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{{BioPsy}}
  
{{BioPsy}}
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{{Infobox Brain|
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[[Image:Gray682.png|thumb|300px|[[Gray's Anatomy|Gray's]] Fig. 682 - Superficial dissection of [[brain-stem]]. Lateral view.]]
  
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Name = Rhombencephalon |
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GraySubject = 187 |
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GrayPage = 767 |
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Image = EmbryonicBrain.svg |
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Caption = Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into [[forebrain]], [[midbrain]] and [[hindbrain]] structures. |
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Image2 = Gray682.png |
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Caption2 = Superficial dissection of [[brain-stem]]. Lateral view. |
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IsPartOf = |
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Components = |
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Artery = |
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Vein = |
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BrainInfoType = hier |
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BrainInfoNumber = 531 |
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MeshName = Rhombencephalon |
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MeshNumber = A08.186.211.132.810 |
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DorlandsPre = r_12 |
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DorlandsSuf = 12709581 |
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}}
 
The '''rhombencephalon''' (or '''hindbrain''') is a [[Morphogenesis|developmental]] categorization of portions of the [[central nervous system]] in [[vertebrates]].
  
The '''rhombencephalon''' (or '''hindbrain''') is a [[Morphogenesis|developmental]] categorization of portions of the [[central nervous system]] in [[vertebrates]].
   
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The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo we can distinguish eight rhombomeres, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the [[Isthmus_(disambiguation) | isthmus]] (the most [[Anatomical_terms_of_location|rostral]] rhombomere). Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the [[myelencephalon]], and rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the [[metencephalon]].
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The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called [[rhombomere]]s. In the human embryo we can distinguish eight rhombomeres, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the [[List of anatomical isthmi| isthmus]] (the most [[Anatomical_terms_of_location|rostral]] rhombomere).
   
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A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, "rhombencephalosynapsis" is characterized by a missing [[vermis]] resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with [[cerebellar ataxia]].
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The myelencephalon forms the [[medulla]] in the adult brain; it contains a portion of the [[fourth ventricle]], the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] (CN IX), [[vagus nerve]] (CN X), [[accessory nerve]] (CN XI), [[hypoglossal nerve]] (CN XII), and a portion of the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]] (CN VIII).
  
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The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for [[neural tube]] closure.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3fc056wde57c1yc/ SpringerLink - Journal Article<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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==Myelencephalon==
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Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the [[myelencephalon]].
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The myelencephalon forms the [[medulla oblongata]] in the adult brain; it contains:
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* a portion of the [[fourth ventricle]],
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* the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] (CN IX),
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* [[vagus nerve]] (CN X),
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* [[accessory nerve]] (CN XI),
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* [[hypoglossal nerve]] (CN XII),
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* and a portion of the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]] (CN VIII).
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==Metencephalon ==
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Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the [[metencephalon]].
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The metencephalon is composed of the [[pons]] and the [[cerebellum]]; it contains:
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* a portion of the fourth ventricle,
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* the [[trigeminal nerve]] (CN V),
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* [[abducens nerve]] (CN VI),
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* [[facial nerve]] (CN VII),
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* and a portion of the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]] (CN VIII).
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==Additional images==
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<gallery>
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Image:Gray18.png|Chick embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.
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Image:Gray40.png|Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
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</gallery>
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==See also==
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* [[Brain stem]]
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* [[Raphe nuclei]]
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== References ==
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<references/>
   
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The metencephalon is composed of the [[pons]] and the [[cerebellum]]; it contains a portion of the fourth ventricle, the [[trigeminal nerve]] (CN V), [[abducens nerve]] (CN VI), [[facial nerve]] (CN VII), and a portion of the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]] (CN VIII).
  
   
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{{Neuroscience-stub}}
  
 
{{Rhombencephalon}}
  
{{Rhombencephalon}}
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{{Cerebellum}}
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[[category:brain]]
  
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[[Category:Neuroscience]]
  
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[[Category:Brain]]
 
[[Category:Brainstem]]
  
[[Category:Brainstem]]
 
[[Category:Central nervous system]]
  
[[Category:Central nervous system]]
 
[[Category:Cranial nerves]]
  
[[Category:Cranial nerves]]
 
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
  
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
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[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
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[[Category:Neuroscience]]
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[[Category:Rhombencephalon|*]]
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<!--
 
[[de:Rhombencephalon]]
  
[[de:Rhombencephalon]]
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[[es:Rombencéfalo]]
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[[ru:Ромбовидный мозг]]
  
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[[it:Rombencefalo]]
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[[nl:Rhombencephalon]]
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[[ru:Задний мозг]]
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-->
   
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{{enWP| Rhombencephalon
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{{enWP| Rhombencephalon}}

Latest revision as of 07:40, 29 November 2008

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Brain: Rhombencephalon
File:EmbryonicBrain.svg
Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
Gray682
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Latin {{{Latin}}}
Gray's subject #187 767
Part of
Components
Artery
Vein
BrainInfo/UW hier-531
MeSH A08.186.211.132.810

The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.

The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo we can distinguish eight rhombomeres, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere).

A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, "rhombencephalosynapsis" is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia.

The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.[1]

Myelencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.

The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:

Metencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.

The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:

Additional images


See also

References

  1. ↑ SpringerLink - Journal Article


v·d·e
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon/
pons

Dorsal/
(tegmentum)

surface: Locus ceruleus

Trigeminal lemniscus (Dorsal trigeminal tract, Ventral trigeminal tract)

cranial nuclei: GSA: Principal V/Spinal V - VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) - SVE: Motor V - VII - GSE: VI - GVE: VII: Superior salivary nucleus

MLF, III, IV and VI (vestibulo-oculomotor fibers, medial vestibulospinal tract)

sensory/ascending: Trapezoid body/VIII - Superior olivary nucleus

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (Vestibulocerebellar tract)

motor/descending: Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center (Medial parabrachial nucleus) - Lateral parabrachial nucleus

Ventral/
(base)

Middle cerebellar peduncles (Pontocerebellar fibers) - Pontine nuclei
motor/descending: Corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Corticopontine fibers

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Caudal, Oral, Tegmental, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Median)


Myelencephalon/
medulla

Dorsal

surface: Posterior median sulcus - Postero-lateral sulcus - Area postrema

cranial nuclei: GVA: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • SVA: Gustatory nucleus • GSE: XII  • GVE: IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • SVE: X: Dorsal • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus - MLF, III, IV and VI

sensory/ascending: Gracile nucleus • Cuneate nucleus (Accessory cuneate nucleus) • Sensory decussation  • Medial lemniscus

motor/descending: Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral

motor/descending: Ventral respiratory group - Pyramid (Motor decussation) - Inferior olivary nucleus (Olivocerebellar tract, Rubro-olivary tract)
surface: Anterior median fissure - Antero-lateral sulcus - Arcuate nucleus of medulla - Olivary body

Raphe/reticular

Reticular formation (Gigantocellular, Parvocellular, Ventral, Lateral, Paramedian) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus)

v·d·e
Human brain, rhombencephalon, metencephalon: cerebellum (TA 14.1.07, GA 9.788)
Surface anatomy
[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

Lobes
  • Primary fissure
Medial/lateral
  • Vermis: anterior
    • Central lobule
    • Culmen
    • Lingula
  • posterior
    • Folium
    • Tuber
    • Uvula
  • Vallecula of cerebellum

Grey matter
[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

Deep cerebellar nuclei
Cerebellar cortex

White matter
[. v]·[. d]·[. e]

Internal
Peduncles


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