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'''Personnel termination''' is the process in [[personnel management]] surrounding the ending of an employees employment. This may be due to factors such as [[retirement]], [[occupational health]] problems, [[disciplinary dismissal]] etc |
'''Personnel termination''' is the process in [[personnel management]] surrounding the ending of an employees employment. This may be due to factors such as [[retirement]], [[occupational health]] problems, [[disciplinary dismissal]] etc |
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| + | ==Involuntary termination== |
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| ⚫ | |||
| + | '''Involuntary termination''' is the employee's departure at the hands of the employer. There are two basic types of involuntary termination, known often as being "'''fired'''" and "'''laid off'''." To be fired, as opposed to being laid off, is generally thought of to be the employee's fault, and therefore is considered in most cases to be dishonorable and a sign of failure. Often, it may hinder the new jobseeker's chances of finding new employment, particularly if he/she has been fired from earlier jobs. Jobseekers sometimes do not mention jobs which they were fired from on their résumés; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags".<ref>[http://www.beingfired.com/reasons-to-get-fired/ 10 Reasons Employees Get Fired - BeingFired.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Being successively fired from several jobs has the possibility of preventing jobseekers from obtaining gainful employment for a long time.<ref>[http://www.beingfired.com/reasons-to-get-fired/ 10 Reasons Employees Get Fired - BeingFired.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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| + | ==Dismissal== |
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| + | {{main|Dismissal (employment)}} |
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| + | '''Dismissal''' is where the employer chooses to require the employee to leave, generally for a reason which is the fault of the employee. The most common colloquial term for dismissal in America is "getting fired" whereas in Britain the term "getting the sack" is used. <!-- looks like griefer / trollbait? Some agencies such as the PSO will continue to create false performance observation reports in order to substantiate their dislike for the employee. In reaction to these reports the employee feels it is necessary to resign. --> |
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| + | ==Layoff== |
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| + | {{main|Layoff}} |
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| + | A less severe form of involuntary termination is often referred to as a [[layoff]] (also ''redundancy'' or ''being made redundant'' in British English). A ''layoff'' is usually not strictly related to personal performance, but instead due to [[economy|economic]] cycles or the company's need to restructure itself, the firm itself going out of business or a change in the function of the employer (for example, a certain type of product or service is no longer offered by the company and therefore jobs related to that product or service are no longer needed). One type of layoff is the aggressive layoff; in such a situation, the employee is laid off, but not replaced as the job is eliminated. |
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| + | |||
| + | In a [[postmodern]] [[risk economy]], such as that of the [[United States]], a large proportion of workers may be laid off at some time in their life, and often for reasons unrelated to performance or ethics. However, employment termination can also result from a probational period, in which both the employee and the employer reach an agreement that the employer is allowed to lay off the employee if the probational period is not satisfied. |
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| + | |||
| + | Often, layoffs occur as a result of "downsizing", "reduction in force" or "redundancy". These are not technically classified as firings; laid-off employees' positions are terminated and not refilled, because either the company wishes to reduce its size or operations or otherwise lacks the economic stability to retain the position. In some cases, a laid-off employee may eventually be offered their old position again by his/her respective company, though by this time he or she may have found a new job. |
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| + | |||
| + | Some companies resort to '''attrition''' (''voluntary redundancy'' in British English) as a means to reduce their workforce.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/attrition attrition - Definitions from Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Under such a plan, no employees are forced to leave their jobs. However, those who do depart voluntarily are not replaced. Additionally, employees are given the option to resign in exchange for a fixed amount of money, frequently a few years of their salary. Such plans have been carried out by the [[United States Federal Government]] under President [[Bill Clinton]] during the 1990s,<ref>[http://www.4president.org/brochures/billclinton1992brochure.htm Bill Clinton for President 1992 Campaign Brochure<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and by the [[Ford Motor Company]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/earnings/2006-01-23-ford-q4_x.htm USATODAY.com - Ford will cut 25,000 to 30,000 jobs, close 14 plants<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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| + | However, "layoff" may be specifically addressed and defined differently in the articles of a contract in the case of unionised work. |
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| + | ==Termination by mutual agreement== |
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| + | Some terminations occur as a result of mutual agreement between the employer and employee. When this happens, it is sometimes debatable if the termination was truly mutual. In many of these cases, it was originally the employer's wish for the employee to depart, but the employer offered the mutual termination agreement in order to soften the firing (as in a ''forced resignation''). But there are also times when a termination date is agreed upon before the employment starts (as in an employment contract). |
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| + | Some types of termination by mutual agreement include: |
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| + | *The end of an employment contract for a specified period of time (such as an [[internship]]) |
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| + | *[[Mandatory retirement]]. Some occupations, such as commercial [[airline]] [[Aviator|pilot]]s, face mandatory retirement at a certain age. |
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| + | *Forced resignation |
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| + | |||
| + | ===Changes of conditions=== |
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| + | Firms that wish for an employee to exit of his or her own accord but do not wish to pursue firing or forced resignation, may degrade the employee's working conditions, hoping that he or she will leave "voluntarily". |
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| + | |||
| + | The employee may be moved to a different geographical location, assigned to an undesirable [[shift work|shift]], given too few hours if [[part time]], [[demotion|demoted]] (or relegated to a menial task), or assigned to work in uncomfortable conditions. Other forms of [[Psychological manipulation|manipulation]] may be used, such as being unfairly hostile to the employee, and punishing him or her for things that are deliberately overlooked with other employees. |
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| + | Often, these tactics are done so that the employer won't have to fill out termination papers in jurisdictions without [[at-will employment]]. In addition, with a few exceptions, employees who voluntarily leave generally cannot collect [[unemployment benefits]]. |
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| + | Such tactics may amount to [[constructive dismissal]], which is illegal in some jurisdictions. |
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| + | ==Rehire following termination== |
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| + | Depending on the circumstances, one whose employment has been terminated may or may not be able to be rehired by the same employer. |
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| + | |||
| + | If the decision to terminate was the employee's, the willingness of the employer to rehire is often contingent upon the relationship the employee had with the employer, the amount of notice given by the employee prior to departure, and the needs of the employer. In some cases, when an employee departed on good terms, s/he may be given special priority by the employer when seeking rehire. |
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| + | An employee who was fired by an employer may in some cases be eligible for rehire by that same employer, although in some cases it is usually related to staffing issues. |
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| + | An employee may be '''terminated ''without prejudice''''', meaning the fired employee may be rehired readily for the same or a similar job in the future. This is usually true in the case of layoff. |
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| + | Conversely, a person can be '''terminated ''with prejudice''''', meaning an employer will not rehire the former employee to a similar job in the future. This can be for many reasons: incompetence, misconduct (such as dishonesty or "zero tolerance" violations), insubordination or "attitude" (personality clashes with peers or bosses). |
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| + | Termination forms ("pink slips") routinely include a set of check boxes where a supervisor can indicate "with prejudice" or "without prejudice". |
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| + | |||
| + | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| + | *[[Downsizing]] |
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*[[Employment history]] |
*[[Employment history]] |
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*[[Exit interview]] |
*[[Exit interview]] |
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| + | *[[Employee exit management]] |
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*[[Job security]] |
*[[Job security]] |
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*[[Occupational tenure]] |
*[[Occupational tenure]] |
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| + | *[[Turnover (employment)]] |
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*[[Unemployment]] |
*[[Unemployment]] |
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| + | |||
| + | ==External links== |
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| + | *[http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/emplaw/dismissal/ Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) resources on dismissal in the UK] |
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| + | * [http://www.workcoachcafe.com/ Work Coach Cafe - stories and advice about the world of work] |
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[[Category:Personnel management]] |
[[Category:Personnel management]] |
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| + | [[Category:Personnel termination]] |
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Revision as of 11:17, 2 January 2012
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Industrial & Organisational : Introduction : Personnel : Organizational psychology : Occupations: Work environment: Index : Outline
Personnel termination is the process in personnel management surrounding the ending of an employees employment. This may be due to factors such as retirement, occupational health problems, disciplinary dismissal etc
Involuntary termination
Involuntary termination is the employee's departure at the hands of the employer. There are two basic types of involuntary termination, known often as being "fired" and "laid off." To be fired, as opposed to being laid off, is generally thought of to be the employee's fault, and therefore is considered in most cases to be dishonorable and a sign of failure. Often, it may hinder the new jobseeker's chances of finding new employment, particularly if he/she has been fired from earlier jobs. Jobseekers sometimes do not mention jobs which they were fired from on their résumés; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags".[1] Being successively fired from several jobs has the possibility of preventing jobseekers from obtaining gainful employment for a long time.[2]
Dismissal
- Main article: Dismissal (employment)
Dismissal is where the employer chooses to require the employee to leave, generally for a reason which is the fault of the employee. The most common colloquial term for dismissal in America is "getting fired" whereas in Britain the term "getting the sack" is used.
Layoff
- Main article: Layoff
A less severe form of involuntary termination is often referred to as a layoff (also redundancy or being made redundant in British English). A layoff is usually not strictly related to personal performance, but instead due to economic cycles or the company's need to restructure itself, the firm itself going out of business or a change in the function of the employer (for example, a certain type of product or service is no longer offered by the company and therefore jobs related to that product or service are no longer needed). One type of layoff is the aggressive layoff; in such a situation, the employee is laid off, but not replaced as the job is eliminated.
In a postmodern risk economy, such as that of the United States, a large proportion of workers may be laid off at some time in their life, and often for reasons unrelated to performance or ethics. However, employment termination can also result from a probational period, in which both the employee and the employer reach an agreement that the employer is allowed to lay off the employee if the probational period is not satisfied.
Often, layoffs occur as a result of "downsizing", "reduction in force" or "redundancy". These are not technically classified as firings; laid-off employees' positions are terminated and not refilled, because either the company wishes to reduce its size or operations or otherwise lacks the economic stability to retain the position. In some cases, a laid-off employee may eventually be offered their old position again by his/her respective company, though by this time he or she may have found a new job.
Some companies resort to attrition (voluntary redundancy in British English) as a means to reduce their workforce.[3] Under such a plan, no employees are forced to leave their jobs. However, those who do depart voluntarily are not replaced. Additionally, employees are given the option to resign in exchange for a fixed amount of money, frequently a few years of their salary. Such plans have been carried out by the United States Federal Government under President Bill Clinton during the 1990s,[4] and by the Ford Motor Company in 2005.[5]
However, "layoff" may be specifically addressed and defined differently in the articles of a contract in the case of unionised work.
Termination by mutual agreement
Some terminations occur as a result of mutual agreement between the employer and employee. When this happens, it is sometimes debatable if the termination was truly mutual. In many of these cases, it was originally the employer's wish for the employee to depart, but the employer offered the mutual termination agreement in order to soften the firing (as in a forced resignation). But there are also times when a termination date is agreed upon before the employment starts (as in an employment contract).
Some types of termination by mutual agreement include:
- The end of an employment contract for a specified period of time (such as an internship)
- Mandatory retirement. Some occupations, such as commercial airline pilots, face mandatory retirement at a certain age.
- Forced resignation
Changes of conditions
Firms that wish for an employee to exit of his or her own accord but do not wish to pursue firing or forced resignation, may degrade the employee's working conditions, hoping that he or she will leave "voluntarily".
The employee may be moved to a different geographical location, assigned to an undesirable shift, given too few hours if part time, demoted (or relegated to a menial task), or assigned to work in uncomfortable conditions. Other forms of manipulation may be used, such as being unfairly hostile to the employee, and punishing him or her for things that are deliberately overlooked with other employees.
Often, these tactics are done so that the employer won't have to fill out termination papers in jurisdictions without at-will employment. In addition, with a few exceptions, employees who voluntarily leave generally cannot collect unemployment benefits.
Such tactics may amount to constructive dismissal, which is illegal in some jurisdictions.
Rehire following termination
Depending on the circumstances, one whose employment has been terminated may or may not be able to be rehired by the same employer.
If the decision to terminate was the employee's, the willingness of the employer to rehire is often contingent upon the relationship the employee had with the employer, the amount of notice given by the employee prior to departure, and the needs of the employer. In some cases, when an employee departed on good terms, s/he may be given special priority by the employer when seeking rehire.
An employee who was fired by an employer may in some cases be eligible for rehire by that same employer, although in some cases it is usually related to staffing issues.
An employee may be terminated without prejudice, meaning the fired employee may be rehired readily for the same or a similar job in the future. This is usually true in the case of layoff.
Conversely, a person can be terminated with prejudice, meaning an employer will not rehire the former employee to a similar job in the future. This can be for many reasons: incompetence, misconduct (such as dishonesty or "zero tolerance" violations), insubordination or "attitude" (personality clashes with peers or bosses).
Termination forms ("pink slips") routinely include a set of check boxes where a supervisor can indicate "with prejudice" or "without prejudice".
See also
- Downsizing
- Employment history
- Exit interview
- Employee exit management
- Job security
- Occupational tenure
- Turnover (employment)
- Unemployment