Rhodopsin-like receptors

Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)

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Rhodopsin-like receptors are the largest group of G-protein coupled receptors.

G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. GPCRs are usually described as "superfamily" because they embrace a group of families for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence.^[1] The currently known superfamily members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the fungal mating pheromone receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. There is a specialised database for GPCRs: http://www.gpcr.org/7tm/.

The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neurotransmitter and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Rhodopsin-like GPCRs have been classified into the following 19 subgroups (A1-A19) based on a phylogenetic analysis.^[5]

Subfamily A1[]

Chemokine receptor Template:InterPro
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (CCR1, CKR1)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2, CKR2)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 (CCR3, CKR3)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (CCR4, CKR4)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5, CKR5)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8, CKR8)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2, CKRX)
chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 (XCR1, CXC1) Template:InterPro
chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1, C3X1) Template:InterPro
GPR137B (GPR137B, TM7SF1)

Subfamily A2[]

Chemokine receptor Template:InterPro
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 (CCRL1 CCRL1, CCR11)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 (CCR6, CKR6)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7, CKR7)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 (CCR9, CKR9)
- Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 (CCR10, CKRA)
CXC chemokine receptors Template:InterPro
- Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 (CXCR6, BONZO)
- Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 (CXCR7, RDC1) Template:InterPro
Interleukin-8 Template:InterPro (IL8R)
- IL8R-α (IL8RA, CXCR1)
- IL8R-β (IL8RB, CXCR2)
Adrenomedullin receptor (GPR182)
Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor (DARC, DUFF)
G Protein-coupled Receptor 30 (GPER, CML2, GPCR estrogen receptor)

Subfamily A3[]

Angiotensin II receptor Template:InterPro
- Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AGTR1, AG2S)
- Angiotensin II receptor, type 2 (AGTR2, AG22)
- Apelin receptor (AGTRL1, APJ) Template:InterPro
Bradykinin receptor Template:InterPro
- Bradykinin receptor B1 (BDKRB1, BRB1)
- Bradykinin receptor B2 (BDKRB2, BRB2)
GPR15 (GPR15, GPRF)
GPR25 (GPR25)

Subfamily A4[]

Opioid receptor Template:InterPro
- delta Opioid receptor (OPRD1, OPRD)
- kappa Opioid receptor (OPRK1, OPRK)
- mu Opioid receptor (OPRM1, OPRM)
- Nociceptin receptor (OPRL1, OPRX)
Somatostatin receptor Template:InterPro
- Somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1, SSR1)
- Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2, SSR2)
- Somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3, SSR3)
- Somatostatin receptor 4 (SSTR4, SSR4)
- Somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5, SSR5)
GPCR neuropeptide receptor Template:InterPro
- Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1 (NPBWR1, GPR7)
- Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2 (NPBWR2, GPR8)
GPR1 orphan receptor (GPR1) Template:InterPro
DEZ orphan receptor Template:InterPro

Subfamily A5[]

Galanin receptor Template:InterPro
- Galanin receptor 1 (GALR1, GALR)
- Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2, GALS)
- Galanin receptor 3 (GALR3, GALT)
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor Template:InterPro
- Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1)
- Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2)
Leukotriene B4 receptor Template:InterPro
- Leukotriene B4 receptor (LTB4R, P2Y7)
- Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (LTB4R2)
Relaxin receptor Template:InterPro
- Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1, LGR7)
- Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2, GPR106)
- Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3, SALPR)
- Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4, GPR100/GPR142)
KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (GPR54) (KISS1R) Template:InterPro
Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1, GPRO) Template:InterPro
Urotensin-II receptor (UTS2R, UR2R) Template:InterPro

Subfamily A6[]

GPR40-related receptor Template:InterPro
- Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1, GPR40)
- Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2, GPR43)
- Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3, GPR41)
- GPR42 (GPR42, FFAR1L)
P2 purinoceptor Template:InterPro
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁ (P2RY1)
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₂ (P2RY2)
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₄ (P2RY4)
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₆ (P2RY6)
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₁ (P2RY11)
GPR31 (GPR31, GPRV)
GPR81 (GPR81)
GPR82 (GPR82)
GPR109B (GPR109B, HM74)
Oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1 (OXGR1, GPR80)
Succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1, GPR91)

Subfamily A7[]

P2 purinoceptor Template:InterPro
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₅ (P2RY5, P2Y5) Template:InterPro
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₀ (P2RY10, P2Y10)
Protease-activated receptor Template:InterPro
- Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (F2RL1, PAR2)
- Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 2 (F2RL2, PAR3)
Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor) (EBI2)
GPR4 (GPR4) Template:InterPro
GPR17 (GPR17, GPRH)
GPR18 (GPR18, GPRI)
GPR20 (GPR20, GPRK)
GPR23 (GPR23, P2RY9, P2Y9)
GPR35 (GPR35)
GPR55 (GPR55)
GPR65 (GPR65) Template:InterPro
GPR68 (GPR68) Template:InterPro
GPR92 (GPR92)
GPR132 (132, G2A) Template:InterPro
Coagulation factor II receptor (F2R, THRR)

Subfamily A8[]

P2 purinoceptor Template:InterPro
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₂ (P2RY12)
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₃ (P2RY13, GPR86) Template:InterPro
- Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₄ (P2RY14, UDP-glucose receptor, KI01) Template:InterPro
GPR34 (GPR34)
GPR87 (GPR87)
GPR171 (GPR171, H963)
Platelet-activating factor receptor (PTAFR, PAFR) Template:InterPro

Subfamily A9[]

Cannabinoid receptor Template:InterPro
- Cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) (CNR1, CB1R)
- Cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage) (CNR2, CB2R)
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor Template:InterPro
- Endothelial differentiation gene 2 (EDG2)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 4 (EDG4)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 7 (EDG7)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Template:InterPro
- Endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 3 (EDG3)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 5 (EDG5)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 6 (EDG6)
- Endothelial differentiation gene 8 (EDG8)
Melanocortin/ACTH receptor Template:InterPro
- Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R, MSHR)
- Melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R)
- Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)
- Melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R)
- ACTH receptor (MC2R), ACTR)
GPR3 (GPR3)
GPR6 (GPR6)
GPR12 (GPR12, GPRC)

Subfamily A10[]

Opsins Template:InterPro^[6]
- Rhodopsin (RHO, OPSD)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), short-wave-sensitive (color blindness, tritan) (OPN1SW, OPSB) (blue-sensitive opsin)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), medium-wave-sensitive (color blindness, deutan) (OPN1MW, OPSG) (green-sensitive opsin)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), long-wave-sensitive (color blindness, protan) (OPN1LW, OPSR) (red-sensitive opsin)
- Retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR)
- Retinal pigment epithelium-derived rhodopsin homolog (RRH, OPSX) (visual pigment-like receptor opsin) Template:InterPro

Subfamily A11[]

Eicosanoid receptor Template:InterPro
- Prostaglandin D₂ receptor (PTGDR, PD2R)
- Prostaglandin E₁ receptor (PTGER1, PE21)
- Prostaglandin E₂ receptor (PTGER2, PE22)
- Prostaglandin E₃ receptor (PTGER3, PE23)
- Prostaglandin E₄ receptor (PTGER4, PE24)
- Prostaglandin F receptor (PTGFR, PF2R)
- Prostaglandin I₂ (prostacyclin) receptor (PTGIR, PI2R)
- Thromboxane A₂ receptor (TBXA2R, TA2R)

Subfamily A12[]

Cholecystokinin receptor Template:InterPro
- Cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR, CCKR)
- Cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR, GASR)
Neuropeptide FF receptor Template:InterPro
- Neuropeptide FF receptor 1 (NPFFR1, FF1R)
- Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (NPFFR2, FF2R)
Orexin receptor Template:InterPro
- Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1 (HCRTR1, OX1R)
- Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 (HCRTR2, OX2R)
Vasopressin receptor Template:InterPro
- Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A, V1AR)
- Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B (AVPR1B, V1BR)
- Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2, V2R)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR, GRHR) Template:InterPro
GPR22 (GPR22, GPRM)
GPR103 (GPR103)
GPR176 (GPR176, GPR)

Subfamily A13[]

Melatonin receptor Template:InterPro
- Melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A, ML1A)
- Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B, ML1B)
Neurokinin receptor Template:InterPro
- Tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1, NK1R)
- Tachykinin receptor 2 (TACR2, NK2R)
- Tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3, NK3R)
Neuropeptide Y receptor Template:InterPro
- Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY1R, NY1R)
- Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 (NPY2R, NY2R)
- Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 (PPYR1, NY4R)
- Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 (NPY5R, NY5R)
Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PRLHR, GPRA) Template:InterPro
Prokineticin receptor 1 (PROKR1, GPR73)
GPR19 (GPR19, GPRJ)
GPR50 (GPR50, ML1X)
GPR75 (GPR75)
GPR83 (GPR83, GPR72)

Subfamily A14[]

Bombesin receptor Template:InterPro
- Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS3)
- Neuromedin B receptor (NMBR)
- Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)
Endothelin receptor Template:InterPro
- Endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA, ET1R)
- Endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB, ETBR)
- GPR37 (GPR37, ETBR-LP2) Template:InterPro
Neuromedin U receptor Template:InterPro
- Neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1)
- Neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMU2R)
Neurotensin receptor Template:InterPro
- Neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1, NTR1)
- Neurotensin receptor 2 (NTSR2, NTR2)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR, TRFR) Template:InterPro
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) Template:InterPro
GPR39 (GPR39)
Motilin receptor (MLNR, GPR38)

Subfamily A15[]

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor Template:InterPro
- 5-HT_2A (HTR2A, 5H2A)
- 5-HT_2B (HTR2B, 5H2B)
- 5-HT_2C (HTR2C, 5H2C)
- 5-HT₆ (HTR6, 5H6) Template:InterPro
Adrenergic receptor Template:InterPro
- Alpha_1A (ADRA1A, A1AA)
- Alpha_1B (ADRA1B, A1AB)
- Alpha_1D (ADRA1D, A1AD)
- Alpha_2A (ADRA2A, A2AA)
- Alpha_2B (ADRA2B, A2AB)
- Alpha_2C (ADRA2C, A2AC)
- Beta₁ (ADRB1, B1AR)
- Beta₂ (ADRB2, B2AR)
- Beta₃ (ADRB3, B3AR)
Dopamine receptor Template:InterPro
- D₁ (DRD1, DADR)
- D₂ (DRD2, D2DR)
- D₃ (DRD3, D3DR)
- D₄ (DRD4, D4DR)
- D₅ (DRD5, DBDR)
Octopamine receptor Template:InterPro
Trace amine receptor Template:InterPro
- TAAR2 (TAAR2, GPR58)
- TAAR3 (TAAR3, GPR57)
- TAAR5 (TAAR5, PNR)
- TAAR8 (TAAR8, GPR102)
Histamine H₂ receptor (HRH2, HH2R) Template:InterPro

Subfamily A16[]

Histamine H₁ receptor (HRH1, HH1R) Template:InterPro
Histamine H₃ receptor (HRH3) Template:InterPro
Histamine H₄ receptor (HRH4) Template:InterPro
Adenosine receptor Template:InterPro
- A₁ (ADORA1, AA1R)
- A_2a (ADORA2A, AA2A)
- A_2b (ADORA2B, AA2B)
- A₃ (ADORA3, AA3R)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Template:InterPro
- M₁ (CHRM1, ACM1)
- M₂ (CHRM2, ACM2)
- M₃ (CHRM3, ACM3)
- M₄ (CHRM4, ACM4)
- M₅ (CHRM5, ACM5)
GPR21 (GPR21, GPRL)
GPR27 (GPR27)
GPR45 (GPR45, PSP24)
GPR52 (GPR52)
GPR61 (GPR61)
GPR62 (GPR62)
GPR63 (GPR63)
GPR78 (GPR78)
GPR84 (GPR84)
GPR85 (GPR85)
GPR88 (GPR88)
GPR101 (GPR101)
GPR161 (GPR161, RE2)
GPR173 (GPR173, SREB3)

Subfamily A17[]

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor Template:InterPro
- 5-HT_1A (HTR1A, 5H1A)
- 5-HT_1B (HTR1B, 5H1B)
- 5-HT_1D (HTR1D, 5H1D)
- 5-HT_1E (HTR1E, 5H1E)
- 5-HT_1F (HTR1F, 5H1F)
- 5-HT₄ (HTR4) Template:InterPro
- 5-HT_5A (HTR5A, 5H5A)
- 5-HT₇ (HTR7, 5H7) Template:InterPro

Subfamily A18[]

Anaphylatoxin receptors Template:InterPro
- C3a receptor (C3AR1, C3AR)
- C5a receptor (C5AR1, C5AR)
- Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1, CML1)
Formyl peptide receptor Template:InterPro
- Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FMLR)
- Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1, FML2)
- Formyl peptide receptor-like 2 (FPRL2, FML1)
MAS1 oncogene Template:InterPro
- MAS1 (MAS1, MAS)
- MAS1L (MAS1L, MRG)
GPR1 (GPR1)
GPR32 (GPR32, GPRW)
GPR44 (GPR44)
GPR77 (GPR77, C5L2)

Subfamily A19[]

Glycoprotein hormone receptor Template:InterPro
- FSH-receptor (FSHR)
- Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR, LSHR)
- Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4 , GPR48)
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR5 , GPR49)

Unclassified[]

Olfactory receptor Template:InterPro
Vomeronasal receptor Template:InterPro
- VN1R1
- VN1R2
- VN1R3
- VN1R4
- VN1R5

References[]

↑ Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1994). Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Eng. 7 (2): 195-203.
↑ Birnbaumer L (1990). G proteins in signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30: 675-705.
↑ Gilman AG, Casey PJ (1988). G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (6): 2577-2580.
↑ Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1993). Design of a discriminating fingerprint for G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Eng. 6 (2): 167-176.
↑ Joost P, Methner A (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands. Genome Biol 3 (11): research0063.1-0063.16.
↑ Terakita A (2005). The opsins. Genome Biol. 6 (3): 213.

External links[]

Vriend G, Horn F, Oliveira L, Bywater RP, Cohen FE. GPCRDB (G Protein-Coupled Receptor Data Base): sequence-derived data.. URL accessed on 2007-12-10.^[1] This database includes multiple sequence alignments of all GPCR families and sub-families.

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

↑ Horn F, Bettler E, Oliveira L, Campagne F, Cohen FE, Vriend G (2003). GPCRDB information system for G protein-coupled receptors. Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (1): 294–7.

[PUB00004961-1] Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1994). Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Eng. 7 (2): 195-203.

[PUB00000131-2] Birnbaumer L (1990). G proteins in signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30: 675-705.

[PUB00002477-3] Gilman AG, Casey PJ (1988). G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (6): 2577-2580.

[PUB00004960-4] Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1993). Design of a discriminating fingerprint for G-protein-coupled receptors. Protein Eng. 6 (2): 167-176.

[5] Joost P, Methner A (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands. Genome Biol 3 (11): research0063.1-0063.16.

[pmid15774036-6] Terakita A (2005). The opsins. Genome Biol. 6 (3): 213.

[pmid12520006-7] Horn F, Bettler E, Oliveira L, Campagne F, Cohen FE, Vriend G (2003). GPCRDB information system for G protein-coupled receptors. Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (1): 294–7.

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