Mazes

Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index

Mazes are used in psychology to study spatial memory

References[]

Books[]

Bartley, S. H. (1950). Directional orientation in mazes. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Foster, W. S. (1923). Habit formation in the maze. Ny: Henry Holt and Company.

Papers[]

Adamec, R., Burton, P., Blundell, J., Murphy, D. L., & Holmes, A. (2006). Vulnerability to mild predator stress in serotonin transporter knockout mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 170(1) Jun 2006, 126-140.
Adlerstein, A., & Fehrer, E. (1955). The effect of food deprivation on exploratory behavior in a complex maze: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 48(4) Aug 1955, 250-253.
Aflalo, T. N., & Graziano, M. S. A. (2008). Four-dimensional spatial reasoning in humans: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Vol 34(5) Oct 2008, 1066-1077.
Ainge, J. A., Tamosiunaite, M., Woergoetter, F., & Dudchenko, P. A. (2007). Hippocampal CA1 place cells encode intended destination on a maze with multiple choice points: Journal of Neuroscience Vol 27(36) Sep 2007, 9769-9779.
Aitken, D. H., & Meaney, M. J. (1989). Temporally graded, age-related impairments in spatial memory in the rat: Neurobiology of Aging Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1989, 273-276.
Allee, W. C., & Masure, R. H. (1936). A comparison of maze behavior in paired and isolated shell-parrakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus Shaw) in a two-alley problem box: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 22(1) Aug 1936, 131-155.
Ammassari-Teule, M., Milhaud, J. M., Passino, E., Restivo, L., & Lassalle, J.-M. (1999). Defective processing of contextual information may be involved in the poor performance of DBA/2 mice in spatial tasks: Behavior Genetics Vol 29(4) Jul 1999, 283-289.

Anderson, W., Kunce, J., & Baxter, J. (1962). Maze score and job performance in psychiatric patients: Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol 9(2) Sum 1962, 173-175.
Apanasenko, Z. I., Kuznetsova, M. A., & Korotkova, V. Y. (1986). Behavioral reactions of animals exposed to space flight effects during prenatal development: Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina Vol 20(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 55-60.
Ardoin, S. P., Witt, J. C., Suldo, S. M., Connell, J. E., Koenig, J. L., Resetar, J. L., et al. (2004). Examining the Incremental Benefits of Administering a Maze and Three Versus One Curriculum-Based Measurement Reading Probes When Conducting Universal Screening: School Psychology Review Vol 33(2) 2004, 218-233.
Baiz, Y., & Galvis, C. M. (1974). A new type of maze: Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia Vol 6(2) 1974, 235-238.
Ballachey, E. L. (1934). Variations in maze length as a factor influencing rate of learning in the white rat: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 17(1) Feb 1934, 23-45.
Ballachey, E. L., & Buel, J. (1934). Centrifugal swing as a determinant of choice-point behavior in the maze running of the white rat: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 17(2) Apr 1934, 201-223.
Bannerman, D. M., Deacon, R. M. J., Offen, S., Friswell, J., Grubb, M., & Rawlins, J. N. P. (2002). Double dissociation of function within the hippocampus: Spatial memory and hyponeophagia: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 116(5) Oct 2002, 884-901.
Barense, M. D., Fox, M. T., & Baxter, M. G. (2002). Aged rats are impaired on an attentional set-shifting task sensitive to medial frontal cortex damage in young rats: Learning & Memory Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 191-201.
Barton, J. W. (1921). Smaller vs. Larger Units in Learning the Maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 4(6) Dec 1921, 418-429.
Becker, G. (1989). Attributextreatment interaction analysis of the processes underlying food orientation in the double runway: Journal of General Psychology Vol 116(1) Jan 1989, 73-90.
Bedore, L. M., Fiestas, C. E., Pena, E. D., & Nagy, V. J. (2006). Cross-language comparisons of maze use in Spanish and English in functionally monolingual and bilingual children: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Vol 9(3) Nov 2006, 233-247.
Bendig, A. W., & Braun, H. W. (1951). The influence of the genotype on the retention of a maze habit in the rat following electroshock convulsions: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 44(2) Apr 1951, 112-117.
Benton, A. L., Elithorn, A., Fogel, M. L., & Kerr, M. (1963). A perceptual maze test sensitive to brain damage: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 26(6) 1963, 540-544.
Bernard, J. (1941). A note on non-informative shock: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 29(5) Nov 1941, 407-412.
Bernhardt, K. S. (1934). The effect of vitamin B deficiency during nursing on subsequent learning in the rat: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 17(1) Feb 1934, 123-148.
Bernstein, A. S. (1964). The significance of personal, pre-experimental response preferences for experimental learning: Journal of General Psychology 71(1) 1964, 103-113.
Berscheid, E. S. (1979). Review of Blind mazes: A study of love: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 24 (8), Aug, 1979.
Bert, B., Fink, H., Sohr, R., & Rex, A. (2001). Different effects of diazepam in Fischer rats and two stocks of Wistar rats in tests of anxiety: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 70(2-3) Oct-Nov 2001, 411-420.
Bevan, W., & Adamson, R. (1960). Reinforcers and reinforcement: Their relation to maze performance: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 59(4) Apr 1960, 226-232.
Bingham, W. E., & Griffiths, W. J., Jr. (1952). The effect of different environments during infancy on adult behavior in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 45(4) Aug 1952, 307-312.
Black, R. W. (1965). Discrimination learning as a function of varying pairs of sucrose rewards: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 70(5) Nov 1965, 452-458.
Blair, W. C. (1958). The effects of cranial X radiation on maze acquisition in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 51(2) Apr 1958, 175-177.
Blednov, Y. A., Stoffel, M., Chang, S. R., & Harris, R. A. (2001). GIRK2 deficient mice: Evidence for hyperactivity and reduced anxiety: Physiology & Behavior Vol 74(1-2) Sep 2001, 109-117.
Blodgett, H. C., & McCutchan, K. (1946). Place learning and anticipation. I. Anticipation as failure of place discrimination: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 39(6) Dec 1946, 351-357.
Blodgett, H. C., & McCutchan, K. (1947). Kalish's report on the non-correction method and the delayed response problem: a correction: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 40(1) Feb 1947, 13.
Bokhov, B. B., & Shpaer, Y. Y. (1975). The rat's geocentric orientation in a state of sensory conflict: Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR im I M Sechenova Vol 61(3) Mar 1975, 368-374.
Bolles, R. C., & De Lorge, J. (1962). Exploration in a Dashiell maze as a function of prior deprivation, current deprivation, and sex: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie Vol 16(3) 1962, 221-227.
Bouchon, R., & Will, B. (1983). Effects of post-weaning environment and apparatus dimension on spontaneous alternation as a function of phenotype in "dwarf" mice: Physiology & Behavior Vol 30(2) Feb 1983, 213-219.
Bousfield, W. A., & Nowlis, V. (1945). The construction of a punch maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 35(4) Aug 1945, 330-333.
Braun, H. W., Russell, R. W., & Patton, R. A. (1949). Duration of effects of electroshock convulsions on retention of a maze habit in white rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 42(4) Aug 1949, 332-337.
Bremner, J. G., & Andreasen, G. (1998). Young children's ability to use maps and models to find ways in novel spaces: British Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol 16(2) Jun 1998, 197-218.
Bresnahan, E. L., Wiser, P. R., Muth, N. J., & Ingram, D. K. (1992). Delayed matching-to-sample performance by rats in a new avoidance-motivated maze: Response to scopolamine and fimbria-fornix lesions: Physiology & Behavior Vol 51(4) Apr 1992, 735-746.
Brockman, L. M. (1977). Potential of mazes for assessment of 18- to 36-month-old children: Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement Vol 9(2) Apr 1977, 197-200.
Brody, E. B. (1942). The influence of thyroidectomy and thyroxin injection on the maze behavior of adult rats: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 34(2) Oct 1942, 213-221.
Brogden, W. J., & Schmidt, R. E. (1954). Acquisition of a 24-unit verbal maze as a function of number of alternate choices per unit: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 48(5) Nov 1954, 335-338.
Brogden, W. J., & Schmidt, R. E. (1954). Effect of number of choices per unit of a verbal maze on learning and serial position errors: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 47(4) Apr 1954, 235-240.
Brown, R. E., Corey, S. C., & Moore, A. K. (1999). Differences in measures of exploration and fear in MHC-cogenic C57BL/6J and B6-H-2K mice: Behavior Genetics Vol 29(4) Jul 1999, 263-271.
Brown, W., & Buel, J. (1940). Response tendencies and maze patterns as determiners of choices in a maze: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 29(3) Jun 1940, 337-399.
Brown, W. L., & Dalrymple, H. B. (1951). The effects of intra-maze delay. 6. Different extra-maze cues between anterior and posterior sections: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 44(6) Dec 1951, 604-607.
Brown, W. L., & Gentry, G. (1948). The effects of intra-maze delay. II. Various intervals of delay: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 41(6) Dec 1948, 403-407.
Brown, W. L., Gentry, G., & Bosworth, L. L. (1949). The effects of intra-maze delay: 4. A gap in the maze: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 42(3) Jun 1949, 182-191.
Brown, W. L., & Sjoberg, W. E., Jr. (1950). The effects of intra-maze delay. V. Tetanizing shock during various intervals of delay: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 43(4) Aug 1950, 272-280.
Brown-Chidsey, R., Johnson, P., Jr., & Femstrom, R. (2005). Comparison of Grade-Level Controlled and Literature- Based Maze CBM Reading Passages: School Psychology Review Vol 34(3) 2005, 387-394.
Bruce, R. H. (1938). The effect of lessening the drive upon performance by white rats in a maze: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 25(2) Apr 1938, 225-248.
Bruto, V., & Anisman, H. (1983). Alterations of exploratory patterns induced by uncontrollable shock: Behavioral & Neural Biology Vol 37(2) Mar 1983, 302-316.
Buel, J. (1935). Differential errors in animal mazes: Psychological Bulletin Vol 32(1) Jan 1935, 67-99.
Buel, J., & Ballachey, E. L. (1935). Limiting factors in the effect of the reward upon the distribution of errors in mazes: Psychological Review Vol 42(1) Jan 1935, 28-42.
Bull, E. J., Hutson, P. H., & Fone, K. C. F. (2004). Decreased social behaviour following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is accompanied by changes in 5-HT-sub(2A) receptor responsivity: Neuropharmacology Vol 46(2) Feb 2004, 202-210.
Bunch, M. E. (1939). Transfer of training in the mastery of an antagonistic habit after varying intervals of time: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 28(2) Oct 1939, 189-200.
Bunch, M. E. (1946). Retroactive inhibition or facilitation from interpolated learning as a function of time: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 39(5) Oct 1946, 287-291.
Bunch, M. E., Cole, A., & Frerichs, J. (1937). The influence of twenty-four hours of wakefulness upon the learning and retention of a maze problem in white rats: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 23(1) Feb 1937, 1-12.
Bunch, M. E., & Lang, E. S. (1939). The amount of transfer of training from partial learning after varying intervals of time: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 27(3) Jun 1939, 449-459.
Bunch, M. E., & Magdsick, W. K. (1933). The retention in rats of an incompletely learned maze solution for short intervals of time: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 16(3) Dec 1933, 385-409.
Bunch, M. E., & Mueller, C. G. (1941). The influence of metrazol upon maze learning ability: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 32(3) Dec 1941, 569-574.
Buryska, J. (1976). The freehand script maze: Transactional Analysis Journal Vol 6(2) Apr 1976, 160-166.
Caldwell, W. E., & Jones, H. B. (1954). Some positive results on a modified Tolman and Honzik insight maze: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 47(5) Oct 1954, 416-418.
Calvin, A. D., & Williams, C. M. (1956). Simultaneous and successive discrimination in a single-unit hollow-square maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 52(1) Jul 1956, 47-50.
Calzavara, M. B., Patti, C. L., Lopez, G. B., Abilio, V. C., Silva, R. H., & Frussa-Filho, R. (2005). Role of learning of open arm avoidance in the phenomenon of one-trial tolerance to the anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide in mice: Life Sciences Vol 76(19) Mar 2005, 2235-2246.
Campos Bueno, J. J., Bandres Ponce, F. J., Velasco, M. L., & Sainz, S. (1984). Spontaneous alternation in rats: Evaluation of a new technique: Informes de Psicologia Vol 3(1-2) 1984, 35-43.
Capaldi, E. J., & Robinson, D. E. (1960). Performance and consummatory behavior in the runway and maze as a function of cyclic deprivation: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 53(2) Apr 1960, 159-164.
Carola, V., D'Olimpio, F., Brunamonti, E., Bevilacqua, A., Renzi, P., & Mangia, F. (2004). Anxiety-related behaviour in C57BL/6 left-right-arrow BALB/c chimeric mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 150(1-2) Apr 2004, 25-32.
Carr, H. (1917). The distribution and elimination of errors in the maze: Journal of Animal Behavior Vol 7(3) May-Jun 1917, 145-159.
Carr, H. (1917). Maze studies with the white rat: Journal of Animal Behavior Vol 7(4) Jul-Aug 1917, 259-275.
Carr, H. (1921). The Influence of Visual Guidance in Maze Learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 4(6) Dec 1921, 399-417.
Carr, H. A. (1926). The reliability of the maze experiment: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 6(1) Feb 1926, 85-93.
Carrascal, E., Ortin, A., Collia, F., & Arevalo, M. (1989). A method for studying associative learning in the rat: New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Jul-Sep 1989, 197-201.
Chang, H. C., & Liu, S. Y. (1928). The influence of the ligation of the two common carotid arteries on maze performance by the white rat: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 8(1) Feb 1928, 71-74.
Chase, W. P. (1934). The role of kinesthesis in ideational maze learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 17(3) Jun 1934, 424-438.
Chen, J., Long, Y., Han, M., Wang, T., Chen, Q., & Wang, R. (2008). Water-soluble derivative of propolis mitigates scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 90(3) Sep 2008, 441-446.
Chen, W.-Y. (1965). Intra-maze delay of reinforcement: Acta Psychologica Taiwanica No 7 1965, 73-79.
Chmurzynski, J. A. (1993). Phototactic choice between two lights of various intensity in flies: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis Vol 53(2) 1993, 385-399.
Churchill, E. P., Jr. (1916). The learning of a maze by goldfish: Journal of Animal Behavior Vol 6(3) May-Jun 1916, 247-255.
Clark, G., & Goldberg, S. E. (1951). Visual disturbance as a sequel to unilateral frontal lesions in the rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 44(5) Oct 1951, 487-491.
Conrad, C. D., Galea, L. A. M., Kuroda, Y., & McEwen, B. S. (1996). Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze, and this effect is blocked by tianeptine treatment: Behavioral Neuroscience Vol 110(6) Dec 1996, 1321-1334.
Cook, T. W. (1933). Studies in cross education. I. Mirror tracing the star-shaped maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 16(1) Feb 1933, 144-160.
Cook, T. W. (1933). Studies in cross education: II. Further experiments in mirror tracing the star-shaped maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 16(5) Oct 1933, 679-700.
Cook, T. W. (1935). Studies in cross education. IV. Permanence of transfer: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 18(2) Apr 1935, 255-266.
Cook, T. W. (1938). Whole and four part learning thirty-two unit spider mazes: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 22(5) May 1938, 439-450.
Cook, T. W. (1939). Repetitive pattern in whole and part learning the spider maze: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 24(5) May 1939, 530-541.
Cook, T. W. (1944). Factors in massed and distributed practice: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 34(4) Aug 1944, 325-334.
Cooper, J. B. (1938). The effect upon performance of introduction and removal of a delay within the maze: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 25(3) Jun 1938, 457-462.
Corey, S. M. (1930). Equating groups in comparative experiments: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 10(3) Jun 1930, 287-294.
Correia, A. M., Bandeira, N., & Anastacio, P. M. (2007). Influence of chemical and visual stimuli in food-search behaviour of Procambarus clarkii under clear conditions: Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol 40(3) Sep 2007, 189-194.
Cotler, S., & Palmer, R. J. (1970). The effects of test anxiety, sex of subject, and type of verbal reinforcement on maze performance of elementary school children: Journal of Personality 38(2) 1970, 216-234.
Cotton, J. W., Lewis, D. J., & Metzger, R. (1958). Running behavior as a function of apparatus and of restriction of goal box activity: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 51(3) Jun 1958, 336-341.
Cowan, P. E. (1977). Neophobia and neophilia: New-object and new-place reactions of three Rattus species: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 91(1) Feb 1977, 63-71.
Cowan, P. E. (1977). Systematic patrolling and orderly behaviour of rats during recovery from deprivation: Animal Behaviour Vol 25(1) Feb 1977, 171-184.
Cox, C. M. (1928). Comparative behavior in solving a series of maze problems of varying difficulty: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 11(3) Jun 1928, 202-218.
Crafts, L. W., & Gilbert, R. W. (1935). The effect of knowledge of results on maze learning and retention: Journal of Educational Psychology Vol 26(3) Mar 1935, 177-187.
Cross, H. A., & Boyer, W. N. (1964). Influence of amount of reward in a complex learning situation: Psychological Reports 14(2) 1964, 427-432.
Crowe, D. A., Averbeck, B. B., Chafee, M. V., Anderson, J. H., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2000). Mental maze solving: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Vol 12(5) Sep 2000, 813-827.
Crowe, D. A., Chafee, M. V., Averbeck, B. B., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2004). Neural Activity in Primate Parietal Area 7a Related to Spatial Analysis of Visual Mazes: Cerebral Cortex Vol 14(1) Jan 2004, 23-34.
Crowe, S. F., Barclay, L., Brennan, S., Farkas, L., Gould, E., Katchmarsky, S., et al. (1999). The cognitive determinants of performance on the Austin Maze: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Vol 5(1) Jan 1999, 1-9.
Currant, N. (1982). Expanding learning through mazes and visual imagery: Academic Therapy Vol 17(5) May 1982, 529-536.
D'Amato, M. R. (1960). Distribution variables in simple discrimination learning in rats: Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie Vol 14(3) 1960, 216-219.
D'Amato, M. R. (1961). Flash rate as a discriminandum in discrimination learning in rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 54(4) Aug 1961, 445-448.
D'Amato, M. R. (1961). Transfer of an early-acquired brightness discrimination from bar pressing to a Y maze: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 54(5) Oct 1961, 548-551.
Daniel, R. S. (1939). The distribution of muscular action potentials during maze learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 24(6) Jun 1939, 621-629.
Dash, P. K., Mac, h, S. A., Blum, S., & Moore, A. N. (2002). Intrahippocampal wortmannin infusion enhances long-term spatial and contextual memories: Learning & Memory Vol 9(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 167-177.
Dashiell, J. F. (1920). The need for analytical study of the maze problem: Psychobiology Vol 2(3) Jun 1920, 181-186.
Dashiell, J. F. (1959). The role of vision in spatial orientation by the white rat: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(5) Oct 1959, 522-526.
Dashiell, J. F., & Bayroff, A. G. (1931). A forwardgoing tendency in maze running: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 12(1) Jun 1931, 77-94.
Dashiell, J. F., & Helms, H. A. (1925). The learning by white rats of an inclined plane maze: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 5(5) Oct 1925, 397-405.
David, H. P. (1979). Review of Dimensionen des Lernerfolges beim Labyrinthlernen (Dimensions of learning success in maze learning): PsycCRITIQUES Vol 24 (9), Sep, 1979.
Davies, A. D. (1965). Some analytical properties of Elithorn's perceptual maze: Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2(2) 1965, 371-380.
Davies, A. D., & Davies, M. G. (1965). The difficulty and graded scoring of Elithorn's Perceptual Maze Test: British Journal of Psychology 56(2-3) 1965, 295-302.
Davies, A. D. M. (1965). The perceptual maze test in a normal population: Perceptual and Motor Skills 20(1) 1965, 287-293.
Davis, F. C., & Tolman, E. C. (1924). A Note on the Correlation Between Two Mazes: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 4(2) Apr 1924, 125-135.
De Almeida, R. M. M., Giovenardi, M., Charchat, H., & Lucion, A. B. (1998). 8-OH-DPAT in the median raphe nucleus decreases while in the medial septal area it may increase anxiety in female rats: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews Vol 23(2) 1998, 259-264.
Denenberg, V. H., Talgo, N. W., Waters, N. S., & Kenner, G. H. (1990). A computer-aided procedure for measuring Morris maze performance: Physiology & Behavior Vol 47(5) May 1990, 1027-1029.
Dennis, W. (1931). A block elevated maze for rats: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 12(4) Dec 1931, 429-432.
Dennis, W. (1932). Multiple visual discrimination in the block elevated maze: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 13(3) Jun 1932, 391-396.
Dennis, W. (1935). Goal gradient or entrance gradient? : Psychological Review Vol 42(1) Jan 1935, 117-121.
Dennis, W., & Gersoni, C. S. (1935). The effect of blindness upon a perfected elevated maze habit of the albino rat: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 19(3) Jun 1935, 411-416.
Desiderato, O. (1956). The interaction of several variables in latent learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 52(4) Oct 1956, 244-250.
Dimitsantos, E., Escorihuela, R. M., Fuentes, S., Armario, A., & Nadal, R. (2007). Litter size affects emotionality in adult male rats: Physiology & Behavior Vol 92(4) Nov 2007, 708-716.
Doble, A., Canton, T., Dreisler, S., Piot, O., & et al. (1993). RP 59037 and RP 60503: Anxiolytic cyclopyrrolone derivatives with low sedative potential: Interaction with the !g-aminobutyric acid-sub(A)/benzodiazepine receptor complex and behavioral effects in the rodent: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Vol 266(3) Sep 1993, 1213-1226.
Dodson, J. D. (1932). The relative values of satisfying and annoying situations as motives in the learning process: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 14(1) Aug 1932, 147-164.
Dorcus, R. M., & Gray, W. L. (1932). The role of kinesthesis in retention by rats: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 13(3) Jun 1932, 447-451.
do-Rego, J.-C., Viana, A. F., Maitre, E. L., Deniel, A., Rates, S. M. K., Leroux-Nicollet, I., et al. (2006). Comparisons between anxiety tests for selection of anxious and non anxious mice: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 169(2) Apr 2006, 282-288.
Drudge, O. W., & Platt, S. A. (1979). A versatile maze for learning and geotaxic selection in Drosophila melanogaster: Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol 11(5) Oct 1979, 503-506.
Duffy, C. E., & Murphree, O. D. (1959). Maze performance of mature rats recovered from early postnatal infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 52(2) Apr 1959, 175-178.
Duncan, C. P. (1945). The effect of electroshock convulsions on the maze habit in the white rat: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 35(4) Aug 1945, 267-278.
Durup, H. (1964). Influence of the odorous traces left by the hamster at the time of the learning of an olfactory discrimination maze: Psychologie Francaise 9(3) 1964, 165-180.
Dyal, J. A. (1962). Latent extinction as a function of number and duration of pre-extinction exposures: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 63(1) Jan 1962, 98-104.
Elithorn, A., Jones, D., Kerr, M., & Lee, D. (1964). The effects of the variation of two physical parameters on empirical difficulty in a perceptual maze test: British Journal of Psychology 55(1) 1964, 31-37.
Ennaceur, A., Michalikova, S., van Rensburg, R., & Chazot, P. L. (2008). Are benzodiazepines really anxiolytic? Evidence from a 3D maze spatial navigation task: Behavioural Brain Research Vol 188(1) 2008, 136-153.
Ernest, R. L., Hoffeld, D. R., Seidenstein, S., & Brogden, W. J. (1960). Relation of serial position errors to doublet and split-doublet location in verbal maze pattern: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 59(2) Feb 1960, 94-103.
Esper, E. A. (1933). Polytactic manual movement apparatus: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 16(1) Feb 1933, 161-174.
Essman, W. B. (1965). Retrograde amnesic effect of audiogenic seizure on the reversal of a maze response: Perceptual and Motor Skills 20(2) 1965, 501-504.
Estes, W. K. (1942). Spontaneous recovery from extinction in maze-bright and maze-dull rats: Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol 34(3) Dec 1942, 349-351.
Farber, I. E., & Spence, K. W. (1953). Complex learning and conditioning as a function of anxiety: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 45(2) Feb 1953, 120-125.
Feldman, S. M. (1961). Differential effects of shock in human maze learning: Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol 62(2) Aug 1961, 171-178.
Ferchmin, P. A., & Eterovic, V. A. (1990). Putrescine decreases exploration of a black and white maze: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior Vol 37(3) Nov 1990, 445-449.
Fernandez-Teruel, A., Escorihuela, R. M., Driscoll, P., Tobena, A., & et al. (1994). Evaluating activity and emotional reactivity in a hexagonal tunnel maze: Correlational and factorial analysis from a study with the Roman/Verh rat lines: Behavior Genetics Vol 24(5) Sep 1994, 419-425.
Ferrari, P. F., Palanza, P., Parmigiani, S., & Rodgers, R. J. (1998). Interindividual variability in swiss male mice: Relationship between social factors, aggression, and anxiety: Physiology & Behavior Vol 63(5) Mar 1998, 821-827.
Fields, P. E. (1957). The effect of whole-body X radiation upon activity drum, straightaway, and maze performances of white rats: Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Vol 50(4) Aug 1957, 386-391.
FitzGerald, R. E., Isler, R., Rosenberg, E., Oettinger, R., & et al. (1985). Maze patrolling by rats with and without food reward: Animal Learning & Behavior Vol 13(4) Nov 1985, 451-462.
Foulds, G. A., & Owen, A. (1963). Speed and accuracy on mazes in relation to diagnosis and personality: British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 3(1) 1963, 34-35.
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Dissertations[]

Du, Y. (2007). A-to-I pre-mRNA editing of the serotonin 2C receptor. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
Fisher, A. S. (1985). An investigation of the maze procedure in assessing reading levels of incarcerated adults: Texas Department of Corrections: Dissertation Abstracts International.
Gage, P. D. (1985). Hippocampal mediation of spatial learning: A test of the differential predictions of three theories: Dissertation Abstracts International.
Leibowitz, M. (1967). Effects of Psychological Support on Test Performance of Four Types of Narcotic Addicts: Dissertation Abstracts International.
Macbeth, A. H. (2007). Influences of pregnancy on neural and behavioral function in female rats. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
Manning, S. K. (1972). An analysis of free and forced trial alternation of the rat: Dissertation Abstracts International Vol.
Ost, M. H. (2003). Stress responsivity and efficacy of anxiolytic drug treatment in the successive negative contrast and the elevated plus-maze paradigms in fischer 344 rats. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
Wright, R. L. (2008). Improving cognitive outcomes following chronic stress. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
Young, T. W. (1983). The stylus-maze test in neuropsychological assessment: Dissertation Abstracts International.

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