Mind-wandering

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Mind-wandering (Smallwood and Schooler, 2006) refers to the experience that thoughts rarely stand still (our train of thought, see William James). When not engaged in a complex task our thoughts flit easily from topic to topic. These experiences are referred to as mind-wandering and are usually defined by their lack of relation to the task in hand (task unrelated thought). Mind-wandering is common during driving and reading, when vigilance may not be high. In these situations, it seems that we have no memory of what happened in the surrounding environment whilst we were pre-occupied with our thoughts (Smallwood et al., 2003). Mind-wandering is also closely linked to states of affect; studies suggests that task unrelated thought is common when in states of low or depressed mood (Smallwood et al., 2007, 2009). Recently, mind-wandering has become a growing research topic in cognitive psychology, cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. In particular, mindwandering refers to a sub-topic in the study of attention and consciousness, relating to times when our attention may lapse, or wander. Today's research on mind-wandering is largely based on the pioneering work of John Antrobus and Jerome Singer in the late 1960's (e.g., Antrobus et al., 1970). Mind-wandering and other private experiences can be studied using thought sampling, or simply asking participants what they are thinking about at any given moment.

From a scientific perspective, two aspects of mind-wandering are of interest. The first is understanding how the brain produces what William James referred to in the Principles of Psychology as the stream of consciousness. This research is focused on understanding how the brain generates the spontaneous and relatively unconstrained thoughts that we experience when the mind-wanders. One candidate process for generating this aspect of experience is what Marcus Raichle referred to in 2001 as the default network, which depends on regions of the frontal and parietal cortex, which are highly active even when subjects are resting with their eyes closed (see Gusnard & Raichle, 2001 for a review). Studies now suggest that periods with a high incidence of mind-wandering are associated with greater default activity (Mason et al., 2007, Christoff et al., 2009)

The second aspect of mind-wandering that interests scientists is what it means for our minds to process information that is unrelated to the outside environment. One way to describe this state of attention is to say that when the mind wanders awareness is decoupled from the task environment. Studies have suggested that when the mind wanders memory for concurrently presented information is impaired (Smallwood et al., 2003) and the cortex processes both task relevant information and irrelevant sensory information in a less detailed manner (Smallwood et al., 2008a, Kam et al., 2010). In tasks such as reading, mind-wandering is associated with a less detailed model of what is being read, leading to an impaired ability to make inferences about events that took place in the narrative (Smallwood et al., 2008b).

In addition to neural models, computational models of consciousness based on the Global Workspace theory (Baars, 1988, 1997) suggest that mind-wandering, or "spontaneous thought," may involve competition between internally and externally generated activities attempting to gain access to a limited capacity central network (Dehaene & Changeux, 2005).

References[]

Antrobus J.S., Singer, J.L., Goldstein, S., Fortgang, M. (1970). Mindwandering and cognitive structure. Trans N Y Acad Sci. 32(2):242-252.
Baars, Bernard (1988), A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press)
Baars, Bernard (1997), In the Theater of Consciousness (New York, NY: Oxford University Press)
Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J. Smith, R. & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106(21), 8719-24.
Dehaene, S. & Changeux, J.-P. (2005). Ongoing spontaneous activity controls access to consciousness: A neuronal model for inattentional blindness. PLoS Biology, 3(5):e141.
Gusnard, D.A. & Raichle, M.E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2(10):685-694.
Kam, J. W. Y., Dao, E., Farley, J., Fitzpatrick, K., Smallwood, J., Schooler, J. W., & Handy, T. C. (2010). Slow fluctuations in attentional control of sensory cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 0(0), 1-11.
Mason, M., Norton, M., Van Horn, J.D., Wegner, D.W., Grafton, S.T., & Macrae, C.N. (2007) Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought. Science, 315, 393-395.
Smallwood, J.M., Baracaia, S.F., Lowe, M., Obonsawin, M. (2003). Task unrelated thought whilst encoding information. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(3):452-84.
Smallwood, J., O'Connor, R. C., Sudberry, M. V. & Obonsawin, M. C. (2007). Mind wandering & Dysphoria. Cognition & Emotion, 21(4), 816-842.
Smallwood, J., Beech, E. M., Schooler, J. W. & Handy, T. C. (2008a). Going AWOL in the brain – mind wandering reduces cortical analysis of the task environment. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20(3), 458-469.
Smallwood, J., McSpadden, M. C., & Schooler, J. W. (2008b). When attention matters: the curious incident of the wandering mind. Memory & Cognition. 36(6), 1144-1150.
Smallwood, J., Fitzgerald, A., Miles, L., & Phillips, L. (2009). Shifting moods, wandering minds: negative moods lead the mind to wander, Emotion. 9(2), 271-6.
Smallwood J and Schooler JW (2006). The Restless Mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 6, 946 -958.

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Mind-wandering

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