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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
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Dihydromorphine chemical structure | |
| 3,6-dihydroxy-(5α,6α)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan IUPAC name | |
| CAS number 1421-28-9 |
ATC code [[ATC_code_|]][1] |
| PubChem 273032 |
DrugBank [2] |
| Chemical formula | {{{chemical_formula}}} |
| Molecular weight | 287.354 g/mol |
| Bioavailability | |
| Metabolism | |
| Elimination half-life | |
| Excretion | |
| Pregnancy category | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes of administration | |
Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan, DHM, Paramorphan) is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in the first years of the twentieth century. Structurally, it is very similar to morphine—the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond. Dihydromorphine can be made by several processes, including hydrogenating morphine or opium or by demethylating either dihydrocodeine or tetrahydrothebaine. Dihydromorphine is available as tablets for oral use, ampoules of solution for injection by various routes, suppositories, and liquids for oral and sublingual use.
Dihydromorphine is slightly stronger than morphine as an analgesic with a similar side-effect profile. Like metopon, dihydromorphine may be less addictive overall and have better bioavailability after oral administration than morphine. The onset of action is more rapid than morphine and it also tends to have a longer duration of action, generally 4-7 hours. Other drugs with faster onset of action such as nicomorphine and hydromorphone also tend to burn off more quickly, with a mean duration of action around 3 hours in most patients.
At the present time, dihydromorphine is most commonly used in Japan, and various European and Asian countries. A United Nations report in 1993 reported increases in use of dihydromorphine in some Central European countries and later WHO and EU reports show the same although distinction is not made betwixt use of Paramorfan as an analgesic product or the use of dihydromorphine in the manufacture of other drugs. The latter is also the case in the United States, where it is seen exclusively as an intermediate in the manufacture of dihydrocodeine as well as in some methods of manufacture of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and related drugs.
It is available as the hydrochloride, hydroiodide, or monohydrate salt, with the former being the form almost exclusively used in pharmaceuticals but the hydroiodide also used especially in making dihydrocodeine hydroiodide (Paracodin). Individuals and organisations are lobbying for the United States to legalise and approve dihydromorphine for use alongside other analgesics. The Usenet newsgroup alt.politics.usa.legalise-dihydromorphine is one example, albeit atypical in its post volume and pattern.
Dihydromorphine was never introduced in the United States as was the case of many similar drugs invented in Europe in the intense search for stronger cough suppressants, especially to slow the spread of tuberculosis and other airborne diseases in the two decades prior to the First World War such as thebacon, nicomorphine (Vilan), benzylmorphine (Peronine), dihydroisocodeine, acetylmorphone, diacetylmorphine (heroin), nicocodeine, acetyldihydrocodeine, nicodicodeine, and others. For this reason, in the United States, dihydromorphine shares a Schedule I designation with these other opioids, under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. In most other countries, dihydromorphine is classified at the same level as morphine, pethidine and the like where it is available and used; international law and treaties list it as a narcotic subject to control, and other countries' laws may vary. Its role in the production of dihydrocodeine makes it the Schedule I substance with one of the higher annual manufacturing quotas granted by the US Drug Enforcement Administration.
One scientific controversy deals with the relative strength of dihydromorphine; according to various official sources, is either 50 per cent or 115-120 per cent of the analgesic strength of morphine. Clinical experience points to the latter. In comparison, dihydrocodeine is 1½ times the strength of codeine but also differs from codeine in not having a ceiling effect on analgesia imposed by metabolism -- i.e., above a certain point (400 mg in most people), the codeine is wasted. Dihydromorphine has a longer duration of action (6 hours vs 4 hours for morphine).
Dihydromorphine, often labelled with the isotopes iodine-129 and tritium, was amongst tools utilised in the 20th century research which eventually led to the theory and discovery of opioid receptors in the human nervous system. Other opioids like buprenorphine, morphine and others are similarly used for research on the actions of drugs of this type in various systems of the body.
The human liver converts a percentage of dihydrocodeine into dihydromorphine. The liver enzymes of the cytochrome P450 II-D-6 series accomplish this feat in a way similar to which the liver activates codeine, by demethylating it to morphine (also, hydrocodone to hydromorphone, oxycodone to oxymorphone, nicocodeine to 6-nicotinoylmorphine, and so on).
Other derivates or analogues of dihydromorphine are the dihydrocodeine-related family of moderate painkillers and effective cough suppressants (thebacon, nicocodeine, acetyldihydrocodeine, nicodicodeine, and others.)
| Opioids edit |
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{Alfentanil} {Buprenorphine} {Carfentanil} {Codeine} {Codeinone} {Dextropropoxyphene} {Diamorphine (Heroin)} {Dihydrocodeine} {Fentanyl} {Hydrocodone} {Hydromorphone} {Methadone} {Morphine} {Morphinone} {Oxycodone} {Oxymorphone} {Pethidine (Meperidine)} {Remifentanil} {Sufentanil} {Tramadol} |
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