Paraprofessional education

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Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·

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Paraprofessional education is the education of paraprofessional personnel. Sometimes psychologist education is mistakenly included under this heading when it is more approriately included in professional education

Training of paramedical personnel

• Counsellor education

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See also

• Microcounselling

Key texts

Books

• Waltzman, D. E. (1993). Preparing students as effective health care professionals: The importance of a cross-cultural curriculum. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.

Papers

Aiken, J., Brownell, A., & Iscoe, I. (1974). The training and utilization of paraprofessionals in a college psychological service center: Journal of College Student Personnel Vol 15(6) Nov 1974, 480-486.

• Allen, D. A. (1973). Peer counseling and professional responsibility: Journal of the American College Health Association Vol 21(4) Apr 1973, 339-342.
• Alley, S., & Blanton, J. (1976). A study of paraprofessionals in mental health: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 12(2) Sum 1976, 151-160.
• Alley, S., & Blanton, J. (1978). Successful projects in "New Careers" programs: An empirical study: Human Relations Vol 31(5) May 1978, 439-457.
• Alpert, M., Frosch, W. A., & Fisher, S. H. (1967). Teaching the Perception of Expressive Aspects of Vocal Communication: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(2) 1967, 202-211.
• Altekruse, M. K. (1968). Counselor Self-Interaction Analysis in Counselor Training: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Altucher, N. (1967). Constructive Use of the Supervisory Relationship: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 14(2) Mar 1967, 165-170.
• Alvarez-Tostado, J. (1975). Social skills instructions and patient-therapist matching: Implications for the selection and training of the nonprofessional mental health worker: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Anonymous. (1968). On Improvement in the Training of Scientific Cadres and Cadres Engaged in Scientific-Pedagogical Work: Vestnik Vysshei Shkoly 26(1) 1968, 3-7.
• Anonymous. (1968). The Training of Child Psychiatrists: a Memorandum Prepared by a Sub-Committee of the Child Psychiatry Section of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association: British Journal of Psychiatry 114(506) 1968, 115-117.
• Anzures, R. (1976). The training of paraprofessionals: The token economy to modify behavior in the school and at home: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia Vol 8(1) 1976, 31-40.
• Arbuckle, D. S. (1968). Counseling Effectiveness and Related Issues: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 15(5, Pt 1) Sep 1968, 430-435.
• Arieli, M. (1996). Do Alabama and New-Moab belong to the same child care universe? : Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 25(5) Oct 1996, 289-291.
• Aronson, D. W., & Page, H. A. (1980). Attitude change toward the self and others as a function of helper training and experience: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 8(1) Jan 1980, 75-79.
• Authier, J., & Gustafson, K. (1975). Application of supervised and nonsupervised microcounseling paradigms in the training of paraprofessionals: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 22(1) Jan 1975, 74-78.
• Avery, A. W. (1978). Communication skills training for paraprofessional helpers: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 6(6) Dec 1978, 583-591.
• Ayllon, T., & Wright, P. (1972). New roles for the paraprofessional. Oxford, England: Academic Press.
• Babich, J. M. (1981). Training hotline helpers in strategic crisis counseling and microcounseling: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Bach, G. R. (1967). Marathon Group Dynamics: I. Some Functions of the Professional Group Facilitator: Psychological Reports 20(3, PT 1) 1967, 995-999.
• Baizerman, M. (1996). Can we get there from here? A comment on Shealy: Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 25(5) Oct 1996, 285-287.
• Balch, P., & Balch, K. (1976). Establishing a campus-wide behavioral weight reduction program through a university student health service: The use and training of health service personnel as behavioral weight therapists: Journal of the American College Health Association Vol 25(2) Dec 1976, 148-152.
• Baldwin, B. A. (1973). A developmental training strategy for use with roleplaying techniques: Journal of College Student Personnel Vol 14(6) Nov 1973, 477-482.
• Baler, L. A. (1967). Training for Research in Community Mental Health: Community Mental Health Journal 3(3) 1967, 250-253.
• Barratt, J. (2005). Response to 'explanations in consultations: The combined effectiveness of doctors' and nurses' communication with patients: Medical Education Vol 39(11) Nov 2005, 1140.
• Bassuk, E. L., Apsler, R., & Jacobs, L. (1983). Developing and assessing a training program in prehospital care of behavioral emergencies: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(10) Oct 1983, 962-964.
• Battle, D. E. (1993). Curriculum approaches for teaching cultural diversity in the professional programs of allied health. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
• Been, V. C. (1988). The reflective thinking of specialized health care professionals: A comparative analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Beker, J. (1973). Needs of child care training programs: Report of a mini-survey: Child Care Quarterly Vol 2(4) Win 1973, 285-286.
• Bender, S. A. (1981). The effects of a four-session training program in preschool intervention skills upon attitudes and self-perceptions of community caregivers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Berg, G. K. (1976). The training of paraprofessionals as deliverers of an infant enrichment program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Berk, L. E., & Berson, M. P. (1981). The child development associate program: A rejoinder: Child Care Quarterly Vol 10(2) Sum 1981, 157-172.
• Bernard, L. D. (1968). The Impact of the First Year of Professional Education in Social Work on Student Value Positions: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Biernacki, P. L. (1978). Commitment to nothing: A study of paraprofessional socialization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Birchard, C. (1967). Family Therapy Training Project: Canada's Mental Health 16(1-2) 1967, 31-32.
• Blanton, J., & Alley, S. (1977). Models of program success in new careers programs: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 5(4) Oct 1977, 359-371.
• Bloch, S., & Mowbray, R. M. (1968). Closed Circuit Television Recording in Undergraduate Psychiatric Teaching: Medical Journal of Australia 1(13) 1968, 561-562.
• Bloland, P. A., & Siegman, A. B. (1977). An instructional approach to student development: Journal of College Student Personnel Vol 18(3) May 1977, 174-176.
• Bluestein, V. W. (1967). An Analysis of Training Programs in School Psychology: Journal of School Psychology 5(4) 1967, 301-309.
• Blum, A. F., & Rosenberg, L. (1968). Some Problems Involved in Professionalizing Social Interaction: the Case of Psychotherapeutic Training: Journal of Health and Social Behavior 9(1) 1968, 72-85.
• Bolton, J., & Mayer, M. D. (2008). Promoting the generalization of paraprofessional discrete trial teaching skills: Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Vol 23(2) Jun 2008, 103-111.
• Bomford, J. P. (1976). A psychiatric unit trains for crisis intervention: Australian Occupational Therapy Journal Vol 23(2) Apr-Jun 1976, 70-75.
• Buch, G. A. (1996). Teaching parents and paraprofessionals how to provide behavioral intensive early intervention for children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Buel, C. L., & Born, D. G. (1977). Indirect modification of patient behavior with instructions, bonus contingencies, and training programs applied to nursing aides: Psychological Record Vol 27 Fal 1977, 743-751.
• Busuttil, J. (1984). Changing the occupational therapy curriculum: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 47(6) Jun 1984, 172-174.
• Caddick, B. (1994). The "new careers" experiment in rehabilitating offenders: Last messages from a fading star: British Journal of Social Work Vol 24(4) Aug 1994, 449-460.
• Cahn, R., & et al. (1971). A defense and illustration of the behavioral sciences at the P.C.E.M. level: Dynamic psychology at the experimental centre of Montrouge: Revue de Medecine Psychosomatique et de Psychologie Medicale Vol 13(3) Fal 1971, 293-308.
• Callahan, M. A. (1979). An evaluation of selection and training variables with peer high school students and faculty using personal mastery counseling: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Calzada, E. J., Caldwell, M. B., Brotman, L. M., Brown, E. J., Wallace, S. A., McQuaid, J. H., et al. (2005). Training Community Members to Serve as Paraprofessionals in an Evidence-Based, Prevention Program for Parents of Preschoolers: Journal of Child and Family Studies Vol 14(3) Sep 2005, 387-402.
• Carbonari Sant' Anna, R. (1972). Discussion: The role of teachers and paraprofessionals in the classroom. Oxford, England: Academic Press.
• Carkhuff, R. R. (1968). Differential Functioning of Lay and Professional Helpers: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 15(2) Mar 1968, 117-126.
• Carkhuff, R. R., Kratochvil, D., & Friel, T. (1968). Effects of Professional Training: Communication and Discrimination of Facilitative Conditions: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 15(1) Jan 1968, 68-74.
• Carruth, B. F. (1967). Purposes and Content of Doctoral Preparation for Psychiatric Nurses: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cathell, J. L., & Stratas, N. E. (1967). Mobile Psychiatric Consultation-Education for Primary Physicians: Community Mental Health Journal 3(3) 1967, 226-230.
• Causton-Theoharis, J. N., & Malmgren, K. W. (2005). Increasing Peer Interactions for Students With Severe Disabilities Via Paraprofessional Training: Exceptional Children Vol 71(4) Sum 2005, 431-444.
• Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1967). Genesis of Popular but Erroneous Psychodiagnostic Observations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 72(3) Jun 1967, 193-204.
• Chee, Y. K., & Levkoff, S. E. (2001). Interdisciplinary cross-national program on dementia for health professionals in Japan: Shared lessons learned from the United States: Gerontology & Geriatrics Education Vol 22(1) 2001, 45-58.
• Cheek, F. E., & et al. (1975). A behavior modification training program for staff working with drug addicts: International Journal of the Addictions Vol 10(6) 1975, 1073-1101.
• Chenkin, C. G. (1987). Training paraprofessionals for a developmental warmline: A comparison of training efficacy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Chishom, A. J. (1977). Some effects of systematic human relations training on offenders' ability to demonstrate helping skills: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Choca, P. R. (1978). The training of paraprofessional street youth counselors: Evaluation of a program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Christenberry, M. A. (1975). An exploratory study to investigate the relationship between teaching effectiveness and level of empathic understanding of paraprofessional teachers of young children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Christiansen, M. (1996). We need a new profession - not just an upgraded direct care worker!: A response to Shealy: Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 25(5) Oct 1996, 305-309.
• Clement, P. W., & Sartoris, P. C. (1967). Clinical Students Evaluate Present Apa Approved Training Programs and Make Suggestions for Changes: Journal of Clinical Psychology 23(1) 1967, 57-62.
• Cohen, C. R. (1983). Apprenticeship and didactic-experiential training for paraprofessional telephone crisis counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Collins, S. (2005). Explanations in consultations: The combined effectiveness of doctors' and nurses' communication with patients: Medical Education Vol 39(8) Aug 2005, 785-796.
• Colwell, W. E. (1968). The Improvement of Listening Skills of Counselor Trainees: an Experiment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cook, D. W., Kunce, J. T., & Sleater, S. M. (1974). Vicarious behavior induction and training psychiatric aides: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 2(3) Jul 1974, 293-297.
• Cooke, G., Wehmer, G., & Gruber, J. (1975). Training paraprofessionals in the treatment of alcoholism: Effects on knowledge, attitudes and therapeutic techniques: Journal of Studies on Alcohol Vol 36(7) Jul 1975, 938-948.
• Coughlin, D. D. (1976). Differential rehabilitation training models, self-disclosure and the acquisition of basic helping skills by resident advisors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cox, H. (1978). Paraprofessional and professional training in gerontology: Educational Gerontology Vol 3(3) Jul-Sep 1978, 259-264.
• Crawford, A. L. (1967). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing in Practical Nurse Education. Oxford, England: Southern Regional Education Board,.
• Creekmore, W. N., & Creekmore, N. N. (1983). Senior citizens as paraprofessionals in teaching severely handicapped children: Exceptional Children Vol 49(5) Feb 1983, 455-457.
• Crisler, J. R. (1976). Effects and utility of training and utilizing paraprofessional rehabilitation personnel as group facilitators: Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling Vol 7(3) Fal 1976, 158-163.
• Cristiani, T. A. (1975). The efficacy of a training for transference model in counseling behaviors as applied to child care practice: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Croteau, J. M., & Tinsley, D. J. (1984). Training paraprofessionals in programming: An experimental course incorporating developmental theory: Journal of College Student Personnel Vol 25(6) Nov 1984, 553-554.
• Cullen, W. J. (1973). Metropolitan State Junior College: Chemical dependency specialist training program: Drug Forum Vol 2(3) Spr 1973, 317-324.
• Cutchins, F. L. (1977). The effects of leader race and second-order training in a peer led systematic program on level of interpersonal functioning and self-concept of adolescents: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Czopek, A. F. (1975). The training of resident advisors as primary interventionists: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dalali, I. D., Charuvastra, V., & Schlesinger, J. (1976). Training of paraprofessionals: Some caveats: Journal of Drug Education Vol 6(2) 1976, 105-112.
• Danish, S. J., & Brock, G. W. (1974). The current status of paraprofessional training: Personnel & Guidance Journal Vol 53(4) Dec 1974, 299-303.
• Danish, S. J., & D'Augelli, A. R. (1976). Rationale and implementation of a training program for paraprofessionals: Professional Psychology Vol 7(1) Feb 1976, 38-46.
• Danish, S. J., D'Augelli, A. R., & Brock, G. W. (1976). An evaluation of helping skills training: Effects on helpers' verbal responses: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 23(3) May 1976, 259-266.
• Danish, S. J., & et al. (1978). A symposium on skill dissemination for paraprofessionals: Models of training, supervision, and utilization: Professional Psychology Vol 9(1) Feb 1978, 16-37.
• D'Augelli, A. R., & Levy, M. (1978). The verbal helping skills of trained and untrained human service paraprofessionals: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 6(1) Feb 1978, 23-31.
• Davis, C. W. (1979). The effects of training upon the effectiveness, dogmatism, and stress of first year paraprofessionals within a university setting: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Davis, E. B., & Ballard, B. L. (1974). The poverty cycle and the paraprofessionals: Development and its vicissitudes in the Black ghetto: Psychiatric Annals Vol 4(4) Apr 1974, 33-45.
• Davis, L. (1994). The paraprofessional and poetry therapy. St Louis, MO: MMB Music.
• del Pino Perez, A. (1981). Cotherapists in educational behavior therapy: Evaluation of an intervention strategy: Analisis y Modificacion de Conducta Vol 7(16) 1981, 427-476.
• Delgado, H. (1967). Course in Psychiatry. Oxford, England: Editorial Cientifico-Medica.
• Dinnerstein, A. J., & Lowenthal, M. (1968). Teaching Demonstrations of Simulated Disability: Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 49(3) 1968, 167-169.
• DiPaulo, J. (1980). Training of American Indian mental health professionals: White Cloud Journal Vol 2(1) 1980, 8-13.
• Dooley, C. D. (1974). Effects of response interaction training on the group assessment of interpersonal traits: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dooley, D. (1975). Effect of automated reflection response training on the group assessment of interpersonal traits: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 22(6) Nov 1975, 535-541.
• Dotson, V. L. (1985). The effects of training and selection on undergraduate students' helping skills as measured by the Danish-Hauer Helping Skills Verbal Response Inventory: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Doyle, G. C. (1985). Skill acquisition of psychomotor nursing procedures: Curriculum and instruction for paraprofessionals learning to work in geriatric care settings: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Doyle, W. W. (1975). The effects of supervision in the training of non-professional crisis intervention therapists: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Doyle, W. W., Foreman, M. E., & Wales, E. (1977). Effects of supervision in the training of nonprofessional crisis-intervention counselors: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 24(1) Jan 1977, 72-78.
• Drury, R. L. (1975). Behavioral versus generic counseling outcomes for predelinquents: An evaluation of differential training for new careerists: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dryden, W. (1985). Teaching counselling skills to non-psychologists: British Journal of Medical Psychology Vol 58(3) Sep 1985, 217-222.
• Dunai, F. A., & Porter, R. D. (2001). Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery predictors of entry-level radiography students' success: Military Medicine Vol 166(5) May 2001, 422-426.
• Duncan, M. V. (1979). A comparison of non-resident and resident human services personnel training programs: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dunn, R. J. (1975). Lay counselor training: The comparative effects of three counselor training techniques on reflection of feeling: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Durlak, J. A. (1982). Use of cognitive-behavioral interventions by paraprofessionals in the schools: School Psychology Review Vol 11(1) Win 1982, 64-66.
• Earley, L. W. (1968). The Need for and Problems of Continuing Education for Psychiatrists: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(9) 1968, 1151-1156.
• Eason, R. G. (1979). A combined degree-certificate program for paraprofessional training. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Easton, M. J., Platt, C. P., & Van House, C. L. (1985). A cost-effective training program for paraprofessionals at a university counseling center: Journal of Counseling & Development Vol 64(2) Oct 1985, 151-153.
• Edwards, A. B., Giffort, D. W., McCracken, S. G., & Corrigan, P. W. (2001). Public academic training partnerships for paraprofessionals who provide psychiatric rehabilitation: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills Vol 5(3) Win 2001, 437-454.
• Ehrentheil, O. F. (1967). A Critique of Psychiatric Training Programs: Historical Perspective and Future Trends: International Journal of Neuropsychiatry 3(2) 1967, 152-158.
• Ehrlich, R. P. (1981). Evaluation of a community-based system for training natural helpers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Eicke, D. (1967). Therapeutic Group Work with Schizophrenics: Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 17(3) 1967, 100-111.
• Elam Jackson, L. (2007). From torture to treatment: A constructivist leadership participative action research approach to curriculum development for paraprofessional training to provide community mental health services in post-Saddam Iraq. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Enelow, A. J. (1967). Postgraduate Training of Family Doctors in Psychiatry: Fitting Teaching Methods to the Situation: Diseases of the Nervous System 28(7, PT 1) 1967, 452-454.
• Enright, M. F., & Parsons, B. V. (1976). Training crisis intervention specialists and peer group counselors as therapeutic agents in the gay community: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 12(4) Win 1976, 383-391.
• Escoll, P. J., & Wood, H. P. (1967). Preception in Residency Training: Methods and Problems: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(2) 1967, 187-193.
• Evans, D. R., Uhlemann, M. R., & Hearn, M. T. (1978). Microcounseling and sensitivity training with hotline workers: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 6(2) Apr 1978, 139-146.
• Fancher, R. E., Jr. (1967). Accuracy Versus Validity in Person Perception: Journal of Consulting Psychology Vol 31(3) Jun 1967, 264-269.
• Fawcett, S. B. (1975). The experimental analysis and social validation of the training of public speaking behaviors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fawcett, S. B., & Fletcher, R. K. (1977). Community applications of instructional technology: Training writers of instructional packages: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Vol 10(4) Win 1977, 739-746.
• Feist, G. (1982). Paraprofessional communication skills training and conceptual level: An interaction study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Felton, G. S. (1975). A new role for the psychologist: Training the pediatric paraprofessional: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Vol 4(3) Fal 1975, 52-55.
• Felton, G. S., & Hall, H. B. (1976). Changing roles in special education: A new paraprofessional comes to the classroom: College Student Journal Vol 10(3) Fal 1976, 204-212.
• Felton, G. S., Wallach, H. F., & Gallo, C. L. (1972). An experimental program for training new professionals as patient advocate, treatment integrator, and longitudinal therapist: Newsletter for Research in Psychology Vol 14(4) May 1972, 1-4.
• Felton, G. S., Wallach, H. F., & Gallo, C. L. (1974). New roles for new-professional mental health workers: Training the patient advocate, the integrator, and the therapist: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 10(1) Spr 1974, 52-65.
• Fillenbaum, G. G., & Willis, E. (1976). Effects of a training program: Older persons caring for the elderly: Industrial Gerontology Vol 3(4) Fal 1976, 213-221.
• Finney, B. C. (1968). Some Techniques for Teaching Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice Vol 5(2) 1968, 115-119.
• Finney, J. C. (1968). Double Reversal Group Psychotherapy: a Method of Teaching and Treatment: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 18(1) 1968, 100-103.
• Fleming, R. K., Oliver, J. R., & Bolton, D. M. (1996). Training supervisors to train staff: A case study in a human service organization: Journal of Organizational Behavior Management Vol 16(1) 1996, 3-25.
• Flowers, J. V. (1979). The differential outcome effects of simple advice, alternatives and instructions in group psychotherapy: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy Vol 29(3) Jul 1979, 305-316.
• Fontana, A., & Otero Leal, P. J. (1967). Considerations on an Integrative Method in Teaching Psychotherapy: Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina 13(3) 1967, 255-257.
• Forster, E. M., & Holbrook, M. C. (2005). Implications of Paraprofessional Supports for Students With Visual Impairments: RE:view Vol 36(4) Win 2005, 155-163.
• Frank, A. R., Keith, T. Z., & Steil, D. A. (1988). Training needs of special education paraprofessionals: Exceptional Children Vol 55(3) Nov 1988, 253-258.
• Franzman, B. W. (1977). The effects of training and support group membership on volunteers serving the institutionalized mentally retarded: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Freeman, P. B. (1976). The use of a generic practice orientation in designing a training program for paraprofessionals: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Friel, T. E. D., Kratochvil, D. A. N., & Carkhuff, R. R. (1968). The Effects of the Manipulation of Client Depth of Self-Exploration Upon Helpers of Different Training and Experience: Journal of Clinical Psychology 24(2) 1968, 247-249.
• Frigault, R., Maloney, G., & Trevino, C. (1986). Training paraprofessionals to facilitate leadership development: Journal of College Student Personnel Vol 27(3) May 1986, 281-282.
• Frith, G. H., & Lindsey, J. D. (1982). Certification, training, and other programming variables affecting special education and the paraprofessional concept: The Journal of Special Education Vol 16(2) Sum 1982, 229-236.
• Fromkin, H. L. (1968). Reinforcement and Effort Expenditure: Predictions of "Reinforcement Theory" Versus Predictions of Dissonance Theory: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 9(4) Aug 1968, 347-352.
• Gaida, J. A. (1968). Helping with H.O.P.E: Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior 5(3) 1968, 58-61.
• Galloway, H. E. (1991). Institutional and student characteristics associated with retention in two South Carolina medical laboratory technology programs: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Garcia, R. D., & Fowkes, V. K. (1987). Recruitment and retention of minority students in a physician assistant program: Journal of Medical Education Vol 62(6) Jun 1987, 477-484.
• Gardner, J. M. (1967). Inservice Training in Institutions for the Mentally Retarded: an Annotated Bibliography: Mental Retardation Abstracts 4(4) 1967, 563-569.
• Gartner, A., & Riessman, F. (1974). The paraprofessional movement in perspective: Personnel & Guidance Journal Vol 53(4) Dec 1974, 253-256.
• Gaskill, H. S., & Norton, J. E. (1968). Observations on Psychiatric Residency Training: Community Psychiatry: Archives of General Psychiatry 18(1) 1968, 7-15.
• Gauntlett-Beare, P. A. (1978). The relationship between teaching and attainment of knowledge and skill performance by nurse aides in a rural area: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gelfand, D. M., Gelfand, S., & Dobson, W. R. (1967). Unprogrammed Reinforcement of Patients' Behavior in a Mental Hospital: Behaviour Research and Therapy 5(3) 1967, 201-207.
• Gershon, M. (1976). Nonprofessional mental health training programs: A review of the research and development of a manual: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gervais, L. (1968). Group Dynamics in Psychiatric Residents: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada 13(2) 1968, 159-162.
• Giangreco, M. F., & Broer, S. M. (2007). School-based screening to determine overreliance on paraprofessionals: Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Vol 22(3) Fal 2007, 149-158.
• Gilligan, K. T., Luiselli, J. K., & Pace, G. M. (2007). Training paraprofessional staff to implement discrete trial instruction: Evaluation of a practical performance feedback intervention: the Behavior Therapist Vol 30(3) Mar 2007, 63-66.
• Ginsberg, M. R., & Danish, S. J. (1979). The effects of self-selection on trainees' verbal helping skills performance: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 7(5) Oct 1979, 577-581.
• Gluckstern, N. B. (1973). Parents as lay counselors: The development of a systematic parent program for drug counseling: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
• Golden, A. S., & Cawley, J. F. (1983). A national survey of performance objectives of physician's assistant training programs: Journal of Medical Education Vol 58(5) May 1983, 418-424.
• Goocher, B. E. (1996). Where do we go from here?: Building on Shealy's work: Child & Youth Care Forum Vol 25(5) Oct 1996, 281-283.
• Goodman, G., & Dooley, D. (1976). A framework for help-intended communication: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice Vol 13(2) Sum 1976, 106-117.
• Goodman, J. (1978). Videotape evaluation of a paraprofessional peer counselor training program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Goodship, J. J. (1986). Identification and description of the roles of a special education teacher training and supervising a paraprofessional: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Graham, J. R. (1967). A Description of Teaching Programs in Psychiatry: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada 12(5) 1967, 505-514.
• Greenblatt, M., & Sharaf, M. R. (1967). Poverty and Mental Health: Implications for Training: Psychiatric Research Reports No 21 1967, 151-171.
• Guiora, A. Z., Hammann, A., & Mann, R. D. (1967). The Continuous Case Seminar: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 30(1) 1967, 44-59.
• Guzman, R. A. (1967). The Teaching and Learning of Psychiatry in Peru: Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatria 30(1) 1967, 57-84.
• Hall, P. A. (1980). Adaptation of urban institutional resources: A case study of an in-service training program for paraprofessional substance abuse counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hall, P. A. (1981). Adaptation of urban institutional resources: A case study of an in-service training program for paraprofessional substance abuse counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hamilton, S. B. (1978). The effects of social support and paraprofessional training on the outcome of a multicomponent smoking abstinence program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hamilton, S. B., & Bornstein, P. H. (1979). Broad-spectrum behavioral approach to smoking cessation: Effects of social support and paraprofessional training on the maintenance of treatment effects: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol 47(3) Jun 1979, 598-600.
• Harchik, A. E., Sherman, J. A., Hopkins, B. L., Strouse, M. C., & et al. (1989). Use of behavioral techniques by paraprofessional staff: A review and proposal: Behavioral Residential Treatment Vol 4(4) Oct 1989, 331-357.
• Hardman, P. K. (1984). The training of psycho-educational technicians (para-professionals) to administer a screening battery which delineates dyslexia and hyperkinesis: Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 17(8) Oct 1984, 453-456.
• Harris, M. R., Kalis, B. L., & Schneider, L. (1967). Training for Community Mental Health in an Urban Setting: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(4, SUPPL ) 1967, 20-29.
• Hayes, L. G. (1974). An investigation of the effectiveness of supportive counseling to prepare educable retarded girls for careers as paraprofessionals in the public schools: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Heckel, R. V. (1967). Publishing Behavior of Graduates from One "Clinical Clinical" Psychology Program: Journal of Clinical Psychology 23(4) 1967, 507-509.
• Hekelman, F. P., Segall, M. E., & Wykle, M. L. (1989). Developing a geriatric curriculum for home health aides: Providing care to Alzheimer patients: Educational Gerontology Vol 15(3) 1989, 213-219.
• Herrmann, T. J. (1987). Teaching taping skills to pre-service athletic trainers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Herron, W. G. (1967). Effects of Training in Therapy on Trainees' Attitudes: Psychological Reports 21(2) 1967, 623-624.
• Hiemstra, R., & Long, R. (1974). A survey of "felt" versus "real" needs of physical therapists: Adult Education Vol 24(4) 1974, 270-279.
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• Hill, W. F., & Stoller, F. (1967). Summation: toward the "Ideal" Course: American Behavioral Scientist 11(1) 1967, 38-43.
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• Hirsch, I. S. (1968). Training Mothers in Groups as Reinforcement Therapists for Their Own Children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hoge, M. A., & Hirschman, R. (1984). Psychological training of emergency medical technicians: An evaluation: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 12(1) Feb 1984, 127-131.
• Hopkinson, D., & Hurley, S. J. (1976). Helper ethics and the professional-paraprofessional gap: Professional Psychology Vol 7(3) Aug 1976, 319-322.
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• Hopmann, W. (1967). New Regulations for Training of Psychagogues in Berlin: Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 16(4) 1967, 147-150.
• Hoyt, J. M. (1989). An investigation of a simulation game and the effects of gaming on nurses aides' attitudes toward the elderly in long term care: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hoyt, R. L. (1978). Selection and curriculum outline for preparation of biofeedback trainers: American Journal of Clinical Biofeedback Vol 1(1) Sum 1978, 15-22.
• Hunter, G. F., & Stern, H. (1968). The Training of Mental Health Workers: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 18(1) 1968, 104-109.
• Hurst, J. C. (1967). The Comparative Effectiveness of Two Experimental Counselor Training Procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Issacson, E. B. (1983). The relationship of job satisfaction, attitude toward education and self actualization with academic achievement among paraprofessional workers in the substance abuse field: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Itkin, W. (1967). Implications of Mental Retardation Research for the Operations and Training of School Psychologists: Mental Retardation 5(6) 1967, 15-18.
• Ivey, A. E., & et al. (1968). Microcounseling and Attending Behavior: an Approach to Prepracticum Counselor Training: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 15(5, Pt 2) Sep 1968, 1-12.
• Jadin, L. M. (1979). The effects of a short-term standardized assertion training program on telephone counselors' performance levels on measures of technical effectiveness and interpersonal process skills: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• James, N. (1977). Paraprofessional training: A client-centered and communications approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Januska, L. U. (1967). Practice in the Method of Observation: Studia Psychologica 9(2) 1967, 139-140.
• Jeger, A. M., & McClure, G. (1980). The effects of a behavioral training program on nonprofessionals' endorsement of the psychosocial model: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 8(1) Jan 1980, 49-53.
• Jessee, P. O., Cecil, C., & Jessee, J. E. (1991). Pediatric family home visitors: Effectiveness in problem solving: Children's Health Care Vol 20(3) Sum 1991, 179-184.
• Jimenez, B. C., & Iseyama, D. A. (1987). A model for training and using communication assistants: Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools Vol 18(2) Apr 1987, 168-171.
• Johnson, A. R. (1979). Subjective competence training of paraprofessional counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Johnson, J. E. (1968). Attitudes of Members of Texas Personnel and Guidance Association toward Proposed Standards for Preparation of School Counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Johnston, J. A., & Gysbers, N. C. (1967). Essential Characteristics of a Supervisory Relationship in Counseling Practicum: Counselor Education and Supervision 6(4) 1967, 335-340.
• Jones, C. R. (1967). A Competency Pattern for Elementary School Counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Jones, J. E., & Schoch, E. W. (1968). Correlates of Success in Ma-Level Counselor Education: Counselor Education and Supervision 7(3) 1968, 286-291.
• Jones, N. T., Menditto, A. A., Geeson, L. R., Larson, E., & Sadewhite, L. (2001). Teaching social-learning procedures to paraprofessionals working with individuals with severe mental illness in a maximum-security forensic hospital: Behavioral Interventions Vol 16(3) Jul-Sep 2001, 167-179.
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• Kahn, M. W., Henry, J., & Cawte, J. (1976). Mental health services by and for Australian aborigines: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 10(3) Sep 1976, 221-228.
• Kane, R. L., & Olsen, D. M. (1975). Attitude change among Medex and medical students: Journal of Medical Education Vol 50(9) Sep 1975, 895-897.
• Kaplowitz, D. (1967). Teaching Empathic Responsiveness in the Supervisory Process of Psychotherapy: American Journal of Psychotherapy 21(4) 1967, 774-781.
• Kashiwagi, A. (1967). Group Supervision as a Means to Professional Development of a Social Worker: Journal of Mental Health No 15 1967, 7-20, 94-95.
• Katsiyannis, A., Hodge, J., & Lanford, A. (2000). Paraeducators: Legal and practice considerations: Remedial and Special Education Vol 21(5) Sep-Oct 2000, 297-304.
• Katsky, P. O. (1975). The training and growth of therapists: A social-psychological study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kaufman, E. (1976). The use of ex-addicts and other paraprofessionals as mental health workers in prisons: Diseases of the Nervous System Vol 37(12) Dec 1976, 679-682.
• Kaufman, G., & McElhose, R. (1973). Videotape feedback and group-splitting as facilitators of group process: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice Vol 10(2) Sum 1973, 167-169.
• Kavar, L. F. (1991). The development, implementation, and evaluation of a simulation video training program for paraprofessionals on the issues of bereavement related to AIDS: Dissertation Abstracts International.

• Keeley, S. M., Shemberg, K. M., & Ferber, H. (1973). The training and use of undergraduates as behavior analysts in the consultative process: Professional Psychology Vol 4(1) Feb 1973, 59-63.
• Kirigin, K. A. (1975). Training teaching-parents: An evaluation and analysis of workshop training procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Klagsbrun, S. C. (1967). In Search of an Identity: Archives of General Psychiatry 16(3) 1967, 286-289.
• Kleiman, M. A., Mantell, J. E., & Alexander, E. S. (1977). RX for social death: The cancer patient as counselor: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 13(2) Sum 1977, 115-124.
• Knoff, W. F. (1967). The History of Psychiatry in Residency Training: Report of Survey Ii: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(6) 1967, 834-836.
• Knopf, N. B. (1974). Personal and professional growth in mental health para-professionals: Journal of Research & Training Vol 1(2) Spr 1974, 12-17.
• Kolansky, H., & Stennis, W. (1967). Focus of Training in Child Psychiatry: the Individual, the Family, and the Community: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 37(2) 1967, 308-309.
• Kosmahl, E. M. (1993). Instructional use of computers for entry-level physical therapy education in the United States: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kowalski, N. C. (1976). Smother love vs. tough love: Social Work Vol 21(4) Jul 1976, 319-321.
• Kramer, J. A. (1978). The contribution of personal characteristics and interview training to the effectiveness of college student volunteers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kritzer, H., & Langsley, D. G. (1967). Training for Emergency Psychiatric Services: Journal of Medical Education 42(12) 1967, 1111-1115.
• Kugler, S. M. (1976). Paraprofessional microtrainees: A study of trainer skill development and training effectiveness: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lack, D. Z. (1976). The effects of problem solving, structured learning and contingency management in training paraprofessional mental health personnel: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lally, J. R., Honig, A. S., & Caldwell, B. M. (1973). Training paraprofessionals for work with infants and toddlers: Young Children Vol 28(3) Feb 1973, 173-182.
• Larke, J. (1974). The effects of training methods on attitudes related to crisis intervention by paraprofessional rehabilitation workers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Larke, J., & English, R. W. (1984). Effects of videotape presentation with guided participation in training paraprofessional helpers: Crisis Intervention Vol 13(3) 1984, 79-88.
• Larkin, E., & Newman, S. (2001). Benefits of intergenerational staffing in preschools: Educational Gerontology Vol 27(5) Jul-Aug 2001, 373-385.
• Laskow, G. B. (1975). Evaluation of four training techniques for paraprofessional telephone counselors: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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• Lechnyr, R. J. (1973). Powerlessness, self-esteem, and empathy: A study of the impact of training on Indian paraprofessionals: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lederman, S. (1974). Some ideas and gains in training paraprofessionals as group therapists: Journal of the Bronx State Hospital Vol 2(2) Spr 1974, 86-95.
• Lee, D., & Znachko, G. (1968). Training Psychiatric Aides in Behavioral Modification Techniques: Journal of Psychiatric Nursing & Mental Health Services 6(1) 1968, 7-11.
• Levick, M., Goldman, M. J., & Fink, P. J. (1967). Training for Art Therapists: Community Mental Health Center and College of Art Join Forces: Bulletin of Art Therapy 6(3) 1967, 121-124.
• Levine, E. R. (1978). Training elderly volunteers in skills to improve the emotional adjustment of children in a daycare center: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Levitt, H. (1967). The Clinical Psychology Internship in the Medical Setting and the Professional Identity: the Psychodiagnostic Function: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice Vol 4(4) Nov 1967, 182-185.
• Levy, J., & Bernthal, W. F. (1967). Training for Administrative Leadership: a Pilot Program: Hospital & Community Psychiatry 18(4) 1967, 97-103.
• Lewis, M. D., & Lewis, J. A. (1979). Community-based mental health training: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 7(2) Apr 1979, 95-103.
• Libow, J. A., & Doty, D. W. (1976). An evaluation of empathic listening in telephone counseling: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 23(6) Nov 1976, 532-537.
• Lickorish, J. R. (1972). Helping the helpers: Association of Educational Psychologists Journal & Newsletter Vol 3(2) Fal 1972, 27-31.
• Lin, T.-Y. (1967). The Epidemiological Study of Mental Disorders by W.H.O: Social Psychiatry 1(4) 1967, 204-206.
• Lindstrom, L. L. (1976). Undergraduates as leaders of a behaviorally-oriented weight reduction program: A comparison of the effectiveness of individuals with various levels of training: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lipowski, Z. J. (1967). Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry: a Model Theoretical Course: Comprehensive Psychiatry 8(3) 1967, 183-188.
• Lister, T. M. (1976). A study of the effectiveness of the Vermillion hotline training program in increasing the skills of communicating empathy and discrimination: Dissertation Abstracts International.

• Lukens, H. C. (1983). Training paraprofessional Christian counselors: A survey conducted: Journal of Psychology and Christianity Vol 2(1) Spr 1983, 51-61.
• Lynton, R. P., & Pareek, U. (1967). Training in Human Relations: a Multipurpose Design: Indian Educational Review 2(1) 1967, 80-90.
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• Magruder, J. E. (1983). Effects of paraprofessional training on aggression among mentally retarded persons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Malmgren, K. W., Causton-Theoharis, J. N., & Trezek, B. J. (2005). Increasing peer interactions for students with behavioral disorders via paraprofessional training: Behavioral Disorders Vol 31(1) Nov 2005, 95-106.
• Malstrom, E. A. (1976). Counselor empathic response training utilizing physiological data feedback techniques: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mann, L., Wright, T. S., & Hilsendager, D. R. (1967). A Pilot Training Program to Develop Physical Recreation Leaders for Work with Emotionally Disturbed Children: Community Mental Health Journal 3(2) 1967, 159-162.
• Mansdorf, I. J., Bucich, D. A., & Judd, L. C. (1977). Behavioral treatment strategies of institution ward staff: Mental Retardation Vol 15(5) Oct 1977, 22-24.
• Martin, J. C. (1967). Changes in Interpersonal Functioning and Personality of Counselors-in-Training: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Martin, J. C., & Carkhuff, R. R. (1968). Changes in Personality and Interpersonal Functioning of Counselors-in-Training: Journal of Clinical Psychology 24(1) 1968, 109-110.
• Mason, J. C., Hansen, T. C., & Putnam, J. (1982). Paraprofessional training of Indian and Alaska Native mental health workers: White Cloud Journal Vol 2(4) 1982, 3-8.
• Mathews, R. M., & Fawcett, S. B. (1977). Community applications of instructional technology: Training low-income proctors: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Vol 10(4) Win 1977, 747-754.
• Mattos, R. L. (1967). An Investigation of the Effects of Attendant Training in the Use of Behavior Modification Techniques on Attendant Interaction with Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• McCarthy, B. W., Wasserman, C. W., & Ferree, E. H. (1975). Growth and development of a university companion program: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 22(1) Jan 1975, 66-69.
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• McDonald, K., Friedman, M., & Weinberg, S. (1973). The blindfold experience: Education of the Visually Handicapped Vol 5(3) Oct 1973, 84-86.
• McGee, J. P., & Pope, B. (1975). Baccalaureate program for mental health workers: Professional Psychology Vol 6(1) Feb 1975, 80-87.
• McGee, T. F. (1968). Supervision in Group Psychotherapy: a Comparison of Four Approaches: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 18(2) 1968, 165-176.
• McInroy, J. D. (1976). A comparative study of three microcounseling models: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• McMahon, P. P. (1975). Behavioral humanism and staff training within an in-patient community facility: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mead, J., Crawford, M., & Wells, J. (1985). Training for helpers: A multidisciplinary approach: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 48(7) Jul 1985, 211-214.
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• Merklin, L., Jr., & Little, R. B. (1967). Beginning Psychiatry Training Syndrome: American Journal of Psychiatry 124(2) 1967, 193-197.
• Meyerstein, I. (1977). Family therapy training for paraprofessionals in a community mental health center: Family Process Vol 16(4) Dec 1977, 477-493.
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• Miller, T. W. (1973). Peer counseling: A model for the selection and training of students to help students: Counseling and Values Vol 17(3) Spr 1973, 190-194.
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• Mitchell, M. D. (1967). Machiavellianism, Control, and Social Desirability: Their Relation to Certain Outcomes of Human Relations Training: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Musante, G., & Gallemore, J. L. (1973). Utilization of a staff development group in prison consultation: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 9(3) Fal 1973, 224-232.
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• Newman, R. G. (1967). The School: the Effect of an Institution on Staff and Students: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 37(2) 1967, 385-386.
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• Rosen, J. (1967). Multiple-Regression Analysis of Counselor Characteristics and Competencies: Psychological Reports 20(3, PT 1) 1967, 1003-1008.
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• Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Freedman, A. M. (1968). Integrated Group Psychotherapy Training and Psychiatric Residency: Archives of General Psychiatry 18(3) 1968, 276-279.
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• Samuelson, W. G. (1968). A Comparative Study of the Changes in Self-Understanding of Counselor-Trainees as a Result of Small Group Discussion and the Use of Existential Literature: Dissertation Abstracts International.
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Additional material

Books

• Austin, M. J. (1978). Professionals and paraprofessionals. Oxford, England: Human Sciences Press.
• Chinsky, J. M. (1975). Collaborative interventions in community mental health: A personal perspective. Oxford,

England: Human Sciences Press.

• Goldman, J. (1975). Becoming a psychotherapist. Oxford, England: Charles C Thomas.

Papers

• Google Scholar
• Zylks, D. R. (1989). The importance of educational competencies in athletic training as perceived by selected certified athletic trainers: Dissertation Abstracts International.