cows in a hot environment: Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol 99(1-2) Aug 2006, 1-11.
  • Teichner, W. H., Beals, J., & Giambalvo, V. (1973). Conditioned vasomotor response: Thermoregulatory effects: Psychophysiology Vol 10(3) May 1973, 238-243.
  • Thellier, F., Cordier, A., & Monchoux, F. (1994). The analysis of thermal comfort requirements through the simulation of an occupied building: Ergonomics Vol 37(5) May 1994, 817-825.
  • Thiessen, D. D., & Barth, T. M. (1985). Ventral scent marking in Meriones unguiculatus may contribute to thermoregulation: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 99(3) Sep 1985, 306-310.
  • Thiessen, D. D., Graham, M., Perkins, J., & Marcks, S. (1977). Temperature regulation and social grooming in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 19(3) Mar 1977, 279-288.
  • Thiessen, D. D., & Kittrell, M. W. (1980). The Harderian gland and thermoregulation in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Physiology & Behavior Vol 24(3) Mar 1980, 417-424.
  • Thompson, S. D., Power, M. L., Rutledge, C. E., & Kleiman, D. G. (1994). Energy metabolism and thermoregulation in the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia): Folia Primatologica Vol 12(3) 1994, 131-143.
  • Thornhill, J., & Halvorson, I. (1994). Activation of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis by electrical stimulation of the lateral and medial preoptic areas: Brain Research Vol 656(2) Sep 1994, 367-374.
  • Thornhill, J. A., & Saunders, W. S. (1984). Thermoregulatory (core, surface and metabolic) responses of unrestrained rats to repeated POAH injections of !b-endorphin or adrenocorticotropin: Peptides Vol 5(4) Jul-Aug 1984, 713-719.
  • Tilders, F. J. H., DeRijk, R. H., Van Dam, A.-M., Vincent, V. A. M., & et al. (1994). Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals: Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol 19(2) 1994, 209-232.
  • Tomaz, C., Verburg, M. S., Boere, V., Pianta, T. F., & Belo, M. (2003). Evidence of hemispheric specialization in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) using tympanic membrane thermometry: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research Vol 36(7) Jul 2003, 913-918.
  • Tooley, J. R., Satas, S., Porter, H., Silver, I. A., & Thoresen, M. (2003). Head Cooling with Mild Systemic Hypothermia in Anesthetized Piglets Is Neuroprotective: Annals of Neurology Vol 53(1) Jan 2003, 65-72.
  • Tornatzky, W., & Miczek, K. A. (1993). Long-term impairment of autonomic circadian rhythms after brief intermittent social stress: Physiology & Behavior Vol 53(5) May 1993, 983-993.
  • Tosini, G., & Avery, R. A. (1996). Dermal photoreceptors regulate basking behavior in the lizard Podarcis muralis: Physiology & Behavior Vol 59(1) Jan 1996, 195-198.
  • Toth, D. M. (1973). Temperature regulation and salivation following preoptic lesions in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 82(3) Mar 1973, 480-488.
  • Tozer, W. (1979). Underwater behavioural thermoregulation in the adult stonefly, Zapada cinctipes: Nature Vol 281(5732) Oct 1979, 566-567.
  • Trayhurn, P., Douglas, J. B., & McGuckin, M. M. (1982). Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is "suppressed" during lactation in mice: Nature Vol 298(5869) Jul 1982, 59-60.
  • Trayhurn, P., Jones, P. M., McGuckin, M. M., & Goodbody, A. E. (1982). Effects of overfeeding on energy balance and brown fat thermogenesis in obese (ob/ob) mice: Nature Vol 295(5847) Jan-Feb 1982, 323-325.
  • Tromp, S. W. (1974). The possible effect of meteorological stress on cancer and its importance for psychosomatic cancer research: Experientia Vol 30(12) 1974, 1474-1478.
  • Turek, V. F. (2003). Fever and body temperature: Behavioral thermoregulation, leptin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
  • Turek, V. F., Olster, D. H., Ettenberg, A., & Carlisle, H. J. (2005). The behavioral thermoregulatory response of febrile female rats is not attenuated by vagotomy: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 80(1) Jan 2005, 115-121.
  • Turner, J. S., Henschel, J. R., & Lubin, Y. D. (1993). Thermal constraints on prey-capture behavior of a burrowing spider in a hot environment: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 33(1) Jul 1993, 35-43.
  • Turski, L., & Kleinrok, Z. (1980). Effects of kainic acid on body temperature of rats: Role of catecholaminergic and serotonergic systems: Psychopharmacology Vol 71(1) Nov 1980, 35-39.
  • Uchida, S., Tsuda, Y., Sugano, H., & Nitta, K. (2005). Thermal distribution quantity in the human dorsum: Journal of International Society of Life Information Science Vol 23(1) Mar 2005, 60-62.
  • Underwood, H., & Edmonds, K. (1995). The circadian rhythm of thermoregulation in Japanese quail. II: Multioscillator control: Journal of Biological Rhythms Vol 10(3) Fal 1995, 234-247.
  • Uno, T., Roth, J., & Shibata, M. (2003). Influence of the hypothalamus on the midbrain tonic inhibitory mechanism on metabolic heat production in rats: Brain Research Bulletin Vol 61(2) Jul 2003, 129-138.
  • Van der Velden, N. A., & Rijkse, C. (1976). A practicable method of making audiograms in dogs: Applied Animal Ethology Vol 2(4) Nov 1976, 371-377.
  • Van Zoeren, J. G., & Stricker, E. M. (1977). Effects of preoptic, lateral hypothalamic, or dopamine-depleting lesions on behavioral thermoregulation in rats exposed to the cold: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 91(5) Oct 1977, 989-999.
  • Vaughan, W. S., & Mavor, A. S. (1972). Diver performance in controlling a wet submersible during four-hour exposures to cold water: Human Factors Vol 14(2) Apr 1972, 173-180.
  • Vidal, C., Suaudeau, C., & Jacob, J. (1984). Regulation of body temperature and nociception induced by non-noxious stress in rat: Brain Research Vol 297(1) Apr 1984, 1-10.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Aker, R., Howard, S. W., Jones, W. M., & et al. (1994). Salty solutions: Their effects on thermal set points in behavioral repertoires of albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 79(1, Pt 1) Aug 1994, 211-215.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Anderson, C. P., Quinn, J. M., & Jarvis, J. D. (1990). Insulin and dextrose effects on fixed-interval behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 71(1) Aug 1990, 7-15.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Kaiser, G. A., Maranto, D. L., Blake, S. E., Storey, T. M., McPherson, K. P., et al. (1999). Acetaminophen effects on behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 88(1) Feb 1999, 281-291.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Laconsay, K. L., Agnew, A. C., Henderson, M. E., & et al. (1993). Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) effects on behavioral thermoregulation with microwave radiation: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 77(1) Aug 1993, 187-191.
  • Vitulli, W. F., McAleer, J. E., Rockwell, A. C., & Granade, C. R. (1996). Aspartame's effects on behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 83(1) Aug 1996, 15-20.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Mott, J. M., Quinn, J. M., los Kamp, K. L., & et al. (1986). Behavioral thermoregulation with microwave radiation of albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 62(3) Jun 1986, 831-840.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Nemeth, Y. M., & Conte, C. T. (2001). Ibuprofen effects on behavioral thermoregulation with microwave radiation in albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 92(2) Apr 2001, 391-394.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Rust, M. L., Mortellaro, P. M., Quinn, J. M., & et al. (1992). Alcohol effects on behavioral thermoregulation with microwave radiation: Psychological Reports Vol 70(3, Pt 2), Spec Issue Jun 1992, 1160-1162.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Rust, M. L., Quinn, J. M., & McNeil, M. J. (1991). Caffeine effects on behavioral thermoregulation: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 72(3, Pt 1) Jun 1991, 952-954.
  • Vitulli, W. F., Tyler, K. E., Hartzog, N., & Quinn, J. M. (1989). Insulin, exercise, and dietary effects upon behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 68(2) Apr 1989, 579-590.
  • Vogt, F. D. (1981). Survival strategies in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus : Winter adaptation and energetics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Wagener, J. W. (1972). Self-stimulation of the preoptic and lateral hypothalamus during behavioral thermoregulation in the albino rat or, happiness is a warm hypothalamus: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
  • Wagener, J. W. (1973). Self-stimulation of preoptic and lateral hypothalamus during behavioral thermoregulation in the albino rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 84(3) Sep 1973, 652-660.
  • Wagner, E. L., & Gleeson, T. T. (1997). Postexercise thermoregulatory behavior and recovery from exercise in desert iguanas: Physiology & Behavior Vol 61(2) Feb 1997, 175-180.
  • Walker, J. M., & Berger, R. J. (1980). The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and thermoregulation in the Virginia opossum: Developmental Psychobiology Vol 13(5) Sep 1980, 443-454.
  • Waller, M. B., & Myers, R. D. (1976). Mobile apparatus for rapid cooling of a caged animal: Physiology & Behavior Vol 16(5) May 1976, 645-648.
  • Waller, M. B., Myers, R. D., & Martin, G. E. (1976). Thermoregulatory deficits in the monkey produced by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine injected into the hypothalamus: Neuropharmacology Vol 15(1) Jan 1976, 61-68.
  • Walters, C. L., Godfrey, M., Li, X., & Blendy, J. A. (2005). Alterations in morphine-induced reward, locomotor activity, and thermoregulation in CREB-deficient mice: Brain Research Vol 1032(1-2) Jan 2005, 193-199.
  • Wang, L. C., Lee, T. F., & Jourdan, M. L. (1987). Seasonal difference in thermoregulatory responses to opiates in a mammalian hibernator: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 26(3) Mar 1987, 565-571.
  • Ward, D., & Henschel, J. R. (1992). Experimental evidence that a desert parasitoid keeps its host cool: Ethology Vol 92(2) Oct 1992, 135-142.
  • Waterhouse, J., Edwards, B., Bedford, P., Hughes, A., Robinson, K., Nevill, A., et al. (2004). Thermoregulation during mild exercise at different orcadian times: Chronobiology International Vol 21(2) 2004, 253-275.
  • Weathers, W. W., & Van Riper, C. (1982). Temperature regulation in two endangered Hawaiian honeycreepers: The Palila (Psittirostra bailleui) and the Laysan Finch (Psittirostra cantans): Auk Vol 99(4) Nov 1982, 667-674.
  • Wellman, P. J. (1984). Influence of dl-phenylpropanolamine on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the adult rat: Physiological Psychology Vol 12(4) Dec 1984, 307-310.
  • Wellman, P. J., & Davies, B. T. (1992). Effects of the !a1-adrenergic agonist cirazoline on locomotion and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the rat: Life Sciences Vol 50(23) 1992, 1745-1753.
  • Wellman, P. J., & Watkins-Freeman, P. A. (1984). Effects of 4-hydroxyamphetamine on in vivo brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and feeding behavior in the rat: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 98(6) Dec 1984, 1060-1064.
  • Wenger, C. B., Quigley, M. D., & Kolka, M. A. (1993). Seven-day pyridostigmine administration and thermoregulation during rest and exercise in dry heat: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Vol 64(10) Oct 1993, 905-911.
  • Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Wijckmans-Duijsens, N. E. G., Verboeket-Van de Venne, W. P. H. G., De Graaf, K., Weststrate, J. A., & Van Het Hof, K. H. (1997). Diet-induced thermogenesis and satiety in humans after full-fat and reduced-fat meals: Physiology & Behavior Vol 61(2) Feb 1997, 343-349.
  • Whishaw, I. Q., Schallert, T., & Kolb, B. (1979). The thermal control of immobility in developing infant rats: Is the neocortex involved? : Physiology & Behavior Vol 23(4) Oct 1979, 757-762.
  • Whyte, D. G., Brennan, T. J., & Johnson, A. K. (2006). Thermoregulatory behavior is disrupted in rats with lesions of the anteroventral third ventricular area (AV3V): Physiology & Behavior Vol 87(3) Mar 2006, 493-499.
  • Wilkinson, C. W., Carlisle, H. J., & Reynolds, R. W. (1980). Estrogenic effects on behavioral thermoregulation and body temperature of rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 24(2) Feb 1980, 337-340.
  • Williams, A. H., & Appel, A. G. (1989). Behavioral thermoregulation in Littorina irrorata by climbing: Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol 16(1) Dec 1989, 31-41.
  • Williams, T. M. (1982). Activity energetics and thermoregulation during running and swimming in the North American mink (Mustela vision, Schreber): Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Willis, G. L., & Smith, G. C. (1984). Deficits in locomotor behaviour and thermoregulation produced by intrahypothalamic dopamine injections: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 12(2) May 1984, 137-143.
  • Wilson, J. R., & Fyda, D. M. (1989). Goldblatt hypertension and operant thermoregulation in shaved, sialoadenectomized rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 45(4) Apr 1989, 837-844.
  • Wilson, J. R., & Howard, B. A. (1996). Effects of cold acclimation and central opioid processes on thermoregulation in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 54(2) Jun 1996, 317-325.
  • Wilson, L. M., & Sinha, H. L. (1985). Thermal preference behavior of genetically obese (ob/ob) and genetically lean (+/?) mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 35(4) Oct 1985, 545-548.
  • Woodside, B., & Jans, J. E. (1988). Neuroendocrine basis of thermally regulated maternal responses to young in the rat: Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol 13(1-2) 1988, 79-98.
  • Wyndham, C. H. (1973). The physiology of exercise under heat stress: Annual Review of Physiology 1973, 193-220.
  • Yamawaki, S., Lai, H., & Horita, A. (1983). Dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms of thermoregulation: Mediation of thermal effects of apomorphine and dopamine: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 227(2) Nov 1983, 383-388.
  • Yehuda, S., & Carasso, R. L. (1983). Changes in circadian rhythms of thermoregulation and motor activity in rats as a function of aging: Effects of d-amphetamine and !a-MSH: Peptides Vol 4(6) Nov-Dec 1983, 865-869.
  • Yehuda, S., Carasso, R. L., & Mostofsky, D. I. (1991). The facilitative effects of !a-MSH and melanin on learning, thermoregulation, and pain in neonatal MSG-treated rats: Peptides Vol 12(3) May-Jun 1991, 465-469.
  • Yehuda, S., & Frommer, R. (1978). Effects of d-amphetamine on the set point of the thermoregulatory system in rats: Psychopharmacology Vol 57(3) 1978, 249-252.
  • Yehuda, S., Leprohon-Greenwood, C. E., Dixon, L. M., & Coscina, D. V. (1986). Effects of dietary fat on pain threshold, thermoregulation and motor activity in rats: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 24(6) Jun 1986, 1775-1777.
  • Yehuda, S., & Sheleff, P. (1985). The effects of MIF-I, !b-endorphin and !a-MSH on d-amphetamine induced paradoxical behavioral thermoregulation: Possible involvement of the dopaminergic system: Peptides Vol 6(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 189-192.
  • Yehuda, S., & Wurtman, R. J. (1974). Paradoxical effects of d-amphetamine on behavioral thermoregulation: Possible mediation by brain dopamine: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 190(1) Jul 1974, 118-122.
  • Yoda, T., Crawshaw, L. I., Nakamura, M., Saito, K., Konishi, A., Nagashima, K., et al. (2005). Effects of alcohol on thermoregulation during mild heat exposure in humans: Alcohol Vol 36(3) Jul 2005, 195-200.
  • Yoshimatsu, H., Machidori, H., Doi, T., Kurokawa, M., & et al. (1993). Abnormalities in obese Zuckers: Defective control of histaminergic functions: Physiology & Behavior Vol 54(3) Sep 1993, 487-491.
  • Youdim, M. B., & Yehuda, S. (1985). Iron deficiency induces reversal of dopamine dependent circadian cycles: Differential response to d-amphetamine and TRH: Peptides Vol 6(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 851-855.
  • Young, A. J. (1991). Effects of aging on human cold tolerance: Experimental Aging Research Vol 17(3) Fal 1991, 205-213.
  • Zagon, I. S., & McLaughlin, P. J. (1984). Perinatal exposure to methadone alters sensitivity to drugs in adult rats: Neurobehavioral Toxicology & Teratology Vol 6(4) Jul-Aug 1984, 319-323.
  • Zgourides, G. D., Warren, R., & Englert, M. E. (1989). Ephedrine-induced thermogenesis as an adjunct to cognitive restructuring and covert conditioning: A proposal for treatment of obese individuals: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 69(2) Oct 1989, 563-572.
  • Zhang, X.-Y., & Wang, D.-H. (2006). Energy metabolism, thermogenesis and body mass regulation in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) during cold acclimation and rewarming: Hormones and Behavior Vol 50(1) Jun 2006, 61-69.
  • Zhao, Z.-J., & Wang, D.-H. (2005). Short photoperiod enhances thermogenic capacity in Brandt's voles: Physiology & Behavior Vol 85(2) Jun 2005, 143-149.
  • Zimmerberg, B., Beckstead, J. W., & Riley, E. P. (1987). Prenatal alcohol exposure and thermotaxic behavior in neonatal rats: Neurotoxicology and Teratology Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 1987, 283-286.
  • Zimmerberg-Glick, B., Tomlinson, T. M., Glaser, J., & Beckstead, J. W. (1993). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developmental pattern of temperature preference in a thermocline: Alcohol Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1993, 403-408.
  • Zylan, K. D. (1991). Effect of ambient temperature on norepinephrine-induced calorigenesis in the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Zylan, K. D. (1993). Behavioral temperature regulation in the obese Zucker rat: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 107(4) Aug 1993, 703-705.
  • Zylan, K. D., & Carlisle, H. J. (1991). Paradoxical effects of exogenous norepinephrine on cold-induced thermogenesis in the rat: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 39(1) May 1991, 21-24.


External links[]

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
Advertisement