Sexual violence by intimate partners

Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline

In many countries a substantial proportion of women experiencing physical violence also experience sexual abuse. In Mexico and the United States, studies estimate that 40–52% of women experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner have also been sexually coerced by that partner.^[1]^[2] Sometimes, sexual violence occurs without physical violence,^[3] In the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, in a representative sample of over 6000 men, 7% reported having sexually and physically abused their wives, 22% reported using sexual violence without physical violence and 17% reported that they had used physical violence alone.^[4]

Findings from these studies show that sexual assault by an intimate partner is neither rare nor unique to any particular region of the world. For instance, 23% of women in North London, England, reported having been the victim of either an attempted or completed rape by a partner in their lifetime. Similar figures have been reported for Guadalajara, Mexico (23.0%), Template:City-state, (21.7%), Lima, Peru (22.5%), and for the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe (25.0%). The prevalence of women sexually assaulted by an intimate partner in their lifetime (including attempted assaults) has also been estimated in a few national surveys (for example, Canada 8.0%, England, Wales and Scotland (combined) 14.2%, Finland 5.9%, Switzerland 11.6% and the United States 7.7%).

The table below summarizes some of the available data on the prevalence of sexual coercion by intimate partners.

Percentage of adult women reporting sexual victimization by an intimate partner, selected population-based surveys 1989 - 2000
Country	Study population	Year	Sample size	Percentage assaulted in the past 12 months attempted or completed sex	Percentage ever assaulted attempted or completed forced sex	Percentage ever assaulted completed forced sex
Brazil	São Paulo	2000	941	2.8%	10.1%
Brazil	Pernambuco	2000	1188	5.6%	14.3%
Canada^[5]^[6]	national	1993	12300		8.0%
Canada^[5]^[6]	Toronto	1991 to 1992	420		15.3%
Chile^[7]	Santiago	1997	310	9.1%
Finland^[8]	national	1997 to 1998	7051	2.5%	5.9%
Japan	Yokohama	2000	1287	1.3%	6.2%
Indonesia^[9]	Central Java	1999 to 2000	765	13.0%		22.0%
Mexico^[10]	Durango	1996	384		42.0%
Mexico^[10]	Guadalajara	1996	650	15.0%	23.0%
Nicaragua^[11]^[12]	León	1993	360		21.7%
Nicaragua^[11]^[12]	Managua	1997	378	17.7%
Peru	Lima	2000	1086	7.1%	22.5%
Peru	Cusco	2000	1534	22.9%	46.7%
Puerto Rico^[13]	national	1993 to 1996	7079			5.7%
Sweden^[14]	Umeå	1991	251			7.5%
Switzerland	national	1994 to 1995	1500		11.6%
Thailand	Bangkok	2000	1 051	17.1%	29.9%
Thailand	Nakhon Sawan	2000	1027	15.6%	28.9%
Turkey^[15]	East and south-east Anatolia	1998	599			51.9%
United Kingdom^[16]^[17]	England, Scotlandand Wales	1989	1007			14.2%
United Kingdom^[16]^[17]	North London	1993	430	6.0%	23.0%
United States^[18]	national	1995 to 1996	8000	0.2%	7.7%
West Bank and Gaza Strip^[19]	Palestinians	1995	2410	27.0%
Zimbabwe^[20]	Midlands Province	1996	966		25.0%

References[]

↑ Campbell JC, Soeken KL. Forced sex and intimate partner violence: effects on women’s risk and women’s health. Violence Against Women, 1999, 5:1017–1035.
↑ Granados Shiroma M.Salud reproductiva y violencia contra la mujer: un ana lisis desde la perspectiva de género. [Reproductive health and violence against women: an analysis from the gender perspective of Nuevo Leon, Asociación Mexicana de Población, Colegio de México, 1996.
↑ Hakimi M et al. Silence for the sake of harmony: domestic violence and women’s health in central Java. Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University, 2001.
↑ Martin SL et al. Sexual behaviour and reproductive health outcomes: associations with wife abuse in India. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 282:1967–1972.
↑ Rodgers K. Wife assault: the findings of a national survey. Juristat Service Bulletin, 1994, 14:1–22.
↑ Randall M et al. Sexual violence in women’s lives: findings from the women’s safety project, a community-based survey. Violence Against Women, 1995, 1:6–31.
↑ Gillioz L, DePuy J, Ducret V. Domination et violences envers la femme dans le couple. [Domination and violence against women in the couple.] Lausanne, Payot-Editions, 1997.
↑ Heiskanen M, Piispa M. Faith, hope and battering: a survey of men’s violence against women in Finland. Helsinki, Statistics Finland, 1998.
↑ Hakimi M et al. Silence for the sake of harmony: domestic violence and women’s health in central Java. Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University, 2001.
↑ Heise LL, Ellsberg M, Gottemoeller M. Ending violence against women. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Center for Communications Programs, 1999 (Population Reports, Series L, No.11).
↑ Morrison A et al. The socio-economic impact of domestic violence against women in Chile and Nicaragua. Washington, DC, Inter-American Development Bank, 1997.
↑ Ellsberg MC. Candies in hell: domestic violence against women in Nicaragua. Umea˚, Umea˚ University, 1997.
↑ Puerto Rico: encuesto de salud reproductiva 1995– 1996. [Puerto Rico: reproductive health survey 1995–1996.] San Juan, University of Puerto Rico and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.
↑ Risberg G, Lundgren E, Westman G. Prevalence of sexualized violence among women: a populationbased study in a primary healthcare district. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1999, 27:247–253.
↑ Ilkkaracan P et al. Exploring the context of women’s sexuality in Eastern Turkey. Reproductive Health Matters, 1998, 6:66–75.
↑ Painter K, Farrington DP. Marital violence in Great Britain and its relationship to marital and nonmarital rape. International Review of Victimology, 1998, 5:257–276.
↑ Mooney J. The hidden figure: domestic violence in north London. London, Middlesex University, 1993.
↑ Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000 (NCJ 183781).
↑ Haj Yahia MM. The incidence of wife abuse and battering and some demographic correlates revealed in two national surveys in Palestinian society. Ramallah, Besir Centre for Research and Development, 1998.
↑ Watts C et al. Withholding sex and forced sex: dimensions of violence against Zimbabwean women. Reproductive Health Matters, 1998, 6:57–65.

External links[]

National organizations[]

MenCanStopRape.org
Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, the United States' largest anti-sexual assault organization.
Sexual Assault Care Centre Scarborough, An extensive resource for victims/survivors of sexual assault.
The Awareness Center, Inc. (Jewish Coalition Against Sexual Abuse/Assault)

Support organizations[]

After Silence, online support group and forums and chat room for survivors of rape and sexual abuse, and their supporters.
Pandora's Aquarium, an online support group, message board, and chat room for sexual assault survivors and their supporters.
Support for Victims and Their Family, Support for Victims and Their Family

Research and information[]

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

[1] Campbell JC, Soeken KL. Forced sex and intimate partner violence: effects on women’s risk and women’s health. Violence Against Women, 1999, 5:1017–1035.

[2] Granados Shiroma M.Salud reproductiva y violencia contra la mujer: un ana lisis desde la perspectiva de género. [Reproductive health and violence against women: an analysis from the gender perspective of Nuevo Leon, Asociación Mexicana de Población, Colegio de México, 1996.

[3] Hakimi M et al. Silence for the sake of harmony: domestic violence and women’s health in central Java. Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University, 2001.

[4] Martin SL et al. Sexual behaviour and reproductive health outcomes: associations with wife abuse in India. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 282:1967–1972.

[5] Rodgers K. Wife assault: the findings of a national survey. Juristat Service Bulletin, 1994, 14:1–22.

[6] Randall M et al. Sexual violence in women’s lives: findings from the women’s safety project, a community-based survey. Violence Against Women, 1995, 1:6–31.

[7] Gillioz L, DePuy J, Ducret V. Domination et violences envers la femme dans le couple. [Domination and violence against women in the couple.] Lausanne, Payot-Editions, 1997.

[8] Heiskanen M, Piispa M. Faith, hope and battering: a survey of men’s violence against women in Finland. Helsinki, Statistics Finland, 1998.

[9] Hakimi M et al. Silence for the sake of harmony: domestic violence and women’s health in central Java. Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University, 2001.

[10] Heise LL, Ellsberg M, Gottemoeller M. Ending violence against women. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Center for Communications Programs, 1999 (Population Reports, Series L, No.11).

[11] Morrison A et al. The socio-economic impact of domestic violence against women in Chile and Nicaragua. Washington, DC, Inter-American Development Bank, 1997.

[12] Ellsberg MC. Candies in hell: domestic violence against women in Nicaragua. Umea˚, Umea˚ University, 1997.

[13] Puerto Rico: encuesto de salud reproductiva 1995– 1996. [Puerto Rico: reproductive health survey 1995–1996.] San Juan, University of Puerto Rico and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998.

[14] Risberg G, Lundgren E, Westman G. Prevalence of sexualized violence among women: a populationbased study in a primary healthcare district. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 1999, 27:247–253.

[15] Ilkkaracan P et al. Exploring the context of women’s sexuality in Eastern Turkey. Reproductive Health Matters, 1998, 6:66–75.

[16] Painter K, Farrington DP. Marital violence in Great Britain and its relationship to marital and nonmarital rape. International Review of Victimology, 1998, 5:257–276.

[17] Mooney J. The hidden figure: domestic violence in north London. London, Middlesex University, 1993.

[18] Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000 (NCJ 183781).

[19] Haj Yahia MM. The incidence of wife abuse and battering and some demographic correlates revealed in two national surveys in Palestinian society. Ramallah, Besir Centre for Research and Development, 1998.

[20] Watts C et al. Withholding sex and forced sex: dimensions of violence against Zimbabwean women. Reproductive Health Matters, 1998, 6:57–65.

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Sexual violence by intimate partners

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References[]

External links[]

National organizations[]

Support organizations[]

Research and information[]

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