Deinstitutionalisation

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·

---

This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified.
This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution.

This article is about the replacement of psychiatric hospitals. For the replacement of orphanages, see Deinstitutionalisation (orphanages and children's institutions).

Deinstitutionalisation (or deinstitutionalization) is the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability. Deinstitutionalisation works in two ways: the first focuses on reducing the population size of mental institutions by releasing patients, shortening stays, and reducing both admissions and readmission rates; the second focuses on reforming mental hospitals' institutional processes so as to reduce or eliminate reinforcement of dependency, hopelessness, learned helplessness, and other maladaptive behaviours.

According to psychiatrist Leon Eisenberg, deinstitutionalisation has been an overall benefit for most psychiatric patients, though many have been left homeless and without care. The deinstitutionalisation movement was initiated by three factors:

• A socio-political movement for community mental health services and open hospitals;
• The advent of psychotropic drugs able to manage psychotic episodes;
• A financial imperative to shift costs from state to federal budgets.

According to American psychiatrist Loren Mosher, most deinstitutionalization in the USA took place after 1972, as a result of the availability of SSI, long after the antipsychotic drugs were used universally in state hospitals.

According to psychiatrist and author Thomas Szasz, deinstitutionalisation is the policy and practice of transferring homeless, involuntarily hospitalised mental patients from state mental hospitals into many different kinds of de facto psychiatric institutions funded largely by the federal government. These federally subsidised institutions began in the United States and were quickly adopted by most Western governments. The plan was set in motion by the Community Mental Health Act as a part of John F. Kennedy's legislation

and passed by the U.S. Congress in 1963, mandating the appointment of a commission to make recommendations for "combating mental illness in the United States".

In many cases the deinstitutionalisation of the mentally ill in the Western world from the 1960s onward has translated into policies of "community release". Individuals who previously would have been in mental institutions are no longer continuously supervised by health care workers. Some experts, such as E. Fuller Torrey, have considered deinstitutionalisation to be a failure, while some consider many aspects of institutionalization to have been worse.

Origins

19th century

The 19th century saw a large expansion in the number and size of asylums in Western industrialised countries. Although initially based on principles of moral treatment, they became overstretched, non-therapeutic, isolated in location, and neglectful of patients.

20th century

By the beginning of the 20th century, increasing admissions had resulted in serious overcrowding, causing many problems for psychiatric institutions. Funding was often cut, especially during periods of economic decline and wartime. Asylums became notorious for poor living conditions, lack of hygiene, overcrowding, ill-treatment, and abuse of patients; many patients starved to death.

The first community-based alternatives were suggested and tentatively implemented in the 1920s and 1930s, although asylum numbers continued to increase up to the 1950s. The movement for deinstitutionalisation moved to the forefront in various countries during the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drugs.

The prevailing public arguments, time of onset, and pace of reforms varied by country. In the United States, class action lawsuits and the scrutiny of institutions through disability activism and antipsychiatry helped expose poor conditions and treatment. Sociologists and others argued that such institutions maintained or created dependency, passivity, exclusion, and disability, which caused people to remain institutionalised. Rosenhan's experiment in 1973 "accelerated the movement to reform mental institutions and to deinstitutionalize as many mental patients as possible."

A prevailing argument claimed that community services would be cheaper and that new psychiatric medications made it more feasible to release people into the community. Mental health professionals, public officials, families, advocacy groups, public citizens, and unions held differing views on deinstitutionalisation.

A key text in the development of deinstitutionalisation was Asylums by Erving Goffman.

Consequences

Community services that developed include supportive housing with full or partial supervision and specialised teams (such as assertive community treatment and early intervention teams). Costs have been reported as generally equivalent to inpatient hospitalisation, even lower in some cases (depending on how well or poorly funded the community alternatives are).

Although deinstitutionalisation has been positive for the majority of patients, it also has severe shortcomings. Expectations that community care would lead to fuller social integration have not been achieved; many remain without work, have limited social contacts, and often live in sheltered environments.

New community services are often uncoordinated and unable to meet complex needs. Services in the community sometimes isolate the mentally ill within a new ghetto, where service users meet each other but have little contact with the rest of the public community. It has been said that instead of "community psychiatry", reforms established a "psychiatric community".

Existing patients are often discharged without sufficient preparation or support. A greater proportion of people with mental disorders become homeless or go to prison. Families can often play a crucial role in the care of those who would typically be placed in long-term treatment centres. However, many mentally ill people are resistant to such help due to the nature of their conditions. The majority of those who would be under continuous care in long-stay psychiatric hospitals are paranoid and delusional to the point that they refuse help, believing they do not need it, which makes it difficult to treat them.

Violence

Victimisation

Moves to community living and services have led to various concerns and fears, from both the individuals themselves and other members of the community. Over a quarter of individuals accessing community mental health services in a US inner-city area are victims of at least one violent crime in a year, a proportion eleven times higher than the inner-city average. The elevated victim rate holds for every category of crime, including rape/sexual assault, other violent assaults, and personal and property theft. Victimisation rates are similar to those with developmental disabilities.

Misconceptions

Despite perceptions by the public and media that people with mental disorders released into the community are more likely to be dangerous and violent, a large study indicated that they are no more likely to commit violence than others in their neighbourhoods, which were usually economically deprived and high in substance abuse and crime.

Findings on violence committed by those with mental disorders in the community have been inconsistent and related to numerous factors; a higher rate of more serious offences such as homicide have sometimes been found but, despite high-profile homicide cases, the evidence suggests this has not been increased by deinstitutionalisation. The aggression and violence that does occur, in either direction, is usually within family settings rather than between strangers.

Worldwide

Asia

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, a number of residential care services such as half-way houses, long-stay care homes, supported hostels are provided for the discharged patients. In addition, community support services such as rehabilitation day services and mental health care have been launched to facilitate the patients' re-integration into the community.

Japan

In Japan, the number of hospital beds has risen steadily over the last few decades.

New Zealand

New Zealand established a reconciliation initiative in 2005 to address the ongoing compensation payouts to ex-patients of state-run mental institutions in the 1970s to 1990s. A number of grievances were heard, including: poor reasons for admissions; unsanitary and overcrowded conditions; lack of communication to patients and family members; physical violence and sexual misconduct and abuse; inadequate mechanisms for dealing with complaints; pressures and difficulties for staff, within an authoritarian hierarchy based on containment; fear and humiliation in the misuse of seclusion; over-use and abuse of ECT, psychiatric medications, and other treatments as punishments, including group therapy, with continued adverse effects; lack of support on discharge; interrupted lives and lost potential; and continued stigma, prejudice, and emotional distress and trauma.

There were some references to instances of helpful aspects or kindnesses despite the system. Participants were offered counselling to help them deal with their experiences, along with advice on their rights, including access to records and legal redress.

Africa

Template:Expand section Uganda has one psychiatric hospital.

Europe

In some countries

where deinstitutionalisation has occurred, "re-institutionalisation", or relocation to different institutions, has begun, as evidenced by increases in the number of supported housing facilities, forensic psychiatric beds, and the growing prison population.

Some developing European countries

still rely on asylums.

Italy

See also: Psychiatric reform in Italy

Italy was the first country to begin the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care and to develop a community-based psychiatric system. The Italian system served as a model of effective service and paved the way for deinstitutionalisation of mental patients. In 1978, the Basaglia Law had started Italian psychiatric reform that resulted in the end of the Italian state mental hospital system in 1998.

The reform was focused on the gradual dismantlement of psychiatric hospitals, which required an effective community mental health service. The object of community care was to reverse the long-accepted practice of isolating the mentally ill in large institutions and to promote their integration in a socially stimulating environment, while avoiding subjecting them to excessive social pressures.

United Kingdom

See also: Care in the community

Template:Empty section

North America

United States

The United States has experienced two waves of deinstitutionalisation. The first wave began in the 1950s and targeted people with mental illness. The second wave began roughly 15 years later and focused on individuals who had been diagnosed with a developmental disability (e.g. mental retardation). Deinstitutionalisation continues today, though the movements are growing smaller as fewer people are sent to institutions.

Numerous social forces led to a move for deinstitutionalisation; researchers generally give credit to six main factors: criticisms of public mental hospitals, incorporation of mind-altering drugs in treatment, support from President Kennedy for federal policy changes, shifts to community-based care, changes in public perception, and individual states' desires to reduce costs from mental hospitals.

Criticisms of public mental hospitals

The public's awareness of conditions in mental institutions began to increase during World War II. Conscientious objectors (COs) of the war were assigned to alternative positions which suffered from manpower shortages. Around 2,000 COs were assigned to work in understaffed mental institutions. In 1946, an exposé in Life magazine detailed the shortfalls of many mental health facilities. This exposé was one of the first featured articles about the quality of mental institutions.

Following WWII, articles and exposés about the mental hospital conditions bombarded popular and scholarly magazines and periodicals. The COs from the 1946 Life exposé formed the National Mental Health Foundation, which raised public support and successfully convinced states to increase funding for mental institutions. Five years later, the National Mental Health Foundation merged with the Hygiene and Psychiatric Foundation to form the National Association of Mental Health.

During WWII, it was found that 1 out of 8 men considered for military service was rejected based on a neurological or psychiatric problem. This increased awareness of the prevalence of mental illnesses, and people began to realize the costs associated with admission to mental institutions (i.e. cost of lost productivity and of mental health services).

Since numerous individuals suffering from mental illness had served in the military, many began to believe that more knowledge about mental illness and better services would not only benefit those who served but also national security as a whole. Congress passed the National Mental Health Act of 1946, which created the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). NIMH was pivotal in funding research for the developing mental health field.

Pharmacotherapy

During the 1950s, new drugs became available and were incorporated into treatment for the mentally ill. The new drugs effectively reduced severe symptoms, allowing the mentally ill to live in environments less stringent than institutions, such as half-way houses, nursing homes, or their own homes. Drug therapy also allowed many mentally ill to obtain employment.

President Kennedy

In 1955, the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health was authorised to investigate problems related to the mentally ill. President John F. Kennedy had a special interest in the issue of mental health because his sister, Rosemary, had been lobotomised at the age of 23 at the request of her father. Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy appointed a special President's Panel of Mental Retardation. The panel included professionals and leaders of the organization. In 1962, the panel published a report with 112 recommendations to better serve the mentally ill.

In conjunction with the Joint Commission on Mental Health and Health, the Presidential Panel of Mental Retardation, and Kennedy's influence, two important pieces of legislation were passed in 1963: the Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments, which increased funding for research on the prevention of retardation, and the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, which provided funding for community facilities that served people with mental disabilities. Both acts furthered the process of deinstitutionalisation.

Shift to community-based care

In general, professionals, civil rights leaders, and humanitarians saw the shift from institutional confinement to local care as the appropriate approach. The deinstitutionalisation movement started off slowly but gained momentum as it adopted philosophies from the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, deinstitutionalisation increased dramatically, and the average length of stay within mental institutions decreased by more than half. Many patients began to be placed in community care facilities instead of long-term care institutions.

Changing public opinion

While public opinion of the mentally ill has improved somewhat, it is still often stigmatised. Advocacy movements in support of mental health have emerged. These movements focus on reducing stigma and discrimination and increasing support groups and awareness. The consumer or ex-patient movement, began as protests in the 1970s, forming groups such as Liberation of Mental Patients, Project Release, Insane Liberation Front, and the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).

Many of the participants consisted of ex-patients of mental institutions who felt the need to challenge the system's treatment of the mentally ill. Initially, this movement targeted issues surrounding involuntary commitment, use of electroconvulsive therapy, anti-psychotic medication, and coercive psychiatry. Many of these advocacy groups were successful in the judiciary system. In 1975, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled in favour of the Mental Patient's Liberation Front of Rogers v. Okin, establishing the right of a patient to refuse treatment.

A 1975 award-winning film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, sent a message regarding the rights of those committed involuntarily. That same year, the U.S. Supreme Court restricted the rights of states to incarcerate someone who was not violent. This was followed up with a 1978 ruling further restricting states from confining anyone involuntarily for mental illness.

NAMI successfully lobbied to improve mental health services and gain equality of insurance coverage for mental illnesses. In 1996, the Mental Health Parity Act was enacted into law, realizing the mental health movement's goal of equal insurance coverage.

In 1955 for every 100,000 US citizens there was 340 psychiatric hospital beds. In 2005 that number had diminished to 17 per 100,000.

Reducing costs

As hospitalisation costs increased, both the federal and state governments were motivated to find less expensive alternatives to hospitalisation. The 1965 amendments to Social Security shifted about 50% of the mental health care costs from states to the federal government, motivating the government

to promote deinstitutionalisation.

The increase in homelessness was seen as related to deinstitutionalisation. Studies from the late 1980s indicated that one-third to one-half of homeless people had severe psychiatric disorders, often co-occurring with substance abuse.

A process of indirect cost-shifting may have led to a form of "re-institutionalisation" through the increased use of jail detention for those with mental disorders deemed unmanageable and noncompliant. When laws were enacted requiring communities to take more responsibility for mental health care, necessary funding was often absent, and jail became the default option, being cheaper than psychiatric care.

In summer 2009, author and columnist Heather Mac Donald stated in City Journal, "jails have become society's primary mental institutions, though few have the funding or expertise to carry out that role properly... at Rikers, 28 percent of the inmates require mental health services, a number that rises each year."

South America

Template:Expand section In several South American countries,

the total number of beds in asylum-type institutions has decreased, replaced by psychiatric inpatient units in general hospitals and other local settings.

See also

• Community mental health
• Community mental health services
• Deinstitutionalisation (orphanages and children's institutions)
• Discharge planning
• Habilitation
• Homelessness
• Homeless mentally ill
• Institutional release
• Institutional syndrome
• Involuntary commitment
• Mainstreaming
• Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
• Outpatient commitment
• Partial hospitalization
• Rehabilitation
• Right to treatment

Further reading

Books

• Ager, A., Emerson, E., Mansell, J., Beasley, F., McConkey, R., Lewis, D. R., et al. (1990). Community integration, adjustment, evaluation and costs. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
• E. Fuller Torrey(1997)Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis New York: John Wiley & Sons, .

Papers

• Evidence to the House of Commons Social Services Committee on community care, with special reference to the adult mentally ill and mentally handicapped. (1984).): Bulletin of the British Psychological Society Vol 37 Nov 1984, 378-380.
• Agostinelli, N. (1980). Mental health services in the Rome Italy metropolitan area: Lavoro Neuropsichiatrico Vol 67(3) Nov-Dec 1980, 339-358.
• Albee, G. W. (1977). Review of The new volunteerism: A community connection: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 22 (7), Jul, 1977.
• Albee, G. W. (1997). The Radicals Made Us Do It! Or Is Mental Health a Socialist Plot? : PsycCRITIQUES Vol 42 (10), Oct, 1997.
• Alisky, J. M., & Iczkowski, K. A. (1990). Barriers to housing for deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 41(1) Jan 1990, 93-95.
• Allen, D. (1989). The effects of deinstitutionalisation on people with mental handicaps: A review: Mental Handicap Research Vol 2(1) Jan 1989, 18-37.
• Altman, R. (1992). Diary of a Normalization Experiment: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 37 (11), Nov, 1992.
• Altschuler, D. M., & Brash, R. (2004). Adolescent and Teenage Offenders Confronting the Challenges and Opportunities of Reentry: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 72-87.
• Amaro Gonzalez, G. (1987). Deinstitutionalization, the sheltered rehabilitation center with boarding facilities and a family doctor: Revista del Hospital Psiquiatrico de La Habana Vol 28(3) Jul-Sep 1987, 455-465.
• Anderson, E. A., & Lynch, M. M. (1984). A family impact analysis: The deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Family Relations Vol 33(1) Jan 1984, 41-46.
• Anderson, R. L. (1981). Commentary: "An ethnographic study of deinstitutionalized adults: Their community settings and daily life experiences." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research Vol 1(2) Oct 1981, 143-146.
• Andreoli, A. (1988). An European look on American deinstitutionalization: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 64(10) Dec 1988, 1257-1278.
• Andreoli, A., Hess, L., & Garrone, G. (1986). After the sector: Beyond the sector? Places and time of hospitalization in psychiatry in a new conception of the sector: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 62(8) Oct 1986, 975-995.
• Andreoli, V. (1983). Looking toward the future of non-verbal communication as a psychiatric research tool: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 107(1, Suppl) Apr 1983, 244-249.
• Anthony, W. A., Cohen, M. R., & Cohen, B. F. (1983). Philosophy, treatment process, and principles of the psychiatric rehabilitation approach: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 67-79.
• Anyanwu, E. (1998). Cost-effective management of psychiatric and mental health disorders in the community relative to institutionalisation: International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health Vol 10(4) Oct-Dec 1998, 305-320.
• Appathurai, C., Lowery, G., & Sullivan, T. (1986). Achieving the vision of deinstitutionalization: A role for foster care? : Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal Vol 3(1) Spr 1986, 50-67.
• Appathurai, C., Lowery, G., & Sullivan, T. (1986). An expanded role for foster care? : Canada's Mental Health Vol 34(3) Sep 1986, 6-12.
• Arce, A. A., & Vergare, M. (1985). An overview of community residences as alternatives to hospitalization: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 8(3) Sep 1985, 423-436.
• Arvanites, T. M. (1986). Commitments for Incompetency to Stand Trial: An emerging functional equivalent to civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Arvanites, T. M. (1989). The differential impact of deinstitutionalization on White and Nonwhite defendants found incompetent to stand trial: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 17(3) 1989, 311-320.
• Ashaye, O., Adebisi, A., Newman, E., & Dhadphale, M. (1998). Resettlement and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) in the elderly: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 13(8) Aug 1998, 568-570.
• Assens, F., & Chauveau, M.-H. (1987). Incidence and institutional implications of suicidal behaviors in a psychiatric environment, in connection with a retrospective investigation: Psychologie Medicale Vol 19(5) Apr 1987, 699-701.
• Atkinson, D. (1985). The use of participant observation and respondent diaries in a study of ordinary living: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 31(60, Pt 1) Jan 1985, 33-40.
• Aubry, T., & Myner, J. (1996). Community integration and quality of life: A comparison of persons with psychiatric disabilities in housing programs and community residents who are neighbours: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health Vol 15(1) Spr 1996, 5-20.
• Avgoustidis, A. G. (2001). Cooperation of psychiatry and the church as a deinstitutionalization project: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 30(4) Win 2001-2002, 42-48.
• Axelsen, E., & Ronbeck, K. (1981). "From living in herd to living in group." Alternatives to hospitalization of young longterm patients: Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening Vol 18(5) May 1981, 249-256.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1983). New directions in deinstitutionalization planning: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 93-106.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1983). An overview of deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 5-14.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1984). Asylum and chronically ill psychiatric patients: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(8) Aug 1984, 975-978.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1984). Deinstitutionalization and women: Assessing the consequences of public policy: American Psychologist Vol 39(10) Oct 1984, 1171-1177.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1985). General hospital psychiatry and deinstitutionalization: A systems view: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 7(3) Jul 1985, 239-248.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1986). Deinstitutionalization: What do the numbers mean? : Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(2) Feb 1986, 118-119, 121.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1987). Asylum for chronic mental patients: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 35 Fal 1987, 5-12.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1987). The chronic mental patient with substance abuse problems: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 35 Fal 1987, 29-41.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1987). Continuity of care: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 35 Fal 1987, 63-73.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1987). Deinstitutionalization in the United States: Promises and prospects: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 35 Fal 1987, 75-90.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1987). An overview: Model programs for the schizophrenic patient: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 35 Fal 1987, 13-27.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1989). Deinstitutionalization: A semantic analysis: Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 161-171.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1990). AFTERWORD. Deinstitutionalization and the future: The past as prologue. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1992). What we know about homelessness among mentally ill persons: An analytical review and commentary: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(5) May 1992, 453-464.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1993). The biopsychosocial legacy of deinstitutionalization: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 44(6) Jun 1993, 523-524.
• Bachrach, L. L. (1994). Deinstitutionalization and service priorities in Canada and the United States. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Bachrach, L. L., & Lamb, H. R. (1989). Public psychiatry in an era of deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 42 Sum 1989, 9-25.
• Bachrach, L. L., & Lamb, H. R. (1989). What have we learned from deinstitutionalization? : Psychiatric Annals Vol 19(1) Jan 1989, 12-21.
• Baier, M. (1987). Case management with the chronically mentally ill: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 25(6) Jun 1987, 17-20.
• Bailey, J. S. (1981). Wanted: A rational search for the limiting conditions of habilitation in the retarded: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities Vol 1(1) 1981, 45-52.
• Bailey, N. M., & Cooper, S.-A. (1999). Community care for people with learning disabilities: Specialist learning disabilities health services following resettlement: British Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 27(2) 1999, 64-69.
• Baker, F., & Intagliata, J. (1982). Quality of life in the evaluation of community support systems: Evaluation and Program Planning Vol 5(1) 1982, 69-79.
• Baker, F., & Weiss, R. S. (1984). The nature of case manager support: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(9) Sep 1984, 925-928.
• Baker, P. A. (2007). Individual and service factors affecting deinstitutionalization and community use of people with intellectual disabilities: Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 20(2) Mar 2007, 105-109.
• Baloush-Kleinman, V., & Schneidman, M. (2003). System Flexibility in the Rehabilitation Process of Mentally Disabled Persons in a Hostel that Bridges Between the Hospital and the Community: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 40(4) 2003, 274-282.
• Bandeira, M. (1992). Deinstitutionalization: Are psychology professionals prepared? : Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa Vol 8(3) Sep-Dec 1992, 373-384.
• Bandeira, M., & Barroso, S. M. (2005). Family burden of psychiatric patients: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 54(1) Jan-Mar 2005, 34-46.
• Bandeira, M., & Leite Soares, N. (1996). Deinstitutionalization: Mental health workers' knowledge about the literature: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 45(3) Mar 1996, 159-165.
• Bandeira, M., Lesage, A., & Morissette, R. (1994). Deinstitutionalization: The importance of community support: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 43(12) Dec 1994, 659-666.
• Banks, S. M., Stone, J. L., Pandiani, J. A., Cox, J. F., & Morschauser, P. C. (2000). Utilization of local jails and general hospitals by state psychiatric center patients: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 27(4) Nov 2000, 454-459.
• Barbarin, O. (1981). Review of Open Employment After Illness: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 26 (10), Oct, 1981.
• Barbarin, O. A. (1983). Review of Treating the Long-Term Mentally Ill: Beyond Deinstitutionalization: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 28 (9), Sep, 1983.
• Barbarin, O. A. (1984). Review of Deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services, No. 17, March, 1983: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 29 (3), Mar, 1984.
• Barbarin, O. A. (1985). Review of Community Services to Discharged Psychiatric Patients: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 30 (12), Dec, 1985.
• Barbato, A. (1998). Psychiatry in transition: Outcomes of mental health policy shift in Italy: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 32(5) Oct 1998, 673-679.
• Barber, J. G., Cooper, B. K., & Owen, L. (1994). The short-term effects of relocation on the intellectually disabled: Research on Social Work Practice Vol 4(2) Apr 1994, 248-258.
• Barber, K., Barber, M., & Clark, H. B. (1983). Establishing a community-oriented group home and ensuring its survival: A case study of failure: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities Vol 3(2-3) 1983, 227-238.
• Barham, P., & Hayward, R. (1995). Relocating madness: From the mental patient to the person. London, England: Free Association Books.
• Barnes, G. E., & Toews, J. (1983). Deinstitutionalization of chronic mental patients in the Canadian context: Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 24(1) Jan 1983, 22-36.
• Baron, J. C. M., Gonzalez, F. T., Cuetos, M. L., Kustner, B. M., Trieman, N., & Rickard, C. (2001). Study of the residential facilities for a group of deinstitutionalized patients in Granada and Sevilla: Anales de Psiquiatria Vol 17(4) Apr 2001, 143-152.
• Barres, M. (1987). Sectorisation and overcapacity in France: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 33(2) Sum 1987, 140-143.
• Barry, N. J., & Mercer, J. A. (1983). Chronic patients' response to a community-based training program in independent living: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 57(1) Aug 1983, 126.
• Basaglia, F. O. (1985). Italy's aborted psychiatric reform: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 9-21.
• Bassuk, E. L., & Lamb, H. R. (1986). Homelessness and the implementation of deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 30 Jun 1986, 7-14.
• Battaglia, G. (1987). The expanding role of the nurse and the contracting role of the hospital in Italy: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 33(2) Sum 1987, 115-118.
• Beadle-Brown, J., & Forrester-Jones, R. (2003). Social impairment in the "Care in the Community" cohort: The effect of deinstitutionalization and changes over time in the community: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 24(1) Jan-Feb 2003, 33-43.
• Bean, P. T., & Mounser, P. (1989). Community care and the discharge of patients from mental hospitals: The Law, Medicine & Health Care Vol 17(2) Sum 1989, 166-173.
• Beange, H. (1987). Our clients' health: Their responsibility or ours? : Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 13(3) Sep 1987, 175-177.
• Bebout, R. R. (1988). The link between inpatient care and case management services: New Directions for Mental Health Services Vol 40 Win 1988, 53-56.
• Beckey, D. M. (1982). Normalization's theoretical status and future residential models: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 8(2) Jun 1982, 97-104.
• Begun, M. S. (1985). Crossroads: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 19-22.
• Belcher, J. R. (1987). Adult foster care: An alternative to homelessness for some chronically mentally ill persons: Adult Foster Care Journal Vol 1(4) Win 1987, 212-225.
• Belcher, J. R. (1987). Describing the process of homelessness among former state hospital patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Belcher, J. R. (1988). Are jails replacing the mental health system for the homeless mentally ill? : Community Mental Health Journal Vol 24(3) Fal 1988, 185-195.
• Belcher, J. R. (1988). Defining the service needs of homeless mentally ill persons: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(11) Nov 1988, 1203-1205.
• Belcher, J. R. (1988). Exploring the struggles of homeless mentally ill persons: A holistic approach to research: Case Analysis Vol 2(3) Fal 1988, 221-240.
• Belcher, J. R. (1988). The future role of state hospitals: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 19(2) Spr 1988, 79-83.
• Belcher, J. R. (1988). Rights versus needs of homeless mentally ill persons: Social Work Vol 33(5) Sep-Oct 1988, 398-402.
• Belcher, J. R. (1989). On becoming homeless: A study of chronically mentally ill persons: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 17(2) Apr 1989, 173-185.
• Belcher, J. R. (1991). Moving into homelessness after psychiatric hospitalization: Journal of Social Service Research Vol 14(3-4) 1991, 63-77.
• Belcher, J. R., & First, R. J. (1987). The homeless mentally ill: Barriers to effective service delivery: Journal of Applied Social Sciences Vol 12(1) Fal-Win 1987-1988, 62-78.
• Belcher, J. R., & Toomey, B. G. (1988). Relationship between the deinstitutionalization model, psychiatric disability, and homelessness: Health & Social Work Vol 13(2) Spr 1988, 145-153.
• Belcher, T. L. (1994). Movement to the community: Reduction of behavioral difficulties: Mental Retardation Vol 32(2) Apr 1994, 89-90.
• Belcher, T. L. (1995). Environmental changes affect sleep patterns: A case study: Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol 80(3, Pt 2) Jun 1995, 1089-1090.
• Bell, J. P. (1985). Mental health in the 80s: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 50-53.
• Bell, K. R., & Tallman, C. A. (1995). Community re-entry of long-term institutionalized brain-injured persons: Brain Injury Vol 9(3) Apr 1995, 315-320.
• Bemak, F. (1985). A pathway of principles, values and morality: Effective psychological practices in deinstitutionalizing chronic mental health clients: International Review of Applied Psychology Vol 34(3) Jul 1985, 391-406.
• Ben Ari, A., & et al. (1985). Attitudes of superintendents of institutions for the mentally retarded towards deinstitutionalization: A cross-cultural perspective: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research Vol 8(3) 1985, 303-312.
• Bennett, D., & Morris, I. (1982). Deinstitutionalization in the United Kingdom: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 5-23.
• Bennett, D. H. (1985). The changing pattern of mental health care in Trieste: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 70-92.
• Benson, P. R. (1994). Deinstitutionalization and family caretaking of the seriously mentally ill: The policy context: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 17(2) Spr 1994, 119-138.
• Berry, J. O. (1995). Families and deinstitutionalization: An application of Bronfenbrenner's social ecology model: Journal of Counseling & Development Vol 73(4) Mar-Apr 1995, 379-383.
• Berzon, P., & Lowenstein, B. (1984). A flexible model of case management: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 21 Mar 1984, 49-57.
• Bickel, R., & Forsyth-Stephens, A. (1983). Using case histories in an evaluation of community support programs: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 7(1) Jul 1983, 11-21.
• Bierer, J. (1963). Day hospitals and community care: Comprehensive Psychiatry 4(6) 1963, 381-386.
• Bigby, C. (2006). Shifting Models of Welfare: Issues in Relocation from an Institution and the Organization of Community Living: Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 3(3) Sep 2006, 147-154.
• Bigby, C., & Fyffe, C. (2006). Tensions between institutional closure and deinstitutionalisation: What can be learned from Victoria's institutional redevelopment? : Disability & Society Vol 21(6) Oct 2006, 567-581.
• Bigelow, D. A., Cutler, D. L., Moore, L. J., McComb, P., & et al. (1988). Characteristics of state hospital patients who are hard to place: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(2) Feb 1988, 181-185.
• Bigelow, D. A., McFarland, B. H., Gareau, M. J., & Young, D. J. (1991). Implementation and effectiveness of a bed reduction project: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 27(2) Apr 1991, 125-133.
• Bigelow, D. A., & Young, D. J. (1991). Effectiveness of a case management program: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 27(2) Apr 1991, 115-123.
• Black, B. L. (1983). The myth of deinstitutionalization: Interorganizational maintenance of the medical model in the community: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Blackwell, S. C., Dial, J. G., Chan, F., & McCollum, P. S. (1985). Discriminating functional levels of independent living: A neuropsychological evaluation of mentally retarded adults: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin Vol 29(1) Sep 1985, 42-52.
• Blake, R. (1985). Normalization and boarding homes: An examination of paradoxes: Social Work in Health Care Vol 11(2) Win 1985-1986, 75-86.
• Blake, R. (1987). Boarding home residents: New underclass in the mental health system: Health & Social Work Vol 12(2) Spr 1987, 85-90.
• Blake, R. (1987). The social environment of boarding homes: Adult Foster Care Journal Vol 1(1) Spr 1987, 42-55.
• Blank, M. B., & Eisenberg, M. M. (1996). Hospital closure and the creation of community settings: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 41 (2), Feb, 1996.
• Blatt, B. (1987). The community imperative and human values. Westport, CT: Ablex Publishing.
• Bleeker, J. A., de Reus, R., & Duurkoop, W. R. (1991). Deinstitutionalization and the infirm chronic psychiatric patient: Dementia Vol 2(4) Jul-Aug 1991, 222-224.
• Bleimaier, J. K. (1986). Legal aspects of transitional housing for recovering schizophrenics: Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol 1(2) 1986, 73-77.
• Bloom, J. D., Faulkner, L. R., Shore, J. H., & Rogers, J. L. (1983). The young adult chronic patient and the legal system: A systems analysis: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 19 Sep 1983, 37-50.
• Bloomer, J. S. (1986). An analysis of the current function of a state mental hospital: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Bock, W. H., & Joiner, L. M. (1982). From institution to community residence: Behavioral competencies for admission and discharge: Mental Retardation Vol 20(4) Aug 1982, 153-158.
• Bollini, P., & Mollica, R. F. (1989). Surviving without the asylum: An overview of the studies on the Italian reform movement: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 177(10) Oct 1989, 607-615.
• Bollini, P., Reich, M., & Muscettola, G. (1988). Revision of the Italian psychiatric reform: North/south differences and future strategies: Social Science & Medicine Vol 27(12) 1988, 1327-1335.
• Bonin, J.-P., Fournier, L., Blais, R., & Perreault, M. (2005). The use of services by persons who frequent resources for homeless people in Montreal and Quebec City, who suffer from concurrent mental health and drug related disorders: Drogues, sante et societe Vol 4(2) Dec 2005, 211-248.
• Booker, P. C. (1986). Social awareness of successfully and unsuccessfully placed mentally retarded adults in community based residences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Booth, T., Booth, W., & Simons, K. (1989). Clients and partners: The role of families in relocating people from mental handicap hospitals and hostels: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 35(68, Pt 1) Jan 1989, 40-49.
• Borus, J.F. (August 1981). Sounding Board. Deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill. New England Journal of Medicine 305 (6): 339–42.
• Bottomley, S. (1987). Mental health law reform and psychiatric deinstitutionalization: The issues in New South Wales: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 10(4) 1987, 369-382.
• Boucher, C., Morin, L., & Dubois, A. (1994). Deinstitutionalization of patients with severe mental retardation: Impact on the prescription of neuroleptics: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 39(2) Mar 1994, 108-112.
• Boudreault, P. (1990). Deinstitutionalization of individuals with mental disabilities and their perception of the quality of life: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 1(2) Dec 1990, 147-158.
• Bouricius, J. K. (1991). Community-based care in western Massachusetts: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 148(6) Jun 1991, 816-817.
• Braddock, D., & Heller, T. (1985). The closure of mental retardation institutions: I. Trends in the United States: Mental Retardation Vol 23(4) Aug 1985, 168-176.
• Braddock, D., & Heller, T. (1985). The closure of mental retardation institutions: II. Implications: Mental Retardation Vol 23(5) Oct 1985, 222-229.
• Bradley, J. R. (2005). The deinstitutionalization of children: An evaluation of the efficacy of wraparound services. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Bradshaw, J., & Carnaby, S. (2002). Comment: Talking normalization: The role of communication in integration: Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology Vol 12(4) Jul-Aug 2002, 298-302.
• Brahams, D., & Weller, M. P. (1986). Crime and homelessness among the mentally ill: Medico-Legal Journal Vol 54(1) 1986, 42-53.
• Bramesfeld, A., & Holler, G. (2004). The Impact of Social Welfare Policies on the Deinstitutionalisation of the Mentally Ill in Germany: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 31(8) Nov 2004, 387-394.
• Brasic, J. R., Kisnad, H. V., Leven, L. I., Nettleton, J. W., Arzola, J. L., & Zhou, Y. (2002). Quality assurance of the community placement of institutional residents: German Journal of Psychiatry Vol 5(4) 2002, 95-114.
• Bratt, A., & Johnston, R. (1988). Changes in life style for young adults with profound handicaps following discharge from hospital care into a "second generation" housing project: Mental Handicap Research Vol 1(1) Jan 1988, 49-74.
• Bredenberg, K. (1983). Residential integration of mentally able and elderly mentally ill patient: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(2-3) Sum-Fal 1983, 192-205.
• Brewer, A. (1986). Community living in New Brunswick... a beginning: Entourage Vol 1(2) Spr 1986, 6-11.
• Breyer, P. R., & Malafronte, D. (1982). Promoting community involvement in deinstitutionalization planning: The experience in one community: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(8) Aug 1982, 654-657.
• Brill, N. Q. (1985). Deinstitutionalization and the rights of society: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 54-59.
• Bromley, B. E. (2003). Free at Last: One Family's Journey of Deinstitutionalization: Journal of Child and Family Studies Vol 12(2) Jun 2003, 125-134.
• Brook, S. L., & Bowler, D. M. (1995). Community adjustment of mobile people with learning difficulties after total hospital closure: A preliminary report: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 39(3) Jun 1995, 177-185.
• Brooks, A. D. (1993). Twenty years of mental health law: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 21(2) Nov 1993, 87-90.
• Browder, D. M., & Schoen, S. F. (1989). Community-referenced activities: Implications for establishing stimulus control: Mental Retardation Vol 27(5) Oct 1989, 331-338.
• Brown, C., & Ringma, C. (1989). New disability services: The critical role of staff in a consumer-directed empowerment model of service for physically disabled people: Disability, Handicap & Society Vol 4(3) 1989, 241-257.
• Brown, K., & Heidelberg, S. (1985). For better or for worse: Intermarriage in the young adult, chronic patient population: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 23(3) Mar 1985, 18-23.
• Brown, P. (1982). Approaches to evaluating the outcome of deinstitutionalization: A reply to Christenfeld: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(3) Jul 1982, 276-281.
• Brown, P. (1982). Public policy failure in deinstitutionalization: A response to critics: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(1) Jan 1982, 90-94.
• Browning, P., Thorin, E., & Rhoades, C. (1984). A national profile of self-help/self-advocacy groups of people with mental retardation: Mental Retardation Vol 22(5) Oct 1984, 226-230.
• Bruffaerts, R., Sabbe, M., & Demyttenaere, K. (2005). Predicting community tenure in patients with recurrent utilization of a psychiatric emergency service: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 27(4) Jul-Aug 2005, 269-274.
• Bruininks, R. H., Hill, B. K., & Thorsheim, M. J. (1982). Deinstitutionalization and foster care for mentally retarded people: Health & Social Work Vol 7(3) Aug 1982, 198-205.
• Buell, M. K. (1996). Deinstitutionalization of persons with developmental disabilities: Normalization and service delivery re-evaluated. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Buell, M. K. (2003). Integration as acculturation: developmental disability, deinstitutionalization, and service delivery implications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Buell, M. K., & Minnes, P. M. (1994). An acculturation perspective on deinstitutionalization and service delivery: Journal on Developmental Disabilities Vol 3(2) Nov 1994, 94-107.
• Burchard, D., von Rotel, M., Stolarz, H., & Winter, H.-P. (1983). A new concept in institutional care illustrated by a project: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie Vol 16(1) Jan-Feb 1983, 7-17.
• Burchard, J. D., & Harrington, W. A. (1985). Deinstitutionalization: Programmed transition from the institution to the community: Child & Family Behavior Therapy Vol 7(4) Win 1985-1986, 17-32.
• Burkhard, J. S., & Goldman, R. (1982). The right to be retarded: Milieu Therapy Vol 2(1) Win 1982, 38-44.
• Burnham, J. C. (2006). A clinical alternative to the public health approach to mental illness: A forgotten social experiment: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Vol 49(2) Spr 2006, 220-237.
• Burns, P.-A. (1981). The evoluation of mental health policy and treatment in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: The psychological and sociological effects of deinstitutionalization and impact on the Pine Street Inn: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Burti, L. (1997). Do we still need mental hospitals? : Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 6(1,MonoSuppl) Jan-Apr 1997, 29-48.
• Burti, L. (2006). Influencing policy in Italy. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Burti, L., Garzotto, N., Siciliani, O., Zimmermann-Tansela, C., & et al. (1986). South Verona's psychiatric service: An integrated system of community care: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(8) Aug 1986, 809-813.
• Butkus, S. J. (1987). Deinstitutionalization: Outcomes for severely and profoundly retarded persons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Butterfield, E. C. (1977). Institutionalization and its alternatives for mentally retarded people in the United States: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 6(1) Spr 1977, 21-34.
• Byalin, K., Jed, J., & Lehmann, S. (1985). Designing and evaluating intervention strategies for deinstitutionalized mental patients: International Review of Applied Psychology Vol 34(3) Jul 1985, 381-390.
• Cahn, R. (1983). Halfway houses: Panorama and balance sheet: Psychiatrie de l'Enfant Vol 26(1) 1983, 257-298.
• Calapai, P. (1990). Adaptive behaviors of developmentally disabled adults living in community residences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Calore, P. (1985). An approach to the formation of psychiatric workers: Some food for thought: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 23(3) 1985, 80-82.
• Cameron, R. W., Yurkiw, D. K., & Little, B. D. (1985). Self-funded group home for former long-term residents of a mental health facility: Canada's Mental Health Vol 33(3) Sep 1985, 32-33.
• Campanella, M., & et al. (1983). A study on chronic patients in hospital psychiatric services: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 107(1) Feb 1983, 151-168.
• Campbell, V. A., & Bailey, C. J. (1984). Comparison of methods for classifying community residential settings for mentally retarded individuals: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 89(1) Jul 1984, 44-49.
• Camras, L. A., Perlman, S. B., Fries, A. B. W., & Pollak, S. D. (2006). Post-institutionalized Chinese and Eastern European children: Heterogeneity in the development of emotion understanding: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 30(3) May 2006, 193-199.
• Cancrini, L., & Costantini, D. (1986). Comments about the systemic intervention as defined in the context of the current psychiatric law: Remarks on a current Italian experience: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 110(4) Aug 1986, 635-653.
• Capie, A. (2007). Review of Deinstitutionalization and people with disabilities: In and out of institutions: Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 4(1) Mar 2007, 74-75.
• Card, J. A., Beck, T., & Jackson, L. (1986). Learning to do more than pass the time: Aging No 352 1986, 14-17.
• Carelli, L. C. (1998). Sexual socialization and stigma among deinstitutionalized and noninstitutionalized individuals labeled mildly mentally retarded. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Carling, P. J., Miller, S., Daniels, L., & Randolph, F. L. (1987). A state mental health system with no state hospital: The Vermont feasibility study: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(6) Jun 1987, 617-623.
• Carrera, R. L. (1983). Aftercare services for the severely and chronically mentally ill in Los Angeles County: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Carrino, L. (1985). Changing psychiatry: Aspects of the Italian experience: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 105-124.
• Carter, J. H. (1986). Deinstitutionalization of Black patients: An apocalypse now: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(1) Jan 1986, 78-79.
• Carver, G. F. (1986). Variables affecting deinstitutionalization in Arkansas: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cassano, G. B., Mauri, M., & Petracca, A. (1985). The current status of psychiatric care in Italy: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 174-183.
• Cassidy, N., Ash, B., Coombs, D., & Bubb, P. (1986). "So then we will be outsiders": One resettlement team's experience of assessing and preparing people with mental handicap for life in the community: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 49(4) Apr 1986, 103-106.
• Castro, B., Florentin, T., & Skurnik, N. (1995). Socio-dependent psychosis: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 153(6) Jun-Jul 1995, 426-432.
• Catinari, S., Vass, A., Ermilov, M., & Heresco-Levy, U. (2005). Pfropfschizophrenia in the age of deinstitutionalization: Whose problem? : Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 46(3) May-Jun 2005, 200-205.
• Causby, V. D., & York, R. O. (1990). Social support and the success of deinstitutionalization: Journal of Applied Social Sciences Vol 14(2) Spr-Sum 1990, 197-219.
• Causby, V. D., & York, R. O. (1991). Predictors of success in community placement of persons with mental retardation: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 37(1)[72] Jan 1991, 25-34.
• Chafetz, L., Goldman, H. H., & Taube, C. (1982). Deinstitutionalization in the United States: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 48-63.
• Chaiklin, H. (2006). Review of Mental Health at the Crossroads: The Promise of the Psychosocial Approach: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 194(12) Dec 2006, 979-980.
• Challis, D. J., & Shepherd, R. (1983). An assessment of the potential for community living of mentally handicapped patients in hospital: British Journal of Social Work Vol 13(5) Oct 1983, 501-520.
• Chambers, L., Forchuk, C., Munroe-Blum, H., Woodcox, V., & et al. (1988). The development of guidelines to promote a therapeutic environment in lodging homes: Canada's Mental Health Vol 36(4) Dec 1988, 14-18.
• Chan, G. W. L., Ungvari, G. S., & Leung, J. P. (2001). Residential services for psychiatric patients in Hong Kong: Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry Vol 11(3) Sep 2001, 13-17.
• Chan, G. W. L., Ungvari, G. S., Shek, D. T. L., & Leung, J. J. P. (2003). Hospital and community-based care for patients with chronic schizophrenia in Hong Kong Quality of life and its correlates: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 38(4) Apr 2003, 196-203.
• Chan, G. W. L., Ungvari, G. S., Shek, D. T. L., & Leung, J. P. (2003). Impact of Deinstitutionalisation on the Quality of Life of Chinese Patients with Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Pilot Study: Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry Vol 13(4) Dec 2003, 2-5.
• Chandler, D., Spicer, G., Wagner, M., & Hargreaves, W. (1999). Cost-effectiveness of a capitated assertive community treatment program: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 22(4) Spr 1999, 327-336.
• Chase, K., & Hendryx, M. (1989). A continuum of care from hospital to community: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 16(4) Sum 1989, 227-238.
• Checinski, K., & Goddard, K. (1990). The evaluation of mental health care systems: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 156 Jan 1990, 129-130.
• Cherasia, M. E. (1985). A survey of current and former clients of the Idaho State School and Hospital on selected variables: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Chesters, J. (2005). Deinstitutionalisation: An unrealised desire: Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 272-282.
• Chovil, I. (2005). Reflections on Schizophrenia, Learned Helplessness/Dependence, and Recovery: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 29(1) Sum 2005, 69-71.
• Christenfeld, R. (1982). Deinstitutionalization and its critics: A commentary on Brown: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(2) Apr 1982, 176-180.
• Christenfeld, R., Toro, P. A., Brey, M., & Haveliwala, Y. A. (1985). Effects of community placement on chronic mental patients: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 13(2) Apr 1985, 125-138.
• Chung, D. K. (1982). A pilot study of a volunteer intervention model in helping chronically mentally-disabled patients adjust to community placement: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ciappi, F., de Pascalis, A., Lorenzetti, M. P., & Orlando, C. (1985). Psychiatric practice in Umbria: Research and transformation processes in the light of juridical-prescriptive events: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 121-126.
• Civenti, G., Milan, L., & Nobili, N. (1985). The apartment community of the town of Rho: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 109(6) Dec 1985, 1393-1397.
• Clapton, J. (2006). Review of Deinstitutionalization and People with Intellectual Disabilities: In and Out of Institutions: British Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 34(2) Jun 2006, 126-127.
• Clees, T. J. (1996). Supported living and collaborative transition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
• Climo, L. H. (1983). Helping some state hospital mental patients make small but necessary changes: Transference openings from countertransference traps: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 19(2) Sum 1983, 129-136.
• Coates, P. (1987). "Is it functional?" A question for music therapists who work with the institutionalized mentally retarded: Journal of Music Therapy Vol 24(3) Fal 1987, 170-175.
• Coates, R. B. (1981). Community-based services for juvenile delinquents: Concept and implications for practice: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 87-101.
• Cobb, A. (1989). Women's needs. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• Cocconcelli, C. (1987). Acute psychoses in the Diagnostic and Treatment Service and the district: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 111(4) Aug 1987, 789-792.
• Cohen, C. I., & Berger, D. (1982). The use of a single room occupancy hotel as an aftercare facility: A 10-year assessment: Journal of Urban Psychiatry Vol 2(1) 1982, 11-15.
• Cohen, N. L. (1999). Mental health services in New York City: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 28(4) Win 1999-2000, 48-53.
• Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1996). New ways to approach manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and to reduce caregiver burden: International Psychogeriatrics Vol 8(Suppl 1) 1996, 91-94.
• Cole, R. F. (1988). The efficacy of managerial and organizational alternatives for community based mental health and retardation service systems in forty Massachusetts catchment areas: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Colombatto, J. J., & et al. (1982). Perspectives on deinstitutionalization: A survey of the members of the National Association of Superintendents of Public Residential Facilities for the Mentally Retarded: Education & Training of the Mentally Retarded Vol 17(1) Feb 1982, 6-11.
• Conklin, J. J. (1985). Homelessness and de-institutionalization: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 12(1) Mar 1985, 41-61.
• Conklin, J. J. (1986). Therapy for deinstitutionalized patients: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 10(1) Jul 1986, 49-56.
• Conroy, J., Efthimiou, J., & Lemanowicz, J. (1982). A matched comparison of the developmental growth of institutionalized and deinstitutionalized mentally retarded clients: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 86(6) May 1982, 581-587.
• Conway, A., & Mills, G. S. (1982). Training to survive the transition: An issue of conflicting values: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 13(3) Sum 1982, 115-118.
• Cook, T. M. (1987). Homeward Bound court strikes blow to state-supported segregated services for disabled persons: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(5) Sep-Oct 1987, 358-360.
• Cooper, B., & Picton, C. (2000). The long-term effects of relocation on people with an intellectual disability: Quality of life, behavior, and environment: Research on Social Work Practice Vol 10(2) Mar 2000, 195-208.
• Corbett, J. (1989). The quality of life in the "independence" curriculum: Disability, Handicap & Society Vol 4(2) 1989, 145-163.
• Cotton, P. G. (1983). Psychiatric care of the deinstitutionalized patient: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 55-66.
• Coucouvanis, K., Polister, B., Prouty, R., & Lakin, K. C. (2003). Continuing reduction in populations of large state residential facilities for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Mental Retardation Vol 41(1) Feb 2003, 67-70.
• Coulton, C. J., Holland, T. P., & Fitch, V. (1984). Person-environment congruence as a predictor of early rehospitalization from community care homes: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 8(2) Oct 1984, 24-37.
• Cox, A. J. (1991). Deinstitutionalization and the community mental health movement. New York, NY, England: Praeger Publishers.
• Craig, E. M. (1980). An Evaluative Study of Deinstitutionalization: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 25 (5), May, 1980.
• Craig, T., & Timms, P. W. (1992). Out of the wards and onto the streets? Deinstitutionalization and homelessness in Britain: Journal of Mental Health Vol 1(3) Sep 1992, 265-275.
• Craig, T. J., Goodman, A. B., Siegel, C., & Wanderling, J. (1984). The dynamics of hospitalization in a defined population during deinstitutionalization: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(6) Jun 1984, 782-785.
• Craig, T. J., & Laska, E. M. (1983). Deinstitutionalization and the survival of the state hospital: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(7) Jul 1983, 616-622.
• Crosby, C. (1993). Health Services Research Unit (HSRU) University College of North Wales: Evaluation of the strategy for mental illness services in North Wales: Journal of Mental Health Vol 2(1) Mar 1993, 85-88.
• Cullen, C., Whoriskey, M., Mackenzie, K., Mitchell, W., & et al. (1995). The effects of deinstitutionalization on adults with learning disabilities: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 39(6) Dec 1995, 484-494.
• Cummins, R. A., & Dunt, D. (1988). Evaluation of a de-institutionalization program in Australia: The St. Nicholas project: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research Vol 11(4) 1988, 395-396.
• Cummins, R. A., & Dunt, D. R. (1990). The deinstitutionalization of St. Nicholas Hospital: II. Lifestyle, community contact and family attitudes: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 16(1) 1990, 19-32.
• Cummins, R. A., Polzin, U., & Theobald, T. (1990). The deinstitutionalization of St Nicholas Hospital: III. Four-year follow-up of life-skill development: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 16(3) 1990, 219-232.
• Cummins, R. A., Polzin, U., & Theobald, T. (1990). Deinstitutionalization of St Nicholas Hospital: IV. A four-year follow-up of resident life-style: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 16(4) 1990, 305-321.
• Curlee, M., Connery, J., & Soltys, S. M. (2001). Towards local care: A statewide model for deinstitutionalization and psychosocial rehabilitation: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills Vol 5(2) Fal 2001, 357-373.
• D'Avanzo, B., Barbato, A., Barbui, C., Battino, R. N., Civenti, G., & Frattura, L. (2003). Discharges of patients from public psychiatric hospitals in Italy between 1994 and 2000: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 49(1) Mar 2003, 27-34.
• Davidson, L., Hoge, M. A., Godleski, L., Rakfeldt, J., & et al. (1996). Hospital or community living? Examining consumer perspectives on deinstitutionalization: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 19(3) Jan 1996, 49-58.
• Davies, S., Payne, S., & Jenkins, J. (1996). Waiting for rehab? : Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 20(2) Feb 1996, 75-77.
• Davis, A. W. (1987). Supervising placements of psychiatric patients in family settings: A Bowen Family Systems approach: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic Vol 51(4) Jul 1987, 361-372.
• Davis, E. B., Egri, G., & Caton, C. L. (1984). Outcomes of care systems for chronic patients: Journal of the National Medical Association Vol 76(1) Jan 1984, 67-73.
• Davis, S. (1992). Assessing the "criminalization" of the mentally ill in Canada: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 37(8) Oct 1992, 532-538.
• Deinstitutionalization of Persons with Developmental Disabilities: A Technical Assistance Report for Legislators. National Conference of State Legislatures.
• Day, K. A. (1993). Mental health services for people with mental retardation: A framework for the future: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 37(Suppl 1) Oct 1993, 7-16.
• Dayson, D. (1993). The TAPS project: XII. Crime, vagrancy, death and readmission of the long-term mentally ill during their first year of local reprovision: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(Suppl 19) Apr 1993, 40-44.
• de Figueiredo, V. V., & Rodrigues, M. M. P. (2004). Practices in psychology at the centers for psychosocial attendance in the Espirito Santo State: Psicologia em Estudo Vol 9(2) May-Aug 2004, 173-181.
• de Girolamo, G. (1985). "Understanding the Italian experience": Comment: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 147 Oct 1985, 451-452.
• de Girolamo, G. (2001). The Italian PROGRES project on non-hospital residential facilities: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 10(4) Oct-Dec 2001, 260-275.
• de Salvia, D., & Barbato, A. (1993). Recent trends in mental health services in Italy: An analysis of national and local data: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 38(3) Apr 1993, 195-202.
• de Silva, R. M., & Higenbottam, J. A. (1983). Intellectual functioning and community placement: Canada's Mental Health Vol 31(4) Dec 1983, 12-13.
• de Souza, V. B. N., da Silva Junior, F. P., de Barros Silva, G., Campelo, A. F., Guedes, A. R. A., de Carvalho, M. M. D., et al. (2003). Comparison of social behavior of schizophrenic patients living in the community and using typical and atypical antipsychotics: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 52(4) Jul-Aug 2003, 267-273.
• Deas-Nesmith, D., & McLeod-Bryant, S. (1992). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization and its cultural insensitivity: Consequences and recommendations for the future: Journal of the National Medical Association Vol 84(12) Dec 1992, 1036-1040.
• Deb, P., & Holmes, A. M. (1998). The formal mental health care burden among recently deinstitutionalized patients: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 25(3) Sum 1998, 346-356.
• Deiker, T. (1986). How to ensure that the money follows the patient: A strategy for funding community services: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(3) Mar 1986, 256-260.
• Del Giudice, G., Evaristo, P., & Reale, M. (1988). How can mental hospitals be phased out? Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• del Pistoia, L., Canova, L., & Cipriani, G. (1988). Beyond institutional treatment: The absent institution: Signs, traces, symbols: L'Evolution Psychiatrique Vol 53(3) Jul-Sep 1988, 627-637.
• DeLeon, P. H. (1982). Commentary on Brown's "Social implications of deinstitutionalization." Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(1) Jan 1982, 84-87.
• Dell'Acqua, G., & Cogliati Dezza, M. G. (1985). The end of the mental hospital: A review of the psychiatric experience in Trieste: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 45-69.
• DeLong, L. A., & Boyer, M. (1991). Bringing them home: Community supports for the medically fragile child: Journal of Child & Youth Care Vol 6(1) 1991, 37-42.
• Dencker, K., & Gottfries, C.-G. (1991). The closure of a major psychiatric hospital: Characterization of the long-term population over one year at an early stage of deinstitutionalization: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 26(4) Aug 1991, 162-167.
• Dencker, S. J., & Dencker, K. (1994). Does community care reduce the need for psychiatric beds for schizophrenic patients? : Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 89(382, Suppl) 1994, 74-79.
• Denoff, M. S. (1982). Social competence and the supportive network of deinstitutionalized mental patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Denton, P. L. (1982). Teaching interpersonal skills with videotape: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 2(4) Win 1982, 17-34.
• Depp, F. C., Dawkins, J. E., Selzer, N. E., Briggs, C., & et al. (1986). Subsidized housing for the mentally ill: Social Work Research & Abstracts Vol 22(2) Sum 1986, 3-7.
• Depp, F. C., Scarpelli, A. E., & Apostoles, F. E. (1983). Making cooperative living work for psychiatric outpatients: Health & Social Work Vol 8(4) Fal 1983, 271-282.
• DeRisi, W., & Vega, W. A. (1983). The impact of deinstitutionalization on California's state hospital population: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Feb 1983, 140-145.
• Desmond, W. T. (1984). The social networks of deinstitutionalized mental patients as determinants of aftercare utilization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Devlin, J. C. (1990). Deinstitutionalization: An evaluation of the consequences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dew, A. (2006). Review of Deinstitutionalization and People with Intellectual Disabilities: In and Out of Institutions: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 31(3) Sep 2006, 194.
• DeWeaver, K. L. (1983). Deinstitutionalization of the developmentally disabled: Social Work Vol 28(6) Nov-Dec 1983, 435-439.
• Dewees, M., Pulice, R. T., & McCormick, L. L. (1996). Community integration of former state hospital patients: Outcomes of a policy shift in Vermont: Psychiatric Services Vol 47(10) Oct 1996, 1088-1092.
• Dewees, M. P. (1995). Assessing client outcomes during regionalization: Deinstitutionalization in Vermont. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• di Marco, G., & Drigo, M. L. (1986). Statement of principles of Law 180: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 24(2) 1986, 97-106.
• Diamond, R. (1987). Community treatment in Madison, Wisconsin: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 3(2) Oct 1987, 99-106.
• Diatkine, R., Avram, C., & Girard, S. (1982). Psychotherapy in evening units: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 58(9) Nov 1982, 1145-1156.
• Diaz del Rio, J. P. (1986). Evaluation of a rehabilitation process in twenty institutionalized psychotic patients: Their community reimplacement and follow up during six years: Revista Chilena de Neuropsiquiatria Vol 24(1) Jan-Mar 1986, 33-39.
• Dickstein, D., Hanig, D., & Grosskopf, B. (1988). Reducing treatment costs in a community support program: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(10) Oct 1988, 1033-1035.
• DiGregorio, J. M. (1984). A psychological investigation of deinstitutionalization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• DiRoberts, M. A. (1985). "After deinstitutionalization, what?": Commentary: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 18(1) 1985, 57-62.
• Dittmer, J. J. (1983). Client perceptions of problems: A study of community needs of chronically ill hospitalized psychiatric populations: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dixon, L., & Goldman, H. (2004). Forty Years of Progress in Community Mental Health: The Role of Evidence-Based Practices: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 31(5) May 2004, 381-392.
• Dockrell, J. E., Gaskell, G. D., Normand, C., & Rehman, H. (1995). An economic analysis of the resettlement of people with mild learning disabilities and challenging behaviour: Social Science & Medicine Vol 40(7) Apr 1995, 895-901.
• Doessel, D., Scheurer, R. W., Chant, D. C., & Whiteford, H. A. (2005). Australia's national mental health strategy and deinstitutionalization: some empirical results: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 39(11-12) Nov 2005, 989-994.
• Donnelly, M., McGilloway, S., Mays, N., Perry, S., & Lavery, C. (1997). A 3- to 6-year follow-up of former long-stay psychiatric patients in Northern Ireland: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 32(8) Nov 1997, 451-458.
• Doolin, J. (1986). Planning for the special needs of the homeless elderly: The Gerontologist Vol 26(3) Jun 1986, 229-231.
• Dopkeen, L. S. (1987). Breaking loose: Meaning in transition in a community-care facility: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dorwart, R. A. (1988). A ten-year follow-up study of the effects of deinstitutionalization: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(3) Mar 1988, 287-291.
• Dowdall, G. W. (1999). Mental hospitals and deinstitutionalization. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Drainoni, M.-L., Strickler, G., & Omans, J. (1995). Redeployment of staff from state institutions: Issues for state health policymakers: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 22(5) May 1995, 553-562.
• Drinan, R. F. (1983). Who will fend for the chronically mentally ill in the community? : Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(2-3) Sum-Fal 1983, 208-214.
• Dripps, B. J. (1987). The Community Placement Scale: A short form of the Community Competence Scale for placement of deinstitutionalized mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Drury, L. J. (2003). Community care for people who are homeless and mentally ill: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Vol 14(2) May 2003, 194-207.
• Ducci, E., & Marchio, R. (1984). The treatment methodology within a group of long-term institutionalized chronic psychotic patients: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 108(4) Aug 1984, 1510-1519.
• Dulac, G., Mongeon, M., & Tempier, R. (1988). Survey and hypotheses about promoting the mental health of persons with a history of psychiatric illness: Canada's Mental Health Vol 36(4) Dec 1988, 10-13.
• Dumont, J. M. (1993). Community living and psychiatric hospitalization from a consumer/survivor perspective: A causal concept mapping approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dunt, D. R., & Cummins, R. A. (1990). The deinstitutionalization of St. Nicholas Hospital: I. Adaptive behaviours and physical health: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 16(1) 1990, 5-17.
• Durbin, J., Goering, P., Streiner, D. L., & Pink, G. (2006). Does systems integration affect continuity of mental health care? : Adminstration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Vol 33(6) Nov 2006, 705-717.
• Durham, M. L. (1989). The impact of deinstitutionalization on the current treatment of the mentally ill: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 12(2-3) 1989, 117-131.
• Eastwood, E. A., & Fisher, G. A. (1988). Skills acquisition among matched samples of institutionalized and community-based persons with mental retardation: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 93(1) Jul 1988, 75-83.
• Echternacht, M. R. (1984). Day treatment transition groups: Helping outpatients stay out: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 22(10) Oct 1984, 11-16.
• Edelstein, E. B. (1981). Measures to predict independent functioning of a retarded adult population in a residential and work setting: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Edwards, J. B. (1991). A comparison of case management and collaborative discharge planning: Transition to the community and treatment outcome of psychiatrically hospitalized adult patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Eldredge, N., & Carrigan, J. (1992). Where do my kindred dwell? Using art and storytelling to understand the transition of young Indian men who are deaf: The Arts in Psychotherapy Vol 19(1) 1992, 29-38.
• Elks, M. A., & West, R. (1982). Attitudes to mildly retarded people and community living: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 8(1) Mar 1982, 33-41.
• Elligett, T. (1988). The New South Wales Richmond programme of deinstitutionalisation and the voluntary sector: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 4(1) Jun 1988, 13-20.
• Ellis, J. S. (1990). Adaptive skill domain scores as predictors of placement outcome for citizens of Mississippi with mental retardation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ellis, N. R., & et al. (1981). Common sense in the habilitation of mentally retarded persons: A reply to Menolascino and McGee: Mental Retardation Vol 19(5) Oct 1981, 221-225.
• Ely, P. W. (1993). Quality of life and social integration of psychiatrically disabled citizens in community residences: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Emerson, E. (2004). Deinstitutionalisation in England: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 29(1) Mar 2004, 79-84.
• Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (1996). Deistitutionalization in the UK and Ireland: Outcomes for service users: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 21(1) 1996, 17-37.
• Emerson, E. B. (1985). Evaluating the impact of deinstitutionalization on the lives of mentally retarded people: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 90(3) Nov 1985, 277-288.
• Emmert, N. W., & Schoech, D. (1991). Effectiveness of a computer-based placement decision support system: Residential Treatment for Children & Youth Vol 9(1) 1991, 61-73.
• Endy, W. J. (1993). An examination of the characteristics of seriously mentally ill consumers who have exhibited high and low utilization of case management services: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Erb, M., Hodgins, S., Freese, R., Muller-Isberner, R., & Jockel, D. (2001). Homicide and schizophrenia: Maybe treatment does have a preventive effect: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 11(1) 2001, 6-26.
• Erdeich, M. (1981). Psychotherapeutic journeys with schizophrenic patients living in the community: Dynamische Psychiatrie Vol 14(4-5) 1981, 233-249.
• Ernst, K., & Ernst, C. (1986). Italian psychiatry: An overview of Lombardy (Northern Italy): Nervenarzt Vol 57(9) Sep 1986, 494-501.
• Estroff, S. E. (1981). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization: A sociocultural analysis: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 116-132.
• Evans, G., Todd, S., Blunden, R., Porterfield, J., & et al. (1987). Evaluating the impact of a move to ordinary housing: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 33(1, No 64) Jan 1987, 10-18.
• Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Gandhi, N., Lamont, A., & Harrison-Read, P. (1997). Importance of local differences in comparing hospital and community psychiatric services: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 6(1,MonoSuppl) Jan-Apr 1997, 137-144.
• Fabricant, M. (1986). Creating survival services: Administration in Social Work Vol 10(3) Fal 1986, 71-84.
• Fabris, E. (2007). Re: Community treatment orders: An essential therapeutic tool in the face of continuing deinstitutionalization: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 52(8) Aug 2007, 542.
• Fakhoury, W., & Priebe, S. (2002). The process of deinstitutionalization: An international overview: Current Opinion in Psychiatry Vol 15(2) Mar 2002, 187-192.
• Farina, A., Fisher, J. D., & Fischer, E. H. (1992). Societal factors in the problems faced by deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Farkas, M. (1982). Training the mental health staff of a state psychiatric hospital in rehabilitation skills: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 5(1) Jan 1982, 23-28.
• Farkas, M., Anthony, W., & Dansereau, J. (1989). Rehabilitation: An idea that has just now matured? : Psychiatrie Francaise Vol 20(6) Dec 1989, 49-63.
• Farkas, M. D. (1981). The effects of training psychiatric staff in human relations and programming skills: Developing a rehabilitation model for chronic patients during deinstitutionalization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Farkas, M. D., Rogers, E. S., & Thurer, S. (1987). Rehabilitation outcome of long-term hospital patients left behind by deinstitutionalization: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(8) Aug 1987, 864-870.
• Farr, R. K. (1985). A programmatic view of the homeless mentally ill in Los Angeles County: International Journal of Family Psychiatry Vol 6(2) 1985, 129-148.
• Farragher, B., Carey, T., & Owens, J. (1996). Long-term follow-up of rehabilitated patients with chronic psychiatric illness in Ireland: Psychiatric Services Vol 47(10) Oct 1996, 1120-1122.
• Fazzi, R. A. (1982). Establishing community residences: A study of factors related to the successful establishment of group residences for the mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fehl, M. M. (1986). Variables related to community placement failure of mentally retarded persons in the Commonwealth of Virginia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Feinstein, C. (1986). The Pennhurst Longitudinal Study: A solid case for community living: Entourage Vol 1(2) Spr 1986, 13-19.
• Felce, D. (1988). Evaluating the extent of community integration following the provision of staffed residential alternatives to institutional care: Irish Journal of Psychology Vol 9(2) 1988, 346-360.
• Felce, D. (1999). The Gerry Simon Lecture, 1998: Enhancing the quality of life of people receiving residential support: British Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 27(1) 1999, 4-9.
• Felce, D., de Kock, U., & Repp, A. C. (1986). An eco-behavioral analysis of small community-based houses and traditional large hospitals for severely and profoundly mentally handicapped adults: Applied Research in Mental Retardation Vol 7(4) 1986, 393-408.
• Felce, D., & Emerson, E. (2005). Community Living: Costs, Outcomes, and Economies of Scale: Findings from U.K. Research. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
• Felce, D., & et al. (1985). An ecological comparison of small community-based houses and traditional institutions: II. Physical setting and the use of opportunities: Behaviour Research and Therapy Vol 23(3) 1985, 337-348.
• Feldman, S. (1985). Out of the hospital, onto the streets: The overselling of benevolence: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 34-38.
• Feldman, S. (2003). Reflections on the 40th anniversary of the US Community Mental Health Centers Act: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 37(6) Dec 2003, 662-667.
• Felton, B. J., & Shinn, M. (1981). Ideology and practice of deinstitutionalization: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 158-172.
• Finch, E. S. (1985). Deinstitutionalization: Mental health and mental retardation services: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 8(3) Jan 1985, 36-48.
• Fine, M. A., Tangeman, P. J., & Woodard, J. (1990). Changes in adaptive behavior of older adults with mental retardation following deinstitutionalization: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 94(6) May 1990, 661-668.
• Finlayson, R., & et al. (1983). Chronic psychiatric patients in the community: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 28(8) Dec 1983, 635-639.
• Fiorio, R., & et al. (1984). On the heavy inheritance of the old psychiatric services: A research carried out on a sample of long-term hospitalized patients: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 108(4) Aug 1984, 1420-1437.
• Firth, H., & Short, D. (1987). A move from hospital to community: Evaluation of community contacts: Child: Care, Health and Development Vol 13(5) Sep-Oct 1987, 341-354.
• Fisher, W. H., Geller, J. L., Altaffer, F., & Bennett, M. B. (1992). The relationship between community resources and state hospital recidivism: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 149(3) Mar 1992, 385-390.
• Fisher, W. H., Geller, J. L., Pearsall, D. T., Simon, L. J., & et al. (1991). A continuum of services for the deinstitutionalized, chronically mentally ill elderly: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 18(6) Jul 1991, 397-410.
• Fisher, W. H., Simon, L., Geller, J. L., Penk, W. E., & et al. (1996). Case mix in the "downsizing" state hospital: Psychiatric Services Vol 47(3) Mar 1996, 255-262.
• Fitch, V. L. (1983). The effects of patient-observer congruence on the community functioning of discharged psychiatric patients in community care: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Flechtner, K. M., Wolf, T., & Priebe, S. (1995). The feasibility of suicide rates as an evaluation criterion in community psychiatry: Methodological problems: Journal of Psychiatric Research Vol 29(6) Nov-Dec 1995, 481-486.
• Fleishman, M. (1985). Board and care homes 1984: Return of the house call: Psychiatric Annals Vol 15(11) Nov 1985, 654-660.
• Fleming, S. (1982). Shrinks vs. shysters: The (latest) battle for control of the mentally ill: Law and Human Behavior Vol 6(3-4) 1982, 355-377.
• Floersch, J. (2002). Meds, money, and manners: The case management of severe mental illness. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
• Florentin, T., Castro, B., & Skurnik, N. (1995). Deinstitutionalisation and modern history: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 153(6) Jun-Jul 1995, 417-421.
• Ford, J., & Barlow, J. (1994). The Ru Rua family impact survey: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 19(2) 1994, 121-138.
• Ford, J., Young, D., Perez, B. C., Obermeyer, R. L., & et al. (1992). Needs assessment for persons with severe mental illness: What services are needed for successful community living? : Community Mental Health Journal Vol 28(6) Dec 1992, 491-503.
• Forrester-Jones, R., Carpenter, J., Cambridge, P., Tate, A., Hallam, A., Knapp, M., et al. (2002). The quality of life of people 12 years after resettlement from long stay hospitals: Users' views on their living environment, daily activities and future aspirations: Disability & Society Vol 17(7) Dec 2002, 741-758.
• Forrester-Jones, R., Carpenter, J., Coolen-Schrijner, P., Cambridge, P., Tate, A., Beecham, J., et al. (2006). The Social Networks of People with Intellectual Disability Living in the Community 12 Years after Resettlement from Long-Stay Hospitals: Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 19(4) Dec 2006, 285-295.
• Fort, S. T. (1986). A follow-up study on the posttreatment community adjustment of a group of adolescent girls: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fotheringham, J. B., Abdo, K., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., & Wolfgarth, A. (1993). Survey of community adjustment of previously institutionalized developmentally disabled persons: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 38(10) Dec 1993, 641-648.
• Fox, C. J. (1986). A comparative study of adaptive behaviors and vocational performances of institutionalized and deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fradette, G., Berard, J.-M., & Asselin, D. (1986). Formative program for staff working with the mentally retarded: Evaluation of some parameters: Revue de Modification du Comportement Vol 16(2) Sum 1986, 53-62.
• Franz, M., Meyer, T., Ehlers, F., & Gallhofer, B. (2001). Severely chronic schizophrenic long-stay patients: Which characteristics affect the process of deinstitutionalization? Part 4 of the Hessian deinstitutionalization study: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 12(Suppl2) Dec 2001, S95-S100.
• Freedman, R. I. (1982). An examination of the relationship between the adaptive behavior of deinstitutionalized mentally retarded persons and aspects of their environments: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• French, L. (1987). Victimization of the mentally ill: An unintended consequence of deinstitutionalization: Social Work Vol 32(6) Nov-Dec 1987, 502-505.
• French, L. A. (1983). The mentally retarded and pseudoretarded offender: A clinical/legal dilemma: Federal Probation Vol 46(3) Sep 1983, 55-61.
• Friedman, R. S. (1985). Resistance to alternatives to hospitalization: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 8(3) Sep 1985, 471-482.
• Fuess, B. S. (1987). The post institutional adjustment of elderly mentally retarded and developmentally disabled persons: A population study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fujiura, G. T. (1986). Cost evaluation of community residential alternatives for developmentally disabled adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fullerton, A., Douglass, M., & Dodder, R. A. (1999). A reliability study of measures assessing the impact of deinstitutionalization: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 20(6) Nov-Dec 1999, 387-400.
• Furlong, R. C. S. (1996). Haven within or without the hospital gate: A reappraisal of asylum provision in theory and practice. Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
• Gabb, B. G. (1982). Independent living techniques and concepts: Level of importance as perceived by severely disabled individuals versus level of importance as perceived by professional home economists: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gadow, K. D. (1987). Comments on the community drug treatment prevalence survey by Davis et al (1981): Journal of Mental Deficiency Research Vol 31(2) Jun 1987, 215-219.
• Gajar, A. H., Schloss, P. J., Schloss, C. N., & Thompson, C. K. (1983). Research priorities in the transition of head trauma youth from hospital to community settings: International Journal of Partial Hospitalization Vol 2(2) Jun 1983, 139-150.
• Gallio, G., & Giannichedda, M. G. (1982). Notes on the Trieste psychiatric services: Perspectives Psychiatriques Vol 20(5)[89] 1982, 409-428.
• Gannon, P. M. (1986). Research with moderately, severely, profoundly retarded and autistic individuals (1975 to 1983): An evaluation of ecological validity: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 12(1) Mar 1986, 33-51.
• Gantt, A. B., & Green, R. S. (1985). Telling the diagnosis: Implications for social work practice: Social Work in Health Care Vol 11(2) Win 1985-1986, 101-110.
• Gardner, J. R., & O'Hara, T. J. (1984). The homeless: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 8(1) Jul 1984, 17-20.
• Gardos, G., Cole, J. O., & LaBrie, R. A. (1982). A 12-year follow-up study of chronic schizophrenics: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(12) Dec 1982, 983-984.
• Gaskell, G., Dockrell, J., & Rehman, H. (1995). Community care for people with challenging behaviors and mild learning disability: An evaluation of an assessment and treatment unit: British Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 34(3) Sep 1995, 383-395.
• Gaston, A., & Ruberto, A. (1986). The walls of the insane asylum as a cultural project: Psichiatria e Psicoterapia Analitica Vol 5(1) Apr 1986, 89-96.
• Gayda, M. (1993). Psychiatric hospitalization: Therapy and policy: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 151(4) Apr 1993, 356-359.
• Geller, J. (1984). Arson: An unforeseen sequela of deinstitutionalization: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(4) Apr 1984, 504-508.
• Geller, J. L. (1989). Deinstitutionalization in 19th-century America: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(1) Jan 1989, 85-86.
• Geller, J. L. (2000). Excluding institutions for mental diseases from federal reimbursement for services: Strategy or tragedy? : Psychiatric Services Vol 51(11) Nov 2000, 1397-1403.
• Geller, J. L., & Fisher, W. H. (1991). "Community-based care in western Massachusetts": Reply: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 148(6) Jun 1991, 817.
• Geller, J. L., Fisher, W. H., Wirth-Cauchon, J. L., & Simon, L. J. (1990). Second-generation deinstitutionalization: I. The impact of Brewster v. Dukakis on state hospital case mix: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 147(8) Aug 1990, 982-987.
• Gerrand, V. (2005). Can disintitutionalisation work? Mental health reform from 1993 to 1998 in Victoria, Australia: Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 255-271.
• Gerrity, E. T. (1984). Environmental transactions of mentally retarded adults as a measure of community adjustment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gersons, B. P., & Perquin, L. N. (1987). The day-hospital-inn model: An alternative to 24-hour psychiatric care: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 29(10) 1987, 621-637.
• Giannichedda, M. G. (1988). A future of social invisibility. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• Giannichedda, M. G. (1989). "A normality for use without confinement for them": Notes on the associations of families of the mentally ill: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 35(1) Spr 1989, 62-70.
• Giblin, M. E. (1992). Clinical and nonclinical criteria in deinstitutionalization decisions for the mentally retarded/developmentally disabled in New York State: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Girardeau, F. L. (1978). Change Retarded Citizens, Change Society, or Change Both? : PsycCRITIQUES Vol 23 (6), Jun, 1978.
• Gjerris, A. (1992). Is treatment of schizophrenia a hospital task? : Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 46(Suppl 26) 1992, 17-19.
• Glazer, W., Sholomskas, D., Williams, D., & Weissman, M. M. (1982). Chronic schizophrenics in the community: Are they able to report their social adjustment? : American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 52(1) Jan 1982, 166-171.
• Glick, I. D., & et al. (1986). A controlled study of transitional day care for non-chronically-ill patients: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143(12) Dec 1986, 1551-1556.
• Goldfine, P. E., & et al. (1985). Alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization for children: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 8(3) Sep 1985, 527-535.
• Goldman, H. H. (1983). The demography of deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 31-40.
• Goldman, H. H. (1998). Deinstitutionalization and community care: Social welfare policy as mental health policy: Harvard Review of Psychiatry Vol 6(4) Nov-Dec 1998, 219-222.
• Goldman, H. H., Adams, N. H., & Taube, C. A. (1983). Deinstitutionalization: The data demythologized: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Feb 1983, 129-134.
• Goldman, H. H., Morrissey, J. P., & Bachrach, L. L. (1982). Deinstitutionalization in international perspective: Variations on a theme: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 153-165.
• Goldney, R. D. (2003). Deinstitutionalization and suicide: Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention Vol 24(1) 2003, 39-40.
• Goldstein, J. M., Dziobek, J. F., Clark, R., & Bassuk, E. L. (1990). Supportive housing for the chronically mentally ill: Matching clients with community environments: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 178(7) Jul 1990, 415-422.
• Gooden, V. E. (1982). Leasing assistance program: A special impact project: Administration in Mental Health Vol 9(4) Sum 1982, 289-291.
• Goodwin, R. D. (1998). A process evaluation of utilization and outcomes for treatment of persons with serious and persistent mental illness at an emergency housing program. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Gorceix, A., Frohwirth, C., & Didry, A. (1983). The nonhospitalization of schizophrenics: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 141(4) Apr 1983, 430-435.
• Gordon, R. M., & Verdun-Jones, S. N. (1986). Privatization and protective services for the elderly: Some observations on the economics of the aging process: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 8(3) 1986, 311-325.
• Gottlieb, B. H., & Coppard, A. E. (1987). Using social network therapy to create support systems for the chronically mentally disabled: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health Vol 6(2) Fal 1987, 117-131.
• Goumilloux, R., & Rager, P. (1984). Therapeutic apartments in the sector of Bergerac: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 60(3) Mar 1984, 259-273.
• Gralnick, A. (1983). Deinstitutionalization: Origins and signs of failure: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 3(4) Fal 1983, 8-12.
• Gralnick, A. (1984). The young adult chronic patient: Review and critique of the literature: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 15(4) Fal 1984, 199-204.
• Gralnick, A. (1985). Build a better state hospital: Deinstitutionalization has failed: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(7) Jul 1985, 738-741.
• Gralnick, A. (1985). The case against deinstitutionalization: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 7-11.
• Gralnick, A. (1986). Caution against "the asylum." Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 11(3) Sep 1986, 150-152.
• Gralnick, A. (1987). Toward the ideal state mental hospital: The human equation: American Journal of Psychotherapy Vol 41(2) Apr 1987, 231-244.
• Gralnick, A. (1989). Is there a continuing role for the mental hospital? A personal view: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 18(4) Win 1989-1990, 3-12.
• Granfield, J. M. (1991). Factors affecting decisions regarding community placement of people with mental retardation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gray, B., Coleman, P. T., & Putnam, L. L. (2007). Introduction: Intractable conflict: New perspectives on the causes and conditions for change: American Behavioral Scientist Vol 50(11) Jul 2007, 1415-1429.
• Greco, G. (1989). A sociological interpretation of recent developments in the field of psychiatry: Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria Vol 50(2) Apr-Jun 1989, 253-258.
• Green, M. (1983). Psychiatry on the Defensive: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 28 (10), Oct, 1983.
• Greenblatt, M. (1992). Deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Greenspan, S., & Cerreto, M. (1989). Normalization, deinstitutionalization, and the limits of research: Comment on Landesman and Butterfield: American Psychologist Vol 44(2) Feb 1989, 448-449.
• Griffiths, D., Pryce, G., Gentry, R., Hughes, I., & et al. (1992). An estimation of the services required for long stay psychiatric inpatients if they were relocated in the community: Journal of Mental Health Vol 1(4) Dec 1992, 343-351.
• Grimes, S. K. (1988). A post-placement analysis of the perceptions of families of deinstitutionalized persons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Grimes, S. K., & Vitello, S. J. (1990). Follow-up study of family attitudes toward deinstitutionalization: Three to seven years later: Mental Retardation Vol 28(4) Aug 1990, 219-225.
• Grinshpoon, A., Naisberg, Y., & Weizman, A. (2006). A Six-Month Outcome of Long-Stay Inpatients Resettled in a Hostel: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 30(2) Fal 2006, 89-95.
• Grob, G. N. (1983). Historical origins of deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 15-29.
• Grob, G. N. (2004). Review of The Death of the Asylum: A Critical Study of State Hospital Management, Services, and Care: Psychiatric Services Vol 55(10) Oct 2004, 1184-1185.
• Grob, G. N. (2005). The Transformation of Mental Health Policy in Twentieth-Century America. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
• Gronfein, W. (1985). Incentives and intentions in mental health policy: A comparison of the Medicaid and community mental health programs: Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol 26(3) Sep 1985, 192-206.
• Gronfein, W. (1985). Psychotropic drugs and the origins of deinstitutionalization: Social Problems Vol 32(5) Jun 1985, 437-454.
• Gronfein, W. P. (1984). From madhouse to Main Street: The changing place of mental illness in post World War II America: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Grube, M., & Weigand-Tomiuk, H. (2002). Which factors are important for the intensity of community care for patients with severe chronic schizophrenia? : Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 13(1) Mar 2002, 2-7.
• Grunebaum, H. U. (1984). Comments on Terkelsen's "Schizophrenia and the family: II. Adverse effects of family therapy." Family Process Vol 23(3) Sep 1984, 421-425.
• Gudeman, J. E. (1988). The person with chronic mental illness. Cambridge, MA, England: Belknap Press.
• Gudeman, J. E., & Shore, M. F. (1984). Beyond deinstitutionalization: A new class of facilities for the mentally ill: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 311(13) Sep 1984, 832-836.
• Guimon, J. (1982). Advantages and difficulties of the deinstitutionalization of mental patients: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 3(2) Mar-Apr 1982, 31-38.
• Gullickson, T. (1992). Review of The Closure of Mental Hospitals: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 37 (3), Mar, 1992.
• Gurry, S. E. (1985). Severely disturbed adolescents in community care: Adolescence Vol 20(78) Sum 1985, 265-279.
• Guy, G. (1985). Community-based care: Deinstitutionalization or transinstitutionalization? : Exceptional Child Vol 32(3) Nov 1985, 137-147.
• Haber, P. A. (1983). The Veterans Administration community care setting: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(2-3) Sum-Fal 1983, 187-191.
• Haberfellner, E. M., Grausgruber, A., Grausgruber-Berner, R., Ortmair, M., & Schony, W. (2004). Deinstitutionalization of long-stay psychiatric patients in upper Austria--Living situation, social and clinical characteristics more than one year after discharge: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 31(4) May 2004, 192-197.
• Haberfellner, E. M., Grausgruber, A., Grausgruber-Berner, R., Ortmair, M., & Schony, W. (2006). Deinstitutionalization of Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients in Upper Austria--Utilization of Healthcare Resources and Costs of Outpatient Care: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 33(2) Mar 2006, 74-80.
• Hachey, R., & Mercier, C. (1993). The impact of rehabilitation services on the quality of life of chronic mental patients: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 12(2) 1993, 1-26.
• Hadley, T. R., Turk, R., Vasko, S., & McGurrin, M. C. (1997). Community treatment teams: An alternative to state hospital: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 68(1) Spr 1997, 77-90.
• Hafner, H., & an der Heiden, W. (1989). The evaluation of mental health care systems: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 155 Jul 1989, 12-17.
• Hafner, H., & an der Heiden, W. (1990). "The evaluation of mental health care systems": Correspondence: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 156 Jan 1990, 130-131.
• Haines, H., & Abbott, M. (1985). Deinstitutionalization and social policy in New Zealand: I. Historical trends: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 1(2) Feb 1985, 44-56.
• Hall, B. L., Butt, M. H., & Wong, R. M. (1991). Cooperative housing as a component of aftercare for long-term mentally ill residents: A Canadian experience: Adult Residential Care Journal Vol 5(4) Win 1991, 263-275.
• Hall, P., & Gillard, R. (1982). The Worcester Development Project: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 28(3) Fal 1982, 163-172.
• Hallam, A., Beecham, J., Knapp, M., Carpenter, J., Cambridge, P., Forrester-Jones, R., et al. (2006). Service Use and Costs of Support 12 Years after Leaving Hospital: Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 19(4) Dec 2006, 296-308.
• Hallam, A., Beecham, J., Knapp, M., & Fenyo, A. (1994). The costs of accommodation and care: Community provision for former long-stay psychiatric hospital patients: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 243(6) 1994, 304-310.
• Halliday, S. (1987). Parental attitudes to the community care of their mentally handicapped children, before and after they move into the community: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 33(1, No 64) Jan 1987, 43-49.
• Halliday, S., & Potts, M. (1987). Moving into the community: Views from the staff involved on the causes and effects of delays in one move: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 33(1, No 64) Jan 1987, 31-42.
• Hansen, V., Jacobsen, B. K., & Arnesen, E. (2001). Cause-specific mortality in psychiatric patients after deinstitutionalisation: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 179 Nov 2001, 438-443.
• Hansen, V., & Oiesvold, T. (2004). Community psychiatry in the Sub-Arctic. Experiences with the shift from hospital-based to community-based psychiatric services in Northern Norway: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 13(2) Apr-Jun 2004, 73-77.
• Hans-Joachim, H., & Wuld, R. (1999). Deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients in central Europe: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 249(3) 1999, 115-122.
• Harder, S. R., Kalachnik, J. E., Jensen, M. A., & Feltz, J. (1987). Psychotropic drug use with successful and unsuccessful community placed developmentally disabled groups: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 8(2) 1987, 191-202.
• Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (2005). The Vermont Longitudinal Study of Persons with Severe Mental Illness, I: Methodology, Study Sample, and Overall Status 32 Years Later. Boston, MA: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilibation/Boston U.
• Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (2005). The Vermont Longitudinal Study of Persons with Severe Mental Illness, II: Long-Term Outcome of Subjects Who Retrospectively Met DSM-III Criteria for Schizophrenia. Boston, MA: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilibation/Boston U.
• Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & et al. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: I. Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(6) Jun 1987, 718-726.
• Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & et al. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness: II. Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(6) Jun 1987, 727-735.
• Harris, L. C. (1987). Deinstitutionalization via community-linked programs: A meta-analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Harris, M., & Bergman, H. C. (1984). The young adult chronic patient: Affective responses to treatment: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 21 Mar 1984, 29-35.
• Hartman, L. L. (1996). The social reintegration of formerly institutionalized mental patients into a community setting. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Haveman, M. J. (1986). Dehospitalization of psychiatric care in The Netherlands: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 73(4) Apr 1986, 456-463.
• Haveman, M. J. (1989). Clinical judgement on alternative care for longstay patients in Dutch mental hospitals: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 35(2) Sum 1989, 188-196.
• Haveman, M. J. (1989). Trends in inpatient care in Dutch mental hospitals: A retrospective view: Nervenarzt Vol 60(4) Apr 1989, 236-242.
• Hayden, M. F., Soulen, T., Schleien, S. J., & Tabourne, C. E. S. (1996). A matched, comparative study of the recreation integration of adults with mental retardation who moved into the community and those who remained at the institution: Therapeutic Recreation Journal Vol 30(1) 1996, 41-63.
• Hazelquist, D. A. (1985). Deinstitutionalization: A survey of professional and community leader attitudes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Heal, L. W., Bruininks, R. H., Lakin, K. C., Hill, B. K., & et al. (1989). Movement of developmentally disabled individuals among out-of-home residential facilities: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 10(3) 1989, 295-313.
• Heffner, F., & Gill, R. (1982). The role of community-based service providers in the rehabilitation of deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients: Does education belong in the therapeutic process? : Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 5(1) Jan 1982, 5-8.
• Heller, M., & Wild, W. (1988). The passage from a residential group to one's own flat: Vierteljahresschrift fur Heilpadagogik und ihre Nachbargebiete Vol 57(2) Jun 1988, 141-142.
• Heller, T. (1981). Social disruption and residential relocation of mentally retarded children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Heller, T. (2004). Introduction to the special issue on aging: Family and service system supports: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 109(5) Sep 2004, 349-351.
• Heller, T., Factor, A. R., & Hahn, J. E. (1999). Residential transitions from nursing homes for adults with cerebral palsy: Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal Vol 21(5-6) May-Jun 1999, 277-283.
• Hemphill, B. J., & Werner, P. C. (1990). Deinstitutionalization: A role for occupational therapy in the state hospital: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 10(2) 1990, 85-99.
• Henderson, C., Bindman, J., & Thornicroft, G. (1998). Can deinstitutionalised care be provided for those at risk of violent offending? : Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 7(1) Jan-Apr 1998, 42-51.
• Hendrix, E. M. (1981). The fallacies in the concept of normalization: Mental Retardation Vol 19(6) Dec 1981, 295-296.
• Henning, D. B. (1984). Deinstitutionalization: A comparison of community program directors' and superintendents' attitudes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Herbert, P. B., & Young, K. A. (1999). The Americans with Disabilities Act and deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 27(4) 1999, 603-613.
• Herles, R. F. (1987). The chronic mental patient since deinstitutionalization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Herlihy-Chevalier, B. (2005). Remotivation in Deinstitutionalization. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
• Herman, N. J., & Smith, C. M. (1989). Mental hospital depopulation in Canada: Patient perspectives: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 34(5) Jun 1989, 386-391.
• Herrick, S. C. (1988). The influence of kin support and parental attitudes on the care of deinstitutionalized developmentally disabled children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hess, J. J., Jr., & Niemann, G. W. (1997). Residential programs for persons with FAS: Programming and economics. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
• Hewitt, S. E. (1987). The abuse of deinstitutionalised persons with mental handicaps: Disability, Handicap & Society Vol 2(2) 1987, 127-135.
• Hickling, F. W. (1994). Community psychiatry and deinstitutionalization in Jamaica: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 45(11) Nov 1994, 1122-1126.
• Higgins, A., Webb, M., O'Neill, G., Brosnan, R., & Keane, J. (1997). The needs for care of the chronic mentally ill relocating from psychiatric hospital to the community: A pilot study: Irish Journal of Psychology Vol 18(3) 1997, 307-320.
• Hobbs, C., Newton, L., Tennant, C., Rosen, A., & Tribe, K. (2002). Deinstitutionalization for long-term mental illness: a six-year evaluation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 36(1) Feb 2002, 60-66.
• Hobbs, C., Tennant, C., Rosen, A., Newton, L., Lapsley, H. M., Tribe, K., et al. (2000). Deinstitutionalisation for long-term mental illness: A 2-year clinical evaluation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 34(3) Jun 2000, 476-483.
• Hochbaum, C. H. (2003). Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill in New York State: An examination of the strategy of co-optation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Hochmann, J. (1982). Mental institution: Role of the theory in de-institutionalized psychiatric care: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 58(8) Oct 1982, 958-991.
• Hochmann, J. (1985). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization in Italy: A neighbor's viewpoint: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 184-194.
• Hocking, C., Phare, J., & Wilson, J. (2005). Everyday life following long term psychiatric hospitalisation: Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 297-305.
• Hodgins, P. M., & Monfils, M. J. (1985). Nursing care and treatment of the retarded mentally ill: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 23(9) Sep 1985, 31-33.
• Hodgins, S., Cyr, M., & Gaston, L. (1990). Impact of supervised apartments on the functioning of mentally disordered adults: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 26(6) Dec 1990, 507-516.
• Hodgins, S., & Gaston, L. (1987). Community programs for chronic patients: Towards a conceptual framework: Canada's Mental Health Vol 35(1) Mar 1987, 7-9.
• Hoehne, K. A. (1985). Deinstitutionalization and the criminalization of the mentally ill: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 39-44.
• Hogan, M. F. (1995). Deinstitutionalization: Psychiatric Services Vol 46(10) Oct 1995, 1078-1079.
• Holburn, C. S. (1986). Maladaptive behavior merits fair treatment: A response to Seltzer and Krauss: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 91(3) Nov 1986, 211-214.
• Holland, A. (1992). People with learning difficulties living in community homes: Their views and the quality of the service: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Honkonen, T. (1995). Problems and needs for care of discharged schizophrenia patients: Psychiatria Fennica Vol 26 1995, 21-32.
• Honkonen, T., Karlsson, H., Koivisto, A.-M., Stengard, E., & Salokangas, R. K. R. (2003). Schizophrenic patients in different treatment settings during the era of deinstitutionalization: Three-year follow-up of three discharge cohorts in Finland: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 37(2) Apr 2003, 160-168.
• Honkonen, T., Saarinen, S., & Salokangas, R. K. R. (1999). Deinstitutionalization and schizophrenia in Finland: II. Discharged patients and their psychosocial functioning: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 25(3) 1999, 543-551.
• Hooper, J. (2001). Overcoming the problems of deinstitutionalization: Using music activities to encourage interaction between four adults with a developmental disability: Music Therapy Perspectives Vol 19(2) 2001, 121-127.
• Horan, M. E., Muller, J. J., Winocur, S., & Barling, N. (2001). Quality of life in boarding houses and hostels: A resident's perspective: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 37(4) Aug 2001, 323-334.
• Horton, A. (1991). Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Assessing the impact of community care in Illinois: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hoult, J., & Reynolds, I. (1984). Schizophrenia: A comparative trial of community orientated and hospital orientated psychiatric care: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 69(5) May 1984, 359-372.
• Howell, S. C. (1991). Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Implications for social housing policy in the United States: Journal of Architectural and Planning Research Vol 8(4) Win 1991, 331-342.
• Hudson, B. (1991). Deinstitutionalisation: What went wrong? : Disability, Handicap & Society Vol 6(1) 1991, 21-36.
• Hughes, D., McGinnity, M., Kell, J., Kennedy, O., & Donnelly, M. (2003). Costing the hospital-based process of resettling people with learning disability in the community: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 20(2) Jun 2003, 41-44.
• Hulbert, C., & Atkinson, D. (1987). "On the way out, and after." British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 33(65, Pt 2) Jul 1987, 109-116.
• Hull, J. T., Keats, J. G., & Thompson, J. (1984). Community residential facilities for the mentally ill and mentally retarded: Environmental quality and adaptive functioning: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health Vol 3(1) Spr 1984, 5-14.
• Hull, J. T., & Thompson, J. C. (1981). Factors which contribute to normalization in residential facilities for the mentally ill: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 17(2) Sum 1981, 107-113.
• Humaidi, N. S. (2006). Resettlement prospects for inpatients at Al Rashad Mental Hospital: Journal of Muslim Mental Health Vol 1(2) 2006, 177-183.
• Humphreys, S., Lowe, K., & Blunden, R. (1984). Symposium on "The way into the community": II. The use of the Degree of Dependency Scale for describing the characteristics of clients who are mentally handicapped: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 30(1) [58] Jun 1984, 15-23.
• Hundert, J., Walton-Allen, N., Vasdev, S., Cope, K., & Summers, J. (2003). A comparison of staff-resident interactions with adults with developmental disabilities moving from institutional to community living: Journal on Developmental Disabilities Vol 10(2) Dec 2003, 93-112.
• Hundertmark, J. D. (2006). Australian mental health: Time for an urgent reappraisal: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 40(6-7) Jun-Jul 2006, 609.
• Husted, J., & Ender, E. (2001). Understanding successful community living by individuals with serious and persistent mental illness: Psychological Reports Vol 89(1) Aug 2001, 135-141.
• Hutchings, H. M. (1981). The development of a residential program prototype for mentally retarded individuals in Franklin/Hampshire counties: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Igartua, J., Iraurgi, I., Basabe, N., Paez, D., & Celorio, m. J. (1994). Psychosocial factors and social integration of the mentally ill (psychotic) in the community: Revista de Psicologia Social Aplicada Vol 4(2) 1994, 89-108.
• Imbrogno, S. (1985). A systems design developmental model for programs of deinstitutionalization: Marketing base for follow-up care: Health Marketing Quarterly Vol 2(4) Sum 1985, 145-157.
• Imperato, P. J. (1987). New York's homeless: New York State Journal of Medicine Vol 87(1) Jan 1987, 1-3.
• Ingersoll, B., & Hollenshead, C. (1981). Group work with the deinstitutionalized elderly: Journal of Gerontological Social Work Vol 3(4) Sum 1981, 21-36.
• Intagliata, J., & Willer, B. (1982). Reinstitutionalization of mentally retarded persons successfully placed into family-care and group homes: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 87(1) Jul 1982, 34-39.
• Iodice, J. D., & Wodarski, J. S. (1987). Aftercare treatment for schizophrenics living at home: Social Work Vol 32(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 122-128.
• Ionescu, S., Jourdan-Ionescu, C., & Dery, M. (1997). Handicap mental et desinstitutionnalisation: Reflexions apres cinq ans de recherche: Psychologie Francaise Vol 42(3) 1997, 283-290.
• Irazabal Martin, E., & Duro Martinez, J. C. (1986). The community's crazy one: A community mental health group intervention: I: Clinica y Analisis Grupal Vol 10(41) Jul-Sep 1986, 454-473.
• Irazabal Martin, E., & Duro Martinez, J. C. (1986). The community's crazy ones: A group intervention in community mental health: II: Clinica y Analisis Grupal Vol 10(42) Oct-Dec 1986, 657-675.
• Isaac, R. J., & Armat, V. C. (1990). Madness in the streets: How psychiatry and the law abandoned the mentally ill. New York, NY: Free Press.
• Isohanni, M. (2000). A rebirth of social psychiatry? : Psychiatria Fennica Vol 31 2000, 26-38.
• Jack, A. (1985). Deinstitutionalization and the intellectually handicapped: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 2(1) Jul 1985, 45-51.
• Jackson, R. (2005). Review of The Future of Children with Significant Impairments: What Parents Fear and Want, and What They and Others May Be Able to Do About It: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 51(100,Pt1) 2005, 83-85.
• Jackson, R. (2006). Review of Deinstitutionalization and people with intellectual disabilities: In and out of institutions: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 52(102,Pt1) Jan 2006, 77-79.
• Jahoda, A., Cattermole, M., & Markova, I. (1990). Moving out: An opportunity for friendship and broadening social horizons? : Journal of Mental Deficiency Research Vol 34(2) Apr 1990, 127-141.
• James, J. F. (1987). Does the community mental health movement have the momentum needed to survive? : American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 57(3) Jul 1987, 447-451.
• James, J. F., Pokorny, L., Eckert, D., Gregory, D., & et al. (1991). "Program" deinstitutionalization: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 18(6) Jul 1991, 447-450.
• James, N. M. (1987). Deinstitutionalization in an Australian mental hospital: Five years' experience: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(7) Jul 1987, 772-774.
• Janocko, K. M., & Lee, S. S. (1988). Ethical implications of deinstitutionalization and moves of the institutionalized elderly: Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol 19(5) Oct 1988, 522-526.
• Jansen, M. A. (1986). Mental health policy: Observations from Europe: American Psychologist Vol 41(11) Nov 1986, 1273-1278.
• Jenssen, T. (1995). Methodological problems in evaluation of social reforms--exemplified by deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded in Norway: Psychological Record Vol 45(4) Fal 1995, 535-563.
• Jimenez, M. A. (1988). Community mental health: A view from American history: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 15(4) Dec 1988, 121-137.
• Jodrey, D. B. (1990). Perceived quality of life of deinstitutionalized chronic psychiatric patients in the New York State community support system: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Johnson, A. B. (1987). Unravelling of a social policy: The history of the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill in New York State: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Johnson, A. B. (1990). Out of bedlam: The truth about deinstitutionalization. New York, NY: Basic Books.
• Johnson, K. (1998). Deinstitutionalisation: The management of rights: Disability & Society Vol 13(3) Jun 1998, 375-387.
• Johnson, K. (1998). Deinstitutionalising women: An ethnographic study of institutional closure. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Johnson, P. J. (1983). Community support systems for deinstitutionalized patients: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 81-92.
• Jones, D. (1993). The TAPS project: XI. The selection of patients for reprovision: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(Suppl 19) Apr 1993, 36-39.
• Jones, K., & Poletti, A. (1985). The Italian transformation of the asylum: A commentary and review: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 195-212.
• Jones, K., & Poletti, A. (1985). Understanding the Italian Experience: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146 Apr 1985, 341-347.
• Jones, K., & Poletti, A. (1986). The Italian experience in mental health care: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(8) Aug 1986, 795-802.
• Jones, K., Robinson, M., & Golightley, M. (1986). Long-term psychiatric patients in the community: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 149 Nov 1986, 537-540.
• Jorda, E., & Espinosa, J. (1990). The process of de-institutionalisation in the province of Valencia: Study of shelters used through the HHPP (Hospital-Hostel Practices Profile): Revista de Psiquiatria de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona Vol 17(2) Mar-Apr 1990, 77-87.
• Jordan, D. D. (1985). Impact of an alternatives program on client utilization of services in a county mental health system: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(12) Dec 1985, 1291-1296.
• Jourdan-Ionescu, C., Ionescu, S., Corbeil, L., & Rivest, C. (1990). Evaluation of deinstitutionalization: I. Quality of life: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 1(1) Jun 1990, 49-58.
• Jourdan-Ionescu, C., Ionescu, S., Rivest, C., & Corbeil, L. (1990). Evaluation of deinstitutionalization: II. Changes in intelligence level and adaptive behaviors: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 1(2) Dec 1990, 137-146.
• Kahal, P. F. (1982). The relationship between hospital care and outpatient care in mental health: A historical and statistical analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kaiser, L. H. (1993). Decentralization: The solution for patient stigmatization? : Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 35(1) 1993, 33-44.
• Kallert, T. W., Looks, P., Leisse, M., Hoffmann, K., & Franz, M. (2006). The Process of Deinstitutionalization in German State Mental Hospitals. Critical Overview of Empirical Research Studies: Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie Vol 74(6) Jun 2006, 309-328.
• Kallert, T. W., Stoll, A., Leisse, M., & Winiecki, P. (2004). Assessing Deinstitutionalization of the Nursing Home Area of a Large State Mental Hospital from the Point of View of Patients and Staff: Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie Vol 72(8) Aug 2004, 446-459.
• Kalman, M. T. (1988). A longitudinal analysis of the efficacy of community placement versus institutionalization of the developmentally disabled: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kamis-Gould, E., Hadley, T. R., Rothbard, A. B., Lovelace, J., & et al. (1995). A framework for evaluating the impact of state hospital closing: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 22(5) May 1995, 497-509.
• Kane, C. F. (1984). The outpatient comes home: The family's response to deinstitutionalization: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 22(11) Nov 1984, 19-25.
• Kane, V. L. (1991). From institution to community: A case study of the deinstitutionalization of persons with mental retardation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kanter, A. S. (1989). Homeless but not helpless: Legal issues in the care of homeless people with mental illness: Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 91-104.
• Karan, O. C., & Gardner, W. I. (1984). Planning community services using the Title XIX waiver as a catalyst for change: Mental Retardation Vol 22(5) Oct 1984, 240-247.
• Karp, S. H. (2007). A comparison of patient functional characteristics and outcomes across two psychiatric outpatient programs: A continuing day treatment program and a psychsocial clubhouse. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Kaswan, J. (1982). Commentary on Brown's "Social implications of deinstitutionalization." Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(1) Jan 1982, 88-89.
• Kaufmann, W. H. (1984). The impact of deinstitutionalization policies upon relative systems responsive to the severely mentally ill; a policy analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kearney, F. J. (1989). Persons with mental retardation leaving mental health institutions: An empirical follow-up study after five years in the community: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kearney, F. J., & Smull, M. W. (1992). People with mental retardation leaving mental health institutions: Evaluating outcomes after five years in the community. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Keating, D. J. (1981). Deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded as seen by parents of institutionalized individuals: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kebbon, L. (1997). Nordic contributions to disability policies: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 41(2) Apr 1997, 120-125.
• Keisling, R. (1983). Critique of Kiesler articles: American Psychologist Vol 38(10) Oct 1983, 1127-1128.
• Kemali, D., & et al. (1985). Application of the Psychiatric Reform Act in the city of Naples: A survey of requests for compulsory admission to the Special Unit at the University Psychiatric Department I: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 127-134.
• Kemali, D., Maj, M., Carpiniello, B., Giurazza, R. D., & et al. (1989). Patterns of care in Italian psychiatric services and psychosocial outcome of schizophrenic patients: A three-year prospective study: Psychiatrie & Psychobiologie Vol 4(1) Mar 1989, 23-31.
• Kemberling, K. (1986). The effectiveness of a transitional program for adolescents and young adults with severe developmental and behavioral disabilities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kemp, D. R. (1990). Deinstitutionalisation planning: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 5(2) Nov 1990, 2-15.
• Kenny, W. F. (1985). Community services for the deinstitutionalized patient: The magnitude of the problem: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 23-28.
• Kermis, M. D. (1987). Equity and policy issues in mental health care of the elderly: Dilemmas, deinstitutionalization, and DRGs: Journal of Applied Gerontology Vol 6(3) Sep 1987, 268-283.
• Kerns, W. A. (1983). Attitudes toward mental retardation: A community study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kidd, L. I. (2007). The test of our progress: Affordable housing for seriously mentally ill clients: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing Vol 21(2) Apr 2007, 117-119.
• Kielhofner, G. (1981). An ethnographic study of deinstitutionalized adults: Their community settings and daily life experiences: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research Vol 1(2) Oct 1981, 125-142.
• Kielhofner, G. W. (1981). Evaluating deinstitutionalization: An ethnographic study of social policy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kiesler, C. A. (1983). On nursing homes: American Psychologist Vol 38(3) Mar 1983, 350-351.
• Kiesler, C. A., & et al. (1983). Federal mental health policymaking: An assessment of deinstitutionalization: American Psychologist Vol 38(12) Dec 1983, 1292-1297.
• Kim, S., Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (2001). Behavioural outcomes of deinstitutionalisation for people with intellectual disability: A review of US studies conducted between 1980 and 1999: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 26(1) Mar 2001, 35-50.
• Kincheloe, M., & Ettlinger, T. (1987). A false dichotomy: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(6) Jun 1987, 623-624.
• King, L. J. (1999). A brief history of psychiatry: Milliennia past and present--part II: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 11(2) Jun 1999, 47-54.
• Kingdon, A. (2005). Resettlement from secure learning disability services. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing.
• Klasson, E. M. (1989). A model of the occupational therapist as case manager: Two case studies of chronic schizophrenic patients living in the community: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 9(1) 1989, 63-90.
• Klein, J. I. (1983). The least restrictive alternative: More about less: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(2-3) Sum-Fal 1983, 106-114.
• Kleinberg, J., & Galligan, B. (1983). Effects of deinstitutionalization on adaptive behavior of mentally retarded adults: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 88(1) Jul 1983, 21-27.
• Klerman, G. L. (1977). Better but not well: Social and ethical issues in the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 3(4) 1977, 617-631.
• Knapp, M. (1988). Searching for efficiency in long-term care: De-institutionalisation and privatisation: British Journal of Social Work Vol 18(Suppl) 1988, 149-171.
• Knapp, M. (1996). From psychiatric hospital to community care: Reflections on the English experience. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
• Knapp, M., Beecham, J., Anderson, J., Dayson, D., & et al. (1990). The TAPS project: III. Predicting the community costs of closing psychiatric hospitals: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 157 Nov 1990, 661-670.
• Knapp, M., Beecham, J., & Gordon, K. (1992). Predicting the community cost of closing psychiatric hospitals: National extrapolations: Journal of Mental Health Vol 1(4) Dec 1992, 315-325.
• Kochuthresia, V. J., & Somen, K. S. (1984). Residential care for children under the tides of change: An empirical study: International Social Work Vol 27(4) 1984, 30-41.
• Kolstoe, P. D. (1999). Deinstitutionalization effects on medication use for people with mental retardation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Kopelowicz, A., Wallace, C. J., & Zarate, R. (1998). Teaching psychiatric inpatients to re-enter the community: A brief method of improving continuity of care: Psychiatric Services Vol 49(10) Oct 1998, 1313-1316.
• Kordoutis, P., Kolaitis, G., Perakis, A., Papanikolopoulou, P., & et al. (1995). Change in care staff's attitudes towards people with learning disabilities following intervention at the Leros PIKPA Asylum: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 167(Suppl 28) Jul 1995, 56-69.
• Korkeila, J. A., Lehtinen, V., Tuori, T., & Helenius, H. (1998). Patterns of psychiatric hospital service use in Finland: A national register study of hospital discharges in the early 1990s: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 33(5) May 1998, 218-223.
• Kormann, R. J., & Petronko, M. R. (2004). Community Inclusion of Individuals With Behavioral Challenges: Who Supports the Careproviders? : Mental Retardation Vol 42(3) Jun 2004, 223-228.
• Kozma, C., & Mason, S. (2003). Survey of nursing and medical profile prior to deinstitutionalization of a population with profound mental retardation: Clinical Nursing Research Vol 12(1) Feb 2003, 8-22.
• Kramer, L. W., & Beidel, D. C. (1982). Job seeking skill groups: A review and application to a chronic psychiatric population: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 2(2) Sum 1982, 37-44.
• Kramp, P. (2004). Schizophrenia and crime in Denmark: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 14(4) 2004, 231-237.
• Krieg, R. G. (2001). An interdisciplinary look at the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Social Science Journal Vol 38(3) 2001, 367-380.
• Krupinski, J. (1995). De-institutionalization of psychiatric patients: Progress or abandonment? : Social Science & Medicine Vol 40(5) Mar 1995, 577-579.
• Krupinski, J., Mackenzie, A., & Carson, N. (1984). Feasibility of discharge of chronic psychiatric patients: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 18(4) Dec 1984, 364-372.
• Kruzich, J. M. (1983). Community adjustment of the chronically mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Kruzich, J. M. (1985). Community integration of the mentally ill in residential facilities: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 13(5) Oct 1985, 553-564.
• Ksheparkaran, K. K., & Miles, P. L. (1983). Deinstitutionalization: A case study: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics Vol 2(4) Sum 1983, 49-52.
• Kultgen, P., & Habenstein, R. (1984). Processes and goals in aftercare programs for deinstitutionalized elderly mental patients: The Gerontologist Vol 24(2) Apr 1984, 167-173.
• Lacour, M. (1984). Italian psychiatric chronicals: Notes on a psychiatric journey: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 60(9) Nov 1984, 1045-1054.
• Laine, T., Panagiotou, Y., Jaunay, Y., & Fulrad, A. (1982). Personalized integration and part-time care structures: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 58(9) Nov 1982, 1127-1135.
• Lakin, K. C., Braddock, D., & Smith, G. (1995). Children and youth in state MR/DD institutions: Mental Retardation Vol 33(3) Jun 1995, 203.
• Lakin, K. C., Prouty, R., Polister, B., Coucouvanis, K., Braddock, D., & Smith, G. (2004). States' Initial Response to the President's New Freedom Initiative: Slowest Rates of Deinstitutionalization in 30 Years: Mental Retardation Vol 42(3) Jun 2004, 241-244.
• Lalonde, F., & Lamarche, C. (1993). From Lafontaine Hospital to Lafontaine Street: Deinstitutionalization of persons with mental disabilities: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 4(2) Dec 1993, 103-120.
• Lamb, H. R. (1984). Deinstitutionalization and the homeless mentally ill: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(9) Sep 1984, 899-907.
• Lamb, H. R. (1988). Deinstitutionalization at the crossroads: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(9) Sep 1988, 941-945.
• Lamb, H. R. (1988). The homeless mentally ill. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
• Lamb, H. R. (1992). Deinstitutionalization in the nineties. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Lamb, H. R. (1993). Lessons learned from deinstitutionalization in the US: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162 May 1993, 587-592.
• Lamb, H. R. (1998). Deinstitutionalization at the beginning of the new millennium: Harvard Review of Psychiatry Vol 6(1) May-Jun 1998, 1-10.
• Lamb, H. R. (2001). Deinstitutionalization at the beginning of the new millennium. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Lamb, H. R. (2004). Pioneering a Clear Conceptualization of the Needs and Treatment of Persons With Serious Mental Illness: Psychiatric Services Vol 55(10) Oct 2004, 1124-1125.
• Lamb, H. R., & Peele, R. (1984). The need for continuing asylum and sanctuary: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(8) Aug 1984, 798-802.
• Lamb, H. R., & Shaner, R. (1993). When there are almost no state hospital beds left: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 44(10) Oct 1993, 973-976.
• Lamb, H. R., & Weinberger, L. E. (2001). Deinstitutionalization: Promise and problems. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Lamberg, L. (2004). Efforts Grow to Keep Mentally Ill Out of Jails: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 292(5) Aug 2004, 555-556.
• Lamberti, J. S. (2007). Understanding and preventing criminal recidivism among adults with psychotic disorders: Psychiatric Services Vol 58(6) Jun 2007, 773-781.
• Landesman, S., & Butterfield, E. C. (1987). Normalization and deinstitutionalization of mentally retarded individuals: Controversy and facts: American Psychologist Vol 42(8) Aug 1987, 809-816.
• Landesman, S., & Butterfield, E. C. (1989). Cooperation and knowledge are essential to achieve goals of normalization: American Psychologist Vol 44(2) Feb 1989, 449.
• Langdon, G. S., Pearson, J., Stastny, P., & Thorning, H. (1989). The integration of music therapy into a treatment approach in the transition of adult psychiatric patients from institution to community: Music Therapy Vol 8(1) 1989, 92-107.
• Lanoil, J. (1982). An analysis of the psychiatric psychosocial rehabilitation center: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 5(1) Jan 1982, 55-59.
• Lapsley, H. M., Tribe, K., Tennant, C., Rosen, A., Hobbs, C., & Newton, L. (2000). Deinstitutionalisation for long-term mental illness: Cost differences in hospital and community care: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 34(3) Jun 2000, 491-495.
• Lariviere, N., Gelinas, I., Mazer, B., Tallant, B., & Paquette, I. (2002). Discharging older adults with a severe and chronic mental illness in the community: Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 69(2) Apr 2002, 71-83.
• Larrobla, C., & Botega, N. J. (2000). Psychiatric care policies and deinstitutionalization in South America: Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Vol 28(1) Jan-Feb 2000, 22-30.
• Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (1989). Deinstitutionalization of persons with mental retardation: Behavioral outcomes: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 14(4) Win 1989, 324-332.
• Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (1991). Parent attitudes about residential placement before and after deinstitutionalization: A research synthesis: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 16(1) Spr 1991, 25-38.
• Lasky, J. J., Hover, G. L., Smith, P. A., Bostian, D. W., Duffendack, S. C., & Nord, C. L. (1959). Post-hospital adjustment as predicted by psychiatric patients and by their staff: Journal of Consulting Psychology Vol 23(3) Jun 1959, 213-218.
• Lawson, W. B. (1986). Chronic mental illness and the Black family: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 6(1) Win 1986, 57-61.
• Lawton, M. P. (1981). Community supports for the aged: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 102-115.
• Leadbeater, R. W. (1992). Psychiatric recidivism: A comparative analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lebovici, S. (1982). Discontinuous institutional actions with very young children and their family: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 58(9) Nov 1982, 1159-1167.
• Lecklitner, G. L. (1985). Protecting the rights of mental patients: A view of the future: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lee, S. C. (1981). Community living: Perspectives of discharged mental patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Leedham, I. (1991). From mental handicap hospital to community provisions: A study of changing service patterns and the production of client welfare: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Leff, J. (1991). Do long-stay patients benefit from community placement? London, England: Gaskell/Royal College of Psychiatrists.
• Leff, J. (1992). Problems of transformation: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 38(1) Spr 1992, 16-23.
• Leff, J. (1997). Aiding resocialization of the chronic psychotic patient: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 12(Suppl 4) Sep 1997, S19-S24.
• Leff, J. (2006). Whose Life Is It Anyway? Quality of Life for Long-Stay Patients Discharged from Psychiatric Hospitals. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Leff, J., Trieman, N., & Gooch, C. (1996). Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) Project 33: Prospective follow-up study of long-stay patients discharged from two psychiatric hospitals: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 153(10) Oct 1996, 1318-1324.
• Leff, J. P., Thornicroft, G., Coxhead, N., & Crawford, C. (1994). The TAPS Project. 22: A five-year follow-up of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to the community: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 165(Suppl 25) Nov 1994, 13-17.
• Lefley, H. P. (1988). Linked changes in mental health service delivery and psychiatric education: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 59(2) Sum 1988, 121-139.
• Lefley, H. P. (1996). Normal Lives for Persons With Mental Illness: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 41 (6), Jun, 1996.
• Lehman, A. F., & Linn, L. S. (1984). Crimes against discharged mental patients in board-and-care homes: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(2) Feb 1984, 271-274.
• Lehman, A. F., Possidente, S., & Hawker, F. (1986). The quality of life of chronic patients in a state hospital and in community residences: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(9) Sep 1986, 901-907.
• Leib-Alexander, B. (1982). A study employing social theories for the deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded: A critique of current approaches: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Leon Rubio, J. M., Perez Gil, J. A., Jarana Exposito, L., & Medina Anzano, S. (1998). Families of institutionalized mentally retarded persons: Their attitudes towards social integration: Apuntes de Psicologia Vol 16(1-2) Sep 1998, 127-135.
• Leon Rubio, J. M. s., Perez Gil, J. A., Jarana Exposito, L., & Medina Anzano, S. (1998). Families of institutionalized mentally retarded persons: Their attitudes towards social integration: Apuntes de Psicologia Vol 16(1-2) Sep 1998, 127-135.
• Lerman, P., Apgar, D. H., & Jordan, T. (2003). Deinstitutionalization and Mortality: Findings of a Controlled Research Design in New Jersey: Mental Retardation Vol 41(4) Aug 2003, 225-236.
• Lerman, P., Hall Apgar, D., & Jordan, T. (2005). Longitudinal Changes in Adaptive Behaviors of Movers and Stayers: Findings From a Controlled Research Design: Mental Retardation Vol 43(1) Feb 2005, 25-42.
• Lesage, A. D. (2000). Evaluating the closure or downsizing of psychiatric hospitals: Social or clinical event? : Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 9(3) Jul-Sep 2000, 163-170.
• Lesage, A. D., & Morissette, R. (1993). Residential and palliative needs of persons with severe mental illness who are subject to long-term hospitalization: Canada's Mental Health Vol 41(2) Sum 1993, 12-17.
• Lesage, A. D., Morissette, R., Fortier, L., Reinharz, D., & Contandriopoulos, A.-P. (2000). I. Downsizing psychiatric hospitals: Needs for care and services of current and discharged long-stay inpatients: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 45(6) Aug 2000, 526-531.
• Levene, L. S., Donaldson, L. J., & Brandon, S. (1985). How likely is it that a district health authority can close its large mental hospitals? : British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 147 Aug 1985, 150-155.
• Levien, J. (1998). The transformation of mangere hospital: A case study in deinstitutionalisation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Levin, S. J. (1982). Running: An adjunctive group therapy technique: Group Vol 6(1) Spr 1982, 27-34.
• Levine, I. S. (1984). Homelessness: Its implications for mental health policy and practice: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 8(1) Jul 1984, 6-16.
• Levine, J. (1983). Is Deinstitutionalization the Answer for the Chronic Mentally Ill? : PsycCRITIQUES Vol 28 (1), Jan, 1983.
• Levine, P. (1991). Supported housing programs in Michigan: Variations of the theme of independence: Adult Residential Care Journal Vol 5(4) Win 1991, 277-292.
• Lewis, D. A., Shadish, W. R., & Lurigio, A. J. (1989). Policies of inclusion and the mentally ill: Long-term care in a new environment: Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 173-186.
• Lieberman, H. J., Beck, J., & Trujillo, M. (1982). The Bayview Manor Program: From custodial care to a social learning program in a large community residence: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 23(1) Jan-Feb 1982, 38-49.
• Lin, A. M. (1985). Community placement with the natural family: A study of the discharged mentally retarded: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lindqvist, P., & Allebeck, P. (1990). Schizophrenia and crime: A longitudinal follow-up of 644 schizophrenics in Stockholm: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 157 Sep 1990, 345-350.
• Lindsay, J. (1993). A social atmosphere which tolerates eccentrics: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Oct 1993, 554-555.
• Lindsey, P., & Luckasson, R. (1991). Consent Screening Interview for community residential placement: Report on the initial pilot study data: Mental Retardation Vol 29(3) Jun 1991, 119-124.
• Ling, L. M. (1999). Disability in Australia: Policy and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Linhorst, D. M. (1990). A redefinition of the problem of homelessness among persons with a chronic mental illness: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 17(4) Dec 1990, 43-56.
• Linn, M. W., & et al. (1985). Nursing home care as an alternative to psychiatric hospitalization: A Veterans Administration cooperative study: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 42(6) Jun 1985, 544-551.
• Lipton, G. L. (1982). Establishing the limits: Mental Health in Australia Vol 1(9) Dec 1982, 17-21.
• Livaditis, M. (1993). Difficulties in deinstitutionalization: From the asylum to the boarding-house: Psychiatriki Vol 4(1-2) Jan-Jun 1993, 43-48.
• Lord, J., & Pedlar, A. (1991). Life in the community: Four years after the closure of an institution: Mental Retardation Vol 29(4) Aug 1991, 213-221.
• Loriedo, C. (1980). The day-hospital: Report on a personal experience at London's Maudsley Hospital: Lavoro Neuropsichiatrico Vol 67(3) Nov-Dec 1980, 313-336.
• Losson, J. P., & Parratte, J. (1988). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization in Quebec: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 64(10) Dec 1988, 1287-1298.
• Louan, E., & Senon, J. L. (2005). Mentally ill offenders in the New York city criminal justice and correctional systems: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 163(10) Dec 2005, 834-841.
• Lovell, A. M. (1986). The paradoxes of reform: Reevaluating Italy's mental health law of 1978: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(8) Aug 1986, 802-808.
• Lovell, A. M., & Scheper-Hughes, N. (1986). Deinstitutionalization and psychiatric expertise: Reflections on dangerousness, deviancy, and madness (Italy and the United States): International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(3) 1986, 361-381.
• Lovisi, G. M., Lima, L. A., & Morgado, A. F. (2001). Homeless people and major mental illness: Review of the important aspects: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 50(5-6) May-Jun 2001, 149-160.
• Lucyshyn, J. M., Olson, D., & Horner, R. H. (1995). Building an ecology of support: A case study of one young woman with severe problem behaviors living in the community: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 20(1) Spr 1995, 16-30.
• Lurie, A., & Ron, H. (1981). Discharge planning in a psychiatric hospital: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 6(3) Sep 1981, 139-143.
• Lurigio, A. J., & Lewis, D. A. (1989). Worlds that fail: A longitudinal study of urban mental patients: Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 79-90.
• Lynch, P. S., Kellow, J. T., & Willson, V. L. (1997). The impact of deinstitutionalization on the adaptive behavior of adults with mental retardation: A meta-analysis: Education & Training in Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Vol 32(3) Sep 1997, 255-261.
• MacCarthy, P. A. (1990). Resettlement of mentally handicapped trainees from two psychiatric hospitals: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 7(1) Mar 1990, 39-41.
• MacKay, D. N. (2005). By the By: Normalisation and De-institutionalisation in Nineteenth Century Scotland: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 51(101,Pt2) Jul 2005, 173-175.
• MacKay, D. N. (2006). By the by: Normalisation and de-institutionalisation in nineteenth century Scotland, II: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 52(102,Pt1) Jan 2006, 81-83.
• MacKay, D. N. (2006). By the by: Normalisation and De-institutionalisation in Nineteenth Century Scotland, III: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 52(103, Pt 2) Jul 2006, 157-159.
• Madden, D. L. (1991). A policy analysis of community-based group home development for mentally retarded clients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Maddox, G. L., Steinhauser, K., & Bolda, E. (1996). The continuum of care: Movement toward the community. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Madianos, M. (2002). Psychiatric care in Greece in the 21st century: Psychiatriki Vol 13(4) Oct-Dec 2002, 297-300.
• Madianos, M. G. (2002). Deinstitutionalization and the closure of public mental hospitals: The pragmatics of psychiatric reform in Greece: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 31(3) Fal 2002, 66-75.
• Madianos, M. G., Zacharakis, C., & Tsitsa, C. (2000). Utilization of psychiatric inpatient care in Greece: A nationwide study (1984-1996): International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 46(2) Sum 2000, 89-100.
• Magaro, P. A. (1985). Fourth revolution in the treatment of mental disorders: Rehabilitative entrepreneurship: Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol 16(4) Aug 1985, 540-552.
• Mahoney, A. R. (1981). Family participation for juvenile offenders in deinstitutionalization programs: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 133-144.
• Maisto, A. A., & Hughes, E. (1995). Adaptation to group home living for adults with mental retardation as a function of previous residential placement: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 39(1) Feb 1995, 15-18.
• Malley, S. M. (1995). Two years of progress: Therapeutic recreation with a person with mental retardation and metal illness: Therapeutic Recreation Journal Vol 29(4) 1995, 307-315.
• Mallory, B. L., & Herrick, S. C. (1987). The movement of children with mental retardation from institutional to community care: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 12(4) Win 1987, 297-305.
• Malone, J. A. (1985). An alternative community care program for the chronic mentally ill: An in vivo approach to social skills training and social support utilizing nonprofessional staff: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mance, R. M. (1990). Family management. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Manning, P. (1999). The institutionalization and deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Lessons from Goffman. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
• Mansell, J. (2006). Deinstitutionalisation and community living: Progress, problems and priorities: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 31(2) Jun 2006, 65-76.
• Marcos, L. R. (1989). Mentally ill and homeless: The plight of freedom: Issues in Ego Psychology Vol 12(1) 1989, 20-28.
• Marcos, L. R. (1990). The politics of deinstitutionalization. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Marinoni, A., Torre, E., Allegri, G., & Comelli, M. (1983). Lomest psychiatric case register: The statistical context required for planning: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 67(2) Feb 1983, 109-117.
• Markson, E. W. (1985). After deinstitutionalization, what? : Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 18(1) 1985, 37-56.
• Marshburn, J. C. (1983). Comprehensive intervention: An exploration of its use in the rehabilitation of recidivistic mental patients within the community setting: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Martin, G. L. (1974). The Future For the Severely and Profoundly Retarded: Institutionalization? Normalization? Kin Kare? Foster Homes? : Canadian Psychologist/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 15(3) Jul 1974, 228-241.
• Martin, J. E., Rusch, F. R., & Heal, L. W. (1982). Teaching community survival skills to mentally retarded adults: A review and analysis: The Journal of Special Education Vol 16(3) Fal 1982, 243-267.
• Martinez, J. M., & Nieves Fernandez, M. (1990). Return to community of long-stay psychiatric patients of Castilla and Leon: Revista de Psiquiatria de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona Vol 17(2) Mar-Apr 1990, 72-76.
• Martini, P., & et al. (1985). A model of a single comprehensive mental health service for a catchment area: A community alternative to hospitalization: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 95-120.
• Matthias, D. (1996). From psychiatric institutions into the community: Conditions for the integration of people with severe mental retardation: Vierteljahresschrift fur Heilpadagogik und ihre Nachbargebiete Vol 65(2) Jun 1996, 182-195.
• Mauch, D. (1989). Rhode Island: An early effort at managed care: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 43 Fal 1989, 55-64.
• Maxfield, P. P. (1985). Struggling alone: The lives and clinical statuses of the mentally disabled in the community: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mayerhoff, D. I. (2006). Radical deinstitutionalization: Rousseau versus Freud: Journal of Mental Health Vol 15(2) Apr 2006, 145-151.
• McCarthy-Funaro, M., & Hargreaves, P. (1988). A psychosocial approach to deinstitutionalization: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(12) Dec 1988, 1308-1309.
• McCartney, P. L. (1994). Does deinstitutionalization cost state mental health authorities more? : Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 21(6) Jul 1994, 479-486.
• McCarver, R. B. (1981). Commitment Into Practice: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 26 (8), Aug, 1981.
• McCausland, M. P. (1987). Deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill: Oversimplification of complex issues: Advances in Nursing Science Vol 9(3) Apr 1987, 24-33.
• McClannahan, L. E., MacDuff, G. S., & Krantz, P. J. (2002). Behavior analysis and intervention for adults with autism: Behavior Modification Vol 26(1) Jan 2002, 9-26.
• McCoin, J. M. (1987). Adult foster care: Old wine in a new glass: Adult Foster Care Journal Vol 1(1) Spr 1987, 21-41.
• McCord, W. T. (1982). From theory to reality: Obstacles to the implementation of the normalization principle in human services: Mental Retardation Vol 20(6) Dec 1982, 247-253.
• McCourt-Perring, C. (1992). The experience and perspectives of patients and care staff of the transition from hospital to community-based care. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• McCubbin, M. (1994). Deinstitutionalization: The illusion of disillusion: Journal of Mind and Behavior Vol 15(1-2) Win-Spr 1994, 35-54.
• McDonald, E. P. (1985). Medical needs of severely developmentally disabled persons residing in the community: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 90(2) Sep 1985, 171-176.
• McEvoy, J. (1991). Moving home: The effects of residential transfer on the behaviour of adults with a mental handicap: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 8(1) Mar 1991, 29-32.
• McGowan, C. (1986). Moving on: An outline of group work with mentally handicapped people preparing to move out of hospital into a group home: British Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 49(4) Apr 1986, 114-116.
• McGrew, J. H., & Bond, G. R. (1995). Critical ingredients of assertive community treatment: Judgments of the experts: Journal of Mental Health Administration Vol 22(2) Spr 1995, 113-125.
• McGrew, J. H., Wright, E. R., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Closing of a state hospital: An overview and framework for a case study: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 26(3) Aug 1999, 236-245.
• McGrew, J. H., Wright, E. R., Pescosolido, B. A., & McDonel, E. C. (1999). The closing of Central State Hospital: Long-term outcomes for persons with severe mental illness: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 26(3) Aug 1999, 246-261.
• McReynolds, W. T. (1983). Antidisestablishmentarianism: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 28 (8), Aug, 1983.
• McShane, W., & Redoutey, L. J. (1987). Community hospitals and community mental health agencies: Partners in service delivery: Journal of Mental Health Administration Vol 14(2) Fal 1987, 1-6.
• Mears, D. P., & Travis, J. (2004). Youth Development and Reentry: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 3-20.
• Mechanic, D., & Rochefort, D. A. (1990). Deinstitutionalization: An appraisal of reform: Annual Review of Sociology Vol 16 1990, 301-327.
• Medders, N. M., & Colman, A. D. (1985). The Assisted Independent Living Program: A new model for community care: Psychiatric Annals Vol 15(11) Nov 1985, 667-672.
• Medvene, L. J., & Bridge, R. G. (1990). Using television to create more favorable attitudes toward community facilities for deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Vol 20(22, Pt 2) Dec 1990, 1863-1878.
• Melamed, S., Shalit-Kenig, D., Gelkopf, M., Lerner, A., & Kodesh, A. (2004). Mental Homelessness: Locked Within, Locked Without: Social Work in Health Care Vol 39(1-2) 2004, 209-223.
• Menduni, G., & et al. (1983). Chronic patients, chronicization, reports from a mental hospital: Basic aspects of long-term hospitalization in terms of a current institutional situation: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 107(1) Feb 1983, 143-150.
• Menolascino, F. J., & McGee, J. J. (1981). The new institutions: Last ditch arguments: Mental Retardation Vol 19(5) Oct 1981, 215-220.
• Menolascino, F. J., & McGee, J. J. (1981). Rejoinder to the Partlow Committee: Mental Retardation Vol 19(5) Oct 1981, 227-229.
• Mensh, I. N. (1987). Transinstitutionalization, not Deinstitutionalization: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 32 (11), Nov, 1987.
• Mercier, C. (1986). Intervention in the psychiatric hospital in the era of deinstitutionalization: Canada's Mental Health Vol 34(3) Sep 1986, 13-17.
• Mercier, C., Renaud, C., & King, S. (1994). A thirty-year retrospective study of hospitalization among severely mentally ill patients: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 39(2) Mar 1994, 95-102.
• Meyerson, A. T., & Herman, G. S. (1983). What's new in aftercare? A review of recent literature: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(4) Apr 1983, 333-342.
• Mezzina, R., Canosa, R., & Manno, F. (1982). The South and reform: Lagging behind: Perspectives Psychiatriques Vol 20(5)[89] 1982, 447-449.
• Mezzina, R., Mazzuia, P., Vidoni, D., & Impagnatiello, M. (1992). Networking consumers' participation in a community mental health service: Mutual support groups, "citizenship" and coping strategies: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 38(1) Spr 1992, 68-73.
• Mezzina, R., & Vidoni, D. (1995). Beyond the mental hospital: Crisis intervention and continuity of care in Trieste: A four year follow-up study in a community mental health centre: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 41(1) Spr 1995, 1-20.
• Miller, A. D. (1984). Getting Children Out of the Frying Pan: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 29 (5), May, 1984.
• Miller, A. D. (1985). Deinstitutionalization in retrospect: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 57(3-4) Fal-Win 1985, 160-172.
• Miller, R. D. (1982). The least restrictive alternative: Hidden meanings and agendas: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 18(1) Spr 1982, 46-55.
• Mills, M. J., & Cummins, B. D. (1982). Deinstitutionalization reconsidered: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 5(3-4) 1982, 271-284.
• Minkoff, K. (1987). Beyond deinstitutionalization: A new ideology for the postinstitutional era: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(9) Sep 1987, 945-950.
• Mises, R., Wiener, M., & Gilbert, E. (1987). Orientation of adolescents treated in a unit of infant-juvenile psychiatry: Liaison with the sector of general psychiatry: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 63(5) May 1987, 651-658.
• Modell, J. (2001). Maybe fewer than three cheers for self-regulation: Human Development Vol 44(5) Sep-Oct 2001, 284-287.
• Molony, H., & Taplin, J. (1988). Deinstitutionalization of people with developmental disability: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 14(2) 1988, 109-122.
• Molony, H., & Taplin, J. E. (1990). The deinstitutionalization of people with a developmental disability under the Richmond Program: I. Changes in adaptive behaviour: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 16(2) 1990, 149-159.
• Moneypenny, J. R. (1983). Outcome in a partial hospitalization program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Montgomery, S., & et al. (1984). Symposium on "The way into the community": I. A review of the government guideline for residential provision for mentally handicapped people in Scotland: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 30(1) [58] Jun 1984, 8-14.
• Moore, J. M. (1987). Deinstitutionalization: A case study of Missouri: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Mor, V., Sherwood, S., & Gutkin, C. E. (1984). Psychiatric history as a barrier to residential care: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(4) Apr 1984, 368-372.
• Morell, M. A., Levine, M., & Perkins, D. V. (1982). Study of behavioral factors associated with psychiatric rehospitalization: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 18(3) Fal 1982, 190-199.
• Morgan, R. F. (1983). Community dispersion or problem resolution? Hypothetical plight of community residential patients with appendicitis: Psychological Reports Vol 53(2) Oct 1983, 353-354.
• Morgan, S. R. (1984). Deinstitutionalization of severely handicapped children: Locus of control and incentive orientations as important indicators: Exceptional Child Vol 31(1) Mar 1984, 74-79.
• Morin, R. C., & Seidman, E. (1986). A social network approach and the revolving door patient: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 12(2) 1986, 262-273.
• Morris, B. (1983). Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic mentally ill in Britain: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Feb 1983, 159-163.
• Morrow-Howell, N., Clark, W. F., & Miller, L. S. (1987). Multipurpose Senior Services Program deinstitutionalization screen: Health & Social Work Vol 12(3) Sum 1987, 197-204.
• Mortensen, P. B., & Juel, K. (1993). Mortality and causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Aug 1993, 183-189.
• Mosher, L. R. (1982). Radical deinstitutionalization: The Italian experience: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 129-136.
• Mosher, L. R. (1983). Recent developments in the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of the chronic mentally ill in Italy: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(10) Oct 1983, 947-950.
• Mosher-Ashley, P. M., Turner, B. F., & O'Neill, D. (1991). Attitudes of nursing and rest home administrators toward deinstitutionalized elders with psychiatric disorders: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 27(4) Aug 1991, 241-253.
• Moss, E., & Davidson, S. (1982). The community-based group home: Experiment in psychiatric rehabilitation: International Journal of Partial Hospitalization Vol 1(2) Apr 1982, 105-117.
• Mossman, D. (1997). Deinstitutionalization, homelessnes, and the myth of psychiatric abandonment: A structural anthropology perspective: Social Science & Medicine Vol 44(1) Jan 1997, 71-83.
• Mowbray, C. T., & Freddolino, P. P. (1986). Consulting to implement nontraditional community programs for the long-term mentally disabled: Administration in Mental Health Vol 14(2) Win 1986, 122-134.
• Mowbray, C. T., Grazier, K. L., & Holter, M. (2002). Managed behavioral health care in the public sector: Will it become the third shame of the States? : Psychiatric Services Vol 53(2) Feb 2002, 157-170.
• Mowbray, C. T., & Moxley, D. P. (2000). Deinstitutionalization: Kazdin, Alan E (Ed).
• Moxham, L. J., & Pegg, S. A. (2000). Permanent and stable housing for individuals living with a mental illness in the community: A paradigm shift in attitude for mental health nurses: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing Vol 9(2) Jun 2000, 82-88.
• Mueller, J., & Hopp, M. (1983). A demonstration of the cost benefits of case management services for discharged mental patients: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(1) Spr 1983, 17-24.
• Mulick, J. A., & Kedesdy, J. H. (1988). Self-injurious behavior, its treatment, and normalization: Mental Retardation Vol 26(4) Aug 1988, 223-229.
• Mulvey, E. P., Blumstein, A., & Cohen, J. (1986). Reframing the research question of mental patient criminality: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(1) 1986, 57-65.
• Munizza, C., Pirfo, E., Tibaldi, G., Cortese, M., & et al. (1993). Patterns of inpatient care in a metropolitan area after Italy's deinstitutionalization law: New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry Vol 9(1-2) Jan-Jun 1993, 23-30.
• Munk-Jorgensen, P. (1999). Has deinstitutionalization gone too far? : European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 249(3) 1999, 136-143.
• Munk-Jorgensen, P. (1999). Prologue: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 249(3) 1999, 113-114.
• Munk-Jorgensen, P. (2000). From psychiatric hospital to rehabilitation: The Nordic experience: L'Encephale Vol 26(SpecIssue1) Oct 2000, 3-6.
• Naples, M., & Steadman, H. J. (2003). Can persons with co-occurring disorders and violent charges be successfully diverted? : International Journal of Forensic Mental Health Vol 2(2) Fal 2003, 137-143.
• Ndegwa, D. (2006). Editorial: British Journal of Forensic Practice Vol 8(3) Sep 2006, 2-3.
• Nelson, G., Walsh-Bowers, R., & Hall, G. B. (1998). Housing for psychiatric survivors: Values, policy, and research: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 25(4) Mar 1998, 455-462.
• Nelson, N. E. (1983). The mentally retarded: Treatment problems and solutions: Social Casework Vol 64(1) Jan 1983, 45-48.
• Newton, L., Rosen, A., Tennant, C., & Hobbs, C. (2001). Moving out and moving on: Some ethnographic observations of deinstitutionalization in an Australian community: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 25(2) Fal 2001, 152-162.
• Newton, L., Rosen, A., Tennant, C., Hobbs, C., Lapsley, H. M., & Tribe, K. (2000). Deinstitutionalisation for long-term mental illness: An ethnographic study: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 34(3) Jun 2000, 484-490.
• Nguyen, S. D., & Cebulski, L. (1987). Planning psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation for the long-term patient: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 12(1) Mar 1987, 9-15.
• Nielsen, J., & Munk-Jorgensen, P. (2007). Changes in hospitalization and suicide rates in schizophrenia. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.
• No authorship, i. (1983). Deinstitutionalization standards detailed in consent decree: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(3) May-Jun 1983, 221-224.
• No authorship, i. (1983). A divided Third Circuit remands transfer of Pennhurst resident: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1983, 383-384.
• No authorship, i. (1983). New Jersey Supreme Court addresses placements for patients who are no longer dangerous: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1983, 378-379.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Adult deinstitutionalized against parents' wishes: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(6) Nov-Dec 1984, 542.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Court dismisses deinstitutionalization suit: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 446-447.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Justice Department opposes federal right to community living: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 296-297.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Pennhurst case settled but not over: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 464.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Recommendations of APA's task force on the homeless mentally ill: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(9) Sep 1984, 908-909.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Second Circuit narrows interpretation of institutional rights: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 462-464.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Three deinstitutionalization cases in progress: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 120-121.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Community living: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 301-302.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Deinstitutionalization cases settled: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1987, 191-192.
• No authorship, i. (1987). State courts slow deinstitutionalization: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 98-100.
• No authorship, i. (1989). Deinstitutionalization: Its effect on the delivery of speech-language-hearing services for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities: ASHA Vol 31(3) Mar 1989, 84-87.
• Noh, S. (1985). Living with psychiatric patients: The relationship between family burden and mental health among family members: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Nordentoft, M. (1990). Deinstitutionalization and homelessness among the mentally ill: A historical review: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 44(5) 1990, 435-441.
• Norman, G. P. (1993). A case study of human service professionals' perceptions of a community-based residential group home for developmentally disabled adults: Deinstitutionalization revisited: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Nottestad, J. A. (1994). The needs and use of specialized services for the mentally retarded after the Norwegian deinstitutionalization: Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening Vol 31(4) Apr 1994, 291-297.
• Nottestad, J. A., & Linaker, O. M. (1998). The use of rehabilitation services by municipalities following deinstitutionalization: Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening Vol 35(10) Oct 1998, 979-986.
• Nottestad, J. A., & Linaker, O. M. (1999). Psychiatric health needs and services before and after complete deinstitutionalization of people with intellectual disability: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 43(6) Dec 1999, 523-530.
• Nottestad, J. A., & Linaker, O. M. (2001). Self-injurious behaviour before and after deinstitutionalization: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 45(2) Apr 2001, 121-129.
• Nottestad, J. A., & Linaker, O. M. (2003). Psychotropic drug use among people with intellectual disability before and after deinstitutionalization: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 47(6) Sep 2003, 464-471.
• Nottestad, J. A., & Linkaer, O. M. (2002). Predictors for attacks on people after deinstitutionalization: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 46(6) Sep 2002, 493-502.
• Nottestad, J. A., Stromgren, B., & Linaker, O. M. (2000). Psychiatric and behavioral disturbances in elderly mentally retarded before and after deinstitutionalization: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 54(4) 2000, 281-286.
• Novak, A. R. (1983). Facilitators and barriers in the community placement process for developmentally disabled individuals facing deinstitutionalization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Novello, E., & Miricola, M. (1986). Psychiatric commitments before and after Law 180/1978: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 24(2) 1986, 155-174.
• O'Brien, A. J. (2006). Review of Closing Asylums for the Mentally Ill. Social Consequences: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing Vol 15(3) Sep 2006, 220-221.
• O'Brien, P., Thesing, A., Tuck, B., & Capie, A. (2001). Perceptions of change, advantage and quality of life for people with intellectual disability who left a long stay institution to live in the community: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 26(1) Mar 2001, 67-82.
• Ochonisky, J. (1988). About institutional destructiveness: L'Evolution Psychiatrique Vol 53(3) Jul-Sep 1988, 687-696.
• O'Connor, J. (1985). Highlights of the 36th Institute on Hospital and Community Psychiatry: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(1) Jan 1985, 27-30.
• Odejide, A. O., Jegede, R. O., & Sijuwola, A. O. (1982). Deinstitutionalization: A perspective from Nigeria: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 98-107.
• O'Driscoll, C. (1993). The TAPS project: VII. Mental hospital closure: A literature review of outcome studies and evaluative techniques: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(Suppl 19) Apr 1993, 7-17.
• O'Driscoll, C., & Leff, J. (1993). The TAPS project: VIII. Design of the research study on the long-stay patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(Suppl 19) Apr 1993, 18-24.
• O'Grady, T. J. (1988). Community psychiatry: A changing locus of rejection? : Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Vol 31(3) Spr 1988, 324-340.
• Okin, R. L. (1985). Expand the community care system: Deinstitutionalization can work: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(7) Jul 1985, 742-745.
• Okin, R. L. (1995). Testing the limits of deinstitutionalization: Psychiatric Services Vol 46(6) Jun 1995, 569-574.
• Okin, R. L., Dolnick, J. A., & Pearsall, D. T. (1983). Patients' perspectives on community alternatives to hospitalization: A follow-up study: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 140(11) Nov 1983, 1460-1464.
• Olick, F. E. (1994). Factors associated with the length of stay of elderly, chronically mentally ill persons in a state psychiatric hospital. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Oliver, J. M., Dripps, B. J., & Grisso, J. T. (1988). The Community Placement Scale: An adaptation of the Community Competence Scale for placement of the deinstitutionalized mentally ill: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 44(3) May 1988, 375-384.
• Oliver, J. M., & Searight, H. R. (1988). The Community Competence Scale: A preliminary short form for residential placement of deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients: Adult Foster Care Journal Vol 2(3) Fal 1988, 176-184.
• O'Neill, J., Brown, M., Gordon, W., & Schonhorn, R. (1985). The impact of deinstitutionalization on activities and skills of severely/profoundly mentally retarded multiply-handicapped adults: Applied Research in Mental Retardation Vol 6(3) 1985, 361-371.
• O'Reilly, R. (2007). Reply: Community treatment orders: An essential tool in the face of continuing deinstitutionalization: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 52(8) Aug 2007, 542.
• Ornelas, J. H. (1984). An anti-psychiatric approach to mental illness as seen through the process of deinstitutionalization in Trieste, Italy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Osborne, F. T. (1987). Residential youth centers as a component of deinstitutionalization: A case study: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Oshima, I., Mino, Y., & Inomata, Y. (2007). How many long-stay schizophrenia patients can be discharged in Japan? : Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Vol 61(1) Feb 2007, 71-77.
• Owen, F. A. (1987). Deinstitutionalization of people with mental handicaps in Ontario: Perceptions of successful community placement: A multiconstituency approach: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ozarin, L. D. (1986). Community care: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(2) Feb 1986, 184-185.
• Palena, A., & Stenico, E. (1982). The Lazarus syndrome and psychiatry: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva No 1-2 1982, 157-163.
• Palermo, G. B., Gumz, E. J., & Liska, F. J. (1992). Mental illness and criminal behavior revisited: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 36(1) Spr 1992, 53-61.
• Palermo, G. B., Smith, M. B., & Liska, F. J. (1991). Jails versus mental hospitals: A social dilemma: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 35(2) Sum 1991, 97-106.
• Palmer, F., & Gatti, D. (1982). Transitional employment project: Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Vol 2(2) Sum 1982, 23-36.
• Palmer-Erbs Jung, V. K. (1992). Interactive competence and mental health service utilization among the severely mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Paparo, F., & Bacigalupi, M. (1985). The Italian psychiatric experience: Further considerations: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 93-104.
• Papeschi, R. (1985). The denial of the institution: A critical review of Franco Basaglia's writings: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146 Mar 1985, 247-254.
• Paranosic, V., Kalicanin, P., & Lecic-Tosevski, D. (1993). Theory and practice of deinstitutionalization: Psihijatrija Danas Vol 25(3-4) 1993, 207-218.
• Pare, C., Parent, G., Pilon, W., & Cote, R. (1994). The influence of the deinstitutionalization process on the social integration of people with severe and profound intellectual deficiency: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 5(2) Dec 1994, 137-154.
• Pare, C., Parent, G., Pilon, W., & Cote, R. (1996). The influence of deinstitutionalization on the adaptive behaviors of individuals with severe mental retardation: Science et Comportement Vol 24(3) 1996, 227-236.
• Parish, S. L. (2005). Deinstitutionalization in two states: The impact of advocacy, policy, and other social forces on services for people with developmental disabilities: Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities Vol 30(4) Win 2005, 219-231.
• Parks, S. H., & Pilisuk, M. (1984). Personal support systems of former mental patients residing in board-and-care facilities: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 12(3) Jul 1984, 230-244.
• Parmelee, D. X., & Nierman, P. (2006). Transitions From Institutional to Community Systems of Care. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Passos, I. C. F. (2003). Deinstitutionalization in psychiatry: A case study: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 52(4) Jul-Aug 2003, 313-322.
• Patterson, J., & Kelly, J. A. (1982). Providing aftercare services directly in patients' residential neighborhoods: International Journal of Partial Hospitalization Vol 1(2) Apr 1982, 131-139.
• Pedlar, A. (1990). Normalization and integration: A look at the Swedish experience: Mental Retardation Vol 28(5) Oct 1990, 275-282.
• Peele, R. (1991). The ethics of deinstitutionalization. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Pencovici, A. (2001). Kfar Tikva--Therapeutic concept for people with special needs: Knock, knock, knock...is someone out there? : Child & Youth Services Vol 22(1-2) 2001, 23-36.
• Peniston, E. G. (1982). Symposium on parents and professional staff: III. Parental and caretakers' influence on the behaviour of mentally retarded people: British Journal of Mental Subnormality Vol 28(Pt 2, No 55) Dec 1982, 77-87.
• Pepper, B., & Ryglewicz, H. (1982). Testimony for the neglected: The mentally ill in the post-deinstitutionalized age: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 52(3) Jul 1982, 388-392.
• Pepper, B., Ryglewicz, H., & Kirshner, M. C. (1982). The uninstitutionalized generation: A new breed of psychiatric patient: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 14 Jun 1982, 3-14.
• (1985). The role of the state hospital: a new mandate for a new era. Psychiatric Quarterly 57 (3–4): 230–57.
• Pepper, B., Ryglewicz, H., & Kirshner, M. C. (2001). The uninstitutionalization generation: A new breed of psychiatric patient. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Perel, I. (1992). Deinstitutionalization at a large facility: A focus on treatment: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 13(1) 1992, 81-86.
• Perkins, R. E., Hollyman, J. A., Boardman, C. J., Humphreys-Hunt, B., & et al. (1992). From long-stay patient to Sloane Ranger: Outcome of resettlement of 15 old-long-stay psychiatric patients in "warden supervised" accommodation for the elderly: Journal of Mental Health Vol 1(2) Jun 1992, 149-162.
• Perlman, B. B., Melnick, G., & Kentera, A. (1985). Assessing the effectiveness of a case management program: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(4) Apr 1985, 405-407.
• Perris, C. (1987). The development of psychiatric care in Sweden (with particular reference to one of the northern counties): International Journal of Mental Health Vol 16(1-2) Spr-Sum 1987, 198-224.
• Perris, C., & Kemali, D. (1985). Focus on the Italian Psychiatric Reform: An introduction: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 9-14.
• Perris, C., Kemali, D., Stancati, G., & Amati, A. (1984). Is the Italian reform law concerning psychiatry ripe for a counter-reform? : Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 38(5) 1984, 367-377.
• Perris, C., Palm, U., Karlsson, K.-E., Perris, H., & et al. (1984). Care needs before deinstitutionalization: A study of a total hospital population: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 38(6) 1984, 613-621.
• Persinger, L. L. (2001). The impact of deinstitutionalization on skills and quality of life for adults with developmental and related disabilities. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Pescosolido, B. A., Wright, E. R., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). "Stakeholder" attitudes over time toward the closing of a state hospital: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 26(3) Aug 1999, 318-328.
• Peterson, C. L. (1985). Regulation and consultation in community care facilities: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(4) Apr 1985, 383-388.
• Peterson, C. L. (1986). "Community care": In reply: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(2) Feb 1986, 185.
• Petitjean, F., & Leguay, D. (2002). Psychiatric sectorization: Evolution and perspectives: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 160(10) Dec 2002, 786-793.
• Petr, C. G. (1990). The Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-319): A study of implementation processes with respect to the deinstitutionalization of children: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Piantanida, O., & Mosconi, A. (1986). Data gathering in psychiatry: Proposal for a questionnaire aimed at analyzing the residual population in psychiatric hospital: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 24(3) 1986, 151-161.
• Piat, M. (2000). The NIMBY phenomenon: Community residents' concerns about housing for deinstitutionalized people: Health & Social Work Vol 25(2) May 2000, 127-138.
• Pieters, G. (1990). "Training in Community Living": An alternative to the psychiatric hospital? : Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 32(4) 1990, 238-252.
• Pijl, Y. J., Kluiter, H., & Wiersma, D. (2001). Deinstitutionalisation in the Netherlands: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Vol 251(3) 2001, 124-129.
• Pijl, Y. J., & Sytema, S. (2004). The effect of deinstitutionalization on the longitudinal continuity of mental health care in the Netherlands: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 39(3) Mar 2004, 244-248.
• Pijl, Y. J., Sytema, S., Barels, R., & Wiersma, D. (2002). Costs of deinstitutionalization in a rural catchment area in the Netherlands: Psychological Medicine Vol 32(8) Nov 2002, 1435-1443.
• Piperno, R., Bucci, P., Purpura, M., & Zuppi, P. L. (1989). The Italian Mental Health Department as a structure introducing a new observation context: Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria Vol 50(2) Apr-Jun 1989, 473-475.
• Pirella, A. (1987). The implementation of the Italian psychiatric reform in a large conurbation: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 33(2) Sum 1987, 119-131.
• Pirkola, S., Sohlman, B., Heila, H., & Wahlbeck, K. (2007). Reductions in postdischarge suicide after deinstitutionalization and decentralization: A nationwide register study in Finland: Psychiatric Services Vol 58(2) Feb 2007, 221-226.
• Pivato, E. (1986). Community living and the denormalization of the family: Mental Retardation & Learning Disability Bulletin Vol 14(2) 1986, 62-66.
• Plotinsky, I. (1985). Conard House: The halfway house as transitional residential facility: Psychiatric Annals Vol 15(11) Nov 1985, 648-652.
• Plum, K. C. (1987). Moving forward with deinstitutionalization: Lessons of an ethical policy analysis: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 57(4) Oct 1987, 508-514.
• Pogrebin, M. R., & Poole, E. D. (1987). Deinstitutionalization and increased arrest rates among the mentally disordered: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 15(1) Spr 1987, 117-127.
• Polcin, D. L. (1990). Administrative planning in community mental health: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 26(2) Apr 1990, 181-192.
• Polcin, D. L. (1990). Ethical issues in the deinstitutionalization of clients with mental disorders: Journal of Mental Health Counseling Vol 12(4) Oct 1990, 446-457.
• Populin, M., & Sturni, L. (1984). On the social adjustment of twenty-six schizophrenic patients after their admission to a psychiatric service: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 108(1) Feb 1984, 142-149.
• Pothier, P. C. (1989). Yet another form of deinstitutionalization: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing Vol 3(5) Oct 1989, 251-253.
• Pouget, R., & Castelnau, D. (1986). State-of-the-art of the psychiatric sector: Return to realism or the end of an illusion? : Psychologie Medicale Vol 18(4) Mar 1986, 557-558.
• Priebe, S., Badesconyi, A., Fioritti, A., Hansson, L., Kilian, R., Torres-Gonzales, F., et al. (2005). Reinstitutionalisation in mental health care: Comparison of data on service provision from six European countries: BMJ: British Medical Journal Vol 330(7483) Jan 2005, 123-126.
• Priebe, S., Hoffmann, K., Isermann, M., & Kaiser, W. (2002). Do long-term hospitalised patients benefit from discharge into the community? : Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 37(8) Aug 2002, 387-392.
• Prindle, P. W. (1983). A Lewinian field theory approach to the community psychology of deinstitutionalization: The development of a community-based treatment model for severely disabled psychiatric patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Pritlove, J. (1983). Accommodation without resident staff for ex-psychiatric patients: Changing trends and needs: British Journal of Social Work Vol 13(1) Feb 1983, 75-92.
• Prouty, R. W. (1992). Unkept Promises: Deinstitutionalization and Community Care: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 37 (3), Mar, 1992.
• Purdy, D. B. (1982). A unified systems approach to treating the chronically mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Purnell, T. L., Sachson, S. M., & Wallace, E. C. (1982). A quarterway house program for hospitalized chronic patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(11) Nov 1982, 941-942.
• Purvis, R. (1983). The role of rehabilitation facilities through the turn of the century: Readings in Deafness Mono 6 1983, 28-34.
• Putnam, J. W., & Bruininks, R. H. (1986). Future directions in deinstitutionalization and education: A Delphi investigation: Exceptional Children Vol 53(1) Sep 1986, 55-62.
• Pylkkanen, K. (1994). The Finnish National Schizophrenia Project 1982-1992: Is a balanced deinstitutionalisation process possible? : Psychiatria Fennica Vol 25 1994, 169-183.
• Quay, H. C. (1984). The opinions of mental health facility administrators on the effects of children's rights and deinstitutionalization: Journal of Early Adolescence Vol 4(1) Spr 1984, 11-23.
• Quimby, L. G., Andrei, A., & Putnam, F. W., Jr. (1993). The deinstitutionalization of patients with chronic multiple personality disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Quinsey, V. L., Book, A., & Skilling, T. A. (2004). A Follow-up of Deinstitutionalized Men with Intellectual Disabilities and Histories of Antisocial Behaviour: Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities Vol 17(4) Dec 2004, 243-253.
• Rabig, J., Thomas, W., Kane, R. A., Cutler, L. J., & McAlilly, S. (2006). Radical Redesign of Nursing Homes: Applying the Green House Concept in Tupelo, Mississippi: The Gerontologist Vol 46(4) Aug 2006, 533-539.
• Rabiner, E. L., Wells, C. F., Struening, E., & Schmeidler, J. (1983). Toward a holistic model for predicting community reentry performance: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 53(2) Apr 1983, 303-314.
• Rabinowitz, J. (1982). Shared ethnicity as a correlate of acceptance of the formerly hospitalized mentally ill: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 9(3) Sep 1982, 534-540.
• Rachlin, S. (1983). The influence of law on deinstitutionalization: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 17 Mar 1983, 41-54.
• Rachlin, S., & Miller, R. D. (1985). Reinstitutionalization: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 60-64.
• Rakoff, V. M. (1985). The right to patienthood: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 12-18.
• Ramon, S. (1985). Understanding the Italian experience: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 147 Aug 1985, 208-209.
• Ramon, S. (1988). Towards normalization: Polarization and change in Britain. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• Ramon, S. (1989). The value and knowledge bases of the normalization approach: Implications for social work: International Social Work Vol 32(1) Jan 1989, 11-23.
• Ramon, S. (1992). The perspective of professional workers: Living with ambiguity, ambivalence and challenge. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• Ramon, S. (1992). Psychiatric hospital closure: Myths and realities. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• Rasanen, S., Hakko, H., Herva, A., Isohanni, M., Nieminen, P., & Moring, J. (2000). Community placement of long-stay psychiatric patients in Northern Finland: Psychiatric Services Vol 51(3) Mar 2000, 383-385.
• Ratna, L. (1982). Crisis intervention in psychogeriatrics: A two-year follow-up study: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141 Sep 1982, 296-301.
• Razali, S. M. (2004). Deinstitutionalization and Community Mental Health Services in Malaysia: An Overview: International Medical Journal Vol 11(1) Mar 2004, 29-35.
• Rebeiro, K. L., Bair, J., & Cook, J. V. (1999). Clarifying the scope of occupational therapy: Psychiatric Services Vol 50(3) Mar 1999, 418-421.
• Reda, S. (1994). A study of twenty psychiatric patients moved from hospital to community: baseline, six months and one year follow-up: Journal of Mental Health Vol 3(2) Jun 1994, 249-255.
• Reda, S. (1996). Public opinions about preparation required before closing psychiatric hospitals: Journal of Mental Health Vol 5(4) Sep 1996, 407-420.
• Reda, S. (1996). Public perception of discharged psychiatric patients: A community survey: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 42(3) Fal 1996, 220-229.
• Reinharz, D., Contandriopoulos, A.-P., & Lesage, A. D. (2000). III. Organizational analysis of deinstitutionalization in a psychiatric hospital: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 45(6) Aug 2000, 539-543.
• Reinharz, D., Lesage, A. D., & Contandriopoulos, A.-P. (2000). II. Cost-effectiveness analysis of psychiatric deinstitutionalization: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 45(6) Aug 2000, 533-538.
• Reitz, A. L. (1984). Teaching community skills to formerly institutionalized adults: Eating nutritionally balanced diets: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities Vol 4(3) 1984, 299-312.
• Reverzy, M. (1980). Deinstitutionalization--myth or reality: Current aspects of social reintegration of mental illness in the United States: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 138(3) Mar 1980, 317-324.
• Reynolds, K. M., Dziegielewski, S. F., & Sharp, C. (2004). Serving Mentally Ill Offenders Through Community Corrections: Joining Two Disciplines: Journal of Offender Rehabilitation Vol 40(1-2) 2004, 185-198.
• Rhoades, C. G. (1981). A sociological look at the impact of normalization: Implications of the movement to community integrate mildly retarded adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rhoades, L. J. (1982). Psychosocial intervention: A way out for chronic patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(9) Sep 1982, 709-710.
• Richardson, M. (2003). "Survey of nursing and medical profile prior to deinstitutionalization of a population with profound mental retardation": Commentary: Clinical Nursing Research Vol 12(1) Feb 2003, 23-27.
• Richardson, M. A., Craig, T. J., & Haugland, G. (1985). Treatment patterns of young chronic schizophrenic patients in the era of deinstitutionalization: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 57(2) Sum 1985, 104-110.
• Richman, A., & Harris, P. (1982). Mental hospital deinstitutionalization in Canada: A national perspective with some regional examples: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 64-83.
• Richmond, K., & Savy, P. (2005). In sight, in mind: Mental health policy in the era of deinstitutionalisation: Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 215-229.
• Ridgway, P., & Zipple, A. M. (1990). The paradigm shift in residential services: From the linear continuum to supported housing approaches: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 13(4) Apr 1990, 11-31.
• Robbins, H. H. (1982). Commentary on Brown, "Social implications of deinstitutionalization." Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(1) Jan 1982, 82-83.
• Robles, A. C. F., Chavero, J. M. F., & Fernandez, L. M. (1997). Interinstitutional coordination in the social integration of psychotic patients: Reflections about a case: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 18(8) Sep 1997, 53-59.
• Robles, A. C. F., Chavero, J. M. s. F., & Fernandez, L. M. (1997). Interinstitutional coordination in the social integration of psychotic patients: Reflections about a case: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 18(8) Sep 1997, 53-59.
• Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders: Causes and social consequences: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 28(3) Jan 2001, 165-180.
• Rogers, M. (1993). The effects of judicial intervention on the development of deinstitutionalization policy for persons with mental disabilities: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rohde, J., Farmer, R., & McCarthy, J. (1995). Elderly people with learning disability: A comparison of people over the age of 61 in 1984 with those over the age of 61 in 1994: British Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 23(4) 1995, 143-146.
• Ronning, J. A. (1982). Perspectives in the development of living conditions for the mentally retarded: Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening Vol 19(10) Oct 1982, 488-500.
• Rose, D., & Muijen, M. (1998). 24-hour nursed care: Users' views: Journal of Mental Health Vol 7(6) Dec 1998, 603-610.
• Rose, S. (2005). Social Advocacy Revisited: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 50 (50), 2005.
• Rose, S. M. (1987). Deinstitutionalization: A structurally generated opportunity for social work: International Social Work Vol 30(3) Jul 1987, 251-257.
• Rosen, A. (2006). The Australian experience of deinstitutionalization: Interaction of Australian culture with the development and reform of its mental health services: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 113(Suppl 429) Feb 2006, 81-89.
• Rosen, D. B. (1985). Differences in adaptive behavior of institutionalized and deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rosenberg, H. (1989). The effect of self definition on mental patient behavior in the community: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rosenfeld, A. H. (1982). Closing the revolving door through family therapy: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(11) Nov 1982, 893-894.
• Rosenfield, S. (1987). Services organization and quality of life among the seriously mentally ill: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 36 Win 1987, 47-59.
• Rosenzweig, S. (1983). Mental Hospital Deinstitutionalization: Reservations: American Psychologist Vol 38(3) Mar 1983, 349.
• Rossler, W., Salize, H.-J., & Riecher-Rossler, A. (1996). Changing patterns of mental health care in Germany: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 19(3-4) Sum-Fal 1996, 391-411.
• Rotelli, F. (1988). Changing psychiatric services in Italy. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• Rothbard, A. B., & Kuno, E. (2000). The success of deinstitutionalization: Empirical findings from case studies on state hospital closures: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 23(3-4) May-Aug 2000, 329-344.
• Rothman, D. J., & Rothman, S. M. (2005). The Willowbrook Wars: Bringing the mentally disabled into the community. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction.
• Roy, S., & Cloutier, R. (1994). The impact of deinstitutionalization on program effectiveness and efficiency: Revue Francophone de la Deficience Intellectuelle Vol 5(2) Dec 1994, 179-190.
• Rozanes T, M. (1984). Some considerations about partial hospitalization of the psychiatric patient: Salud Mental Vol 7(3) Fal 1984, 22-24.
• Rudie, F., & Riedl, G. (1984). Attitudes of parents/guardians of mentally retarded former state hospital residents toward current community placement: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 89(3) Nov 1984, 295-297.
• Rudrud, E. H., & Vaudt, T. M. (1986). Prerequisite skills for semi-independent living services (SILS) placement: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 11(3) Fal 1986, 182-187.
• Ryan, C., & Rao, L. (1987). Nutrition and the psychiatric patient: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 18(4) Fal 1987, 163-166.
• Ryu, Y., Mizuno, M., Sakuma, K., Munakata, S., Takebayashi, T., Murakami, M., et al. (2006). Deinstitutionalization of long-stay patients with schizophrenia: The 2-year social and clinical outcome of a comprehensive intervention program in Japan: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 40(5) May 2006, 462-470.
• Saathoff, G. B., Cortina, J. A., Jacobson, R., & Aldrich, C. K. (1992). Mortality among elderly patients discharged from a state hospital: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(3) Mar 1992, 280-281.
• Sackett, G. P. (1991). The human model of psychological well-being in primates. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Sakellaropoulos, P., Papanikolaou, G., & Kapsambelis, V. (1984). About home hospitalization: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 60(3) Mar 1984, 237-245.
• Salem, D. A. (1989). The measurement of community adjustment: An ecological perspective: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Salib, N. S. (1983). Successful community placement of the retarded person as a function of natural family involvement: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Salokangas, R. K. R., Honkonen, T., & Stengard, E. (1998). Community psychiatry and deinstitutionalization in Finland: Some results of the DSP project: Psychiatriki Vol 9(1) Jan-Mar 1998, 49-58.
• Salokangas, R. K. R., & Saarinen, S. (1998). Deinstitutionalization and schizophrenia in Finland: I. Discharged patients and their care: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 24(3) 1998, 457-467.
• Salvendy, J. T. (1985). De-institutionalization of the mentally ill: Expectations, reality, and future outlook. University, AL: The University of Alabama Press.
• Sandler, A., & Thurman, S. K. (1981). Status of community placement research: Effects on retarded citizens: Education & Training of the Mentally Retarded Vol 16(4) Dec 1981, 245-251.
• Sandler, A. G. (1981). From institution to transitional group home: Effects of environmental modification on the behavior of severely retarded persons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Saraceno, B. (1990). Deinstitutionalization: Psychiatrie Francaise Vol 21(3) 1990, 13-17.
• Savy, P. (2005). Outcry and silence: The social implications of asylum closure in Australia: Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 205-214.
• Sawyer, A.-M. (2005). From therapy to administration: Deinstitutionalisation and the ascendancy of psychiatric 'risk thinking.' Health Sociology Review Vol 14(3) Dec 2005, 283-296.
• Sayce, L. (1993). Improving mental health in Britain: A commentary on "The health of the nation." Journal of Mental Health Vol 2(4) Dec 1993, 305-313.
• Scala, A., & Gritti, P. (1985). The impact of Psychiatric Reform on inpatient services in a metropolitan area of Southern Italy: The Naples case: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 151-157.
• Scannell, T. D. (1989). Community care and the difficult and offender patient: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 154 May 1989, 615-619.
• Schain, R. J., Gardella, D., & Pon, J. (1982). Five-year outcome of children admitted to a state mental hospital: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(10) Oct 1982, 847-848.
• Schalock, R. L. (1986). Deinstitutionalization and the Mentally Retarded: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 31 (2), Feb, 1986.
• Schalock, R. L., Harper, R. S., & Carver, G. (1981). Independent living placement: Five years later: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 86(2) Sep 1981, 170-177.
• Schaub, R. (2004). Changes in the Provision of Psychiatric Services at a Psychiatric District Hospital: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 31(Suppl2) Nov 2004, S256-S262.
• Schell-Frank, D., Rotaru, T., Iverson, S. L., & Dole, K. N. (2004). Life Plans: A Critical Component in the Rehabilitation of Post-Institutionalized Romanian Youth: Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment Vol 9(1-2) 2004, 195-210.
• Schellings, R., Haveman, M. J., & Brook, O. H. (1994). A new perspective: Predictors of alternative care for long-term psychiatric inpatients: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 36(8) 1994, 545-557.
• Schene, A. H., & van Weeghel, J. (1997). Psychosocial rehabilitation: Many voices, one world. The Fifth World Congress of WAPR in retrospect: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal Vol 20(4) Spr 1997, 3-9.
• Scheper-Hughes, N. (1987). "Mental" in "Southie": Individual, family, and community responses to psychosis in South Boston: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry Vol 11(1) Mar 1987, 53-78.
• Scheper-Hughes, N., & Lovell, A. M. (1986). Breaking the circuit of social control: Lessons in public psychiatry from Italy and Franco Basaglia: Social Science & Medicine Vol 23(2) 1986, 159-178.
• Scherl, D. J. (1983). Toward humane mental health services: When system needs conflict with patient needs: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 18 Jun 1983, 101-105.
• Schinaia, C., Carfi, S., & Russo, F. (1983). The mental health services as potential causes of new chronicity in mental disorders: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 107(1) Feb 1983, 196-199.
• Schissel, B. (1997). Psychiatric expansionism and social control: The intersection of community care and state policy: Social Science Research Vol 26(4) Dec 1997, 399-418.
• Schmidt-Michel, P. O., & Konrad, M. (1988). Why are foster-care programs not a part of everyday routine in psychiatric treatment? : Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 23(3) Jul 1988, 163-165.
• Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., Kenzin, D., Breier, P., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2006). Public attitudes towards mental patients: A comparison between Novosibirsk, Bratislava and German cities: European Psychiatry Vol 21(7) Oct 2006, 436-441.
• Schooler, N. R., Severe, J. B., Glick, I. D., Hargreaves, W. A., & et al. (1996). Transition from acute to maintenance treatment: Prediction of stabilization: International Clinical Psychopharmacology Vol 11(Suppl 2) May 1996, 85-91.
• Schoonover, S. C., & Bassuk, E. L. (1983). Deinstitutionalization and the private general hospital inpatient unit: Implications for clinical care: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Feb 1983, 135-139.
• Schopler, E. (1989). Excesses of the normalization concept: American Psychologist Vol 44(2) Feb 1989, 447-448.
• Schramski, T. G., Harvey, D. R., & Bennetti, R. (1985). Deinstitutionalizing a residential environment for individuals with dual diagnosis: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 8(3) Jan 1985, 60-66.
• Schreiber, S. C. (1987). Social networks and recidivism of deinstitutionalized mental patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Schutzman, E. (1990). Deinstitutionalization of young adult chronic schizophrenic patients: Effects of supportive structure: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Scull, A. (1981). Deinstitutionalization and the rights of the deviant: Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 6-20.
• Scull, A. (1985). Deinstitutionalization and public policy: Social Science & Medicine Vol 20(5) 1985, 545-552.
• Scull, A. (1986). Mental patients and the community: A critical note: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(3) 1986, 383-392.
• Scull, A. (1990). Deinstitutionalization: Cycles of despair: Journal of Mind and Behavior Vol 11(3-4) Sum-Fal 1990, 301-311.
• Scyner, L. A. (1988). The development of mental health policy: A comparative study of a federalist and unitary system: Community care of former psychiatric in-patients: A study of two cities: Winnipeg, Manitoba and Bristol, England: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sealy, P., & Whitehead, P. C. (2004). Forty Years of Deinstitutionalization of Psychiatric Services in Canada: An Empirical Assessment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 49(4) Apr 2004, 249-257.
• Sealy, P. A. (2003). The impact of deinstitutionalization on psychological distress and access of psychiatric services. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Searight, H. R. (1986). The utility of the Community Competence Scale for determining placement site among the deinstitutionalized mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Searight, H. R., & Handal, P. J. (1986). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization: The possibilities and the reality: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 58(3) Fal 1986-1987, 153-166.
• Searight, H. R., & Handal, P. J. (1987). Psychiatric deinstitutionalization and social policy: Implications for adult foster care: Adult Foster Care Journal Vol 1(1) Spr 1987, 7-20.
• Searight, H. R., Oliver, J. M., & Grisso, J. T. (1983). The Community Competence Scale: Preliminary reliability and validity: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 11(5) Oct 1983, 609-613.
• Searight, H. R., Oliver, J. M., & Grisso, J. T. (1986). The Community Competence Scale in the placement of the deinstitutionalized mentally ill: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 14(3) Jun 1986, 291-301.
• Seck, B., & et al. (1981). To go out of the psychiatric hospital: A Senegalese experiment: Psychopathologie Africaine Vol 17(1-3) 1981, 271-278.
• Segal, S. P., Hazan, A. R., & Kotler, P. L. (1990). Characteristics of sheltered care facility operators in California in 1973 and 1985: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 41(11) Nov 1990, 1245-1248.
• Seltzer, M. M. (1984). Correlates of community opposition to community residences for mentally retarded persons: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 89(1) Jul 1984, 1-8.
• Seltzer, M. M. (1984). Patterns of job satisfaction among mentally retarded adults: Applied Research in Mental Retardation Vol 5(1) 1984, 147-159.
• Seltzer, M. M., & Krauss, M. W. (1984). Family, community residence, and institutional placements of a sample of mentally retarded children: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 89(3) Nov 1984, 257-266.
• Seltzer, M. M., & Krauss, M. W. (1986). "Maladaptive behavior merits fair treatment: A response to Seltzer and Krauss": Reply to Holburn: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 91(3) Nov 1986, 215-216.
• Seltzer, M. M., Seltzer, G. B., & Sherwood, C. C. (1982). Comparison of community adjustment of older vs. younger mentally retarded adults: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 87(1) Jul 1982, 9-13.
• Serra, P. (2005). Three paradigms of old psychiatry: Psychiatry Today Vol 37(1) 2005, 33-38.
• Sesalem, K. S. (1991). The relationship between locus-of-control and challenging behavior for deinstitutionalized persons with mental retardation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Severson, M. E. (2000). The impact of a state hospital closure on local jails: The Kansas experience: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 36(6) Dec 2000, 571-587.
• Seymour, R. J., & Dawson, N. J. (1986). The schizophrenic at home: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 24(1) Jan 1986, 28-30.
• Shadish, W. R. (1983). Costs and effects in mental health policy: American Psychologist Vol 38(3) Mar 1983, 349-350.
• Shadish, W. R. (1984). Policy research: Lessons from the implementation of deinstitutionalization: American Psychologist Vol 39(7) Jul 1984, 725-738.
• Shadish, W. R., Jr. (1987). Policy research: Lessons from the implementation of deinstitutionalization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Shadish, W. R., & Bootzin, R. R. (1981). Nursing homes and chronic mental patients: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 7(3) 1981, 488-498.
• Shadish, W. R., Lurigio, A. J., & Lewis, D. A. (1989). After deinstitutionalization: The present and future of mental health long-term care policy: Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 1-15.
• Shadish, W. R., Thomas, S., & Bootzin, R. R. (1982). Criteria for success in deinstitutionalization: Perceptions of nursing homes by different interest groups: American Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(5) Oct 1982, 553-566.
• Shah, A., & Holmes, N. (1987). Locally-based residential services for mentally handicapped adults: A comparative study: Psychological Medicine Vol 17(3) Aug 1987, 763-774.
• Shalik, L. D., & Shalik, H. (1987). Cluster homes: A community for profoundly and severely retarded persons: American Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol 41(4) Apr 1987, 222-226.
• Shanks, J. (1991). Services for patients with chronic mental illness: Results of research and experience. London, England: Gaskell/Royal College of Psychiatrists.
• Sharfstein, S. S. (1985). Financial incentives for alternatives to hospital care: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 8(3) Sep 1985, 449-460.
• Sharfstein, S.S. (August 1979). Community mental health centers: returning to basics. American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (8): 1077–9.
• Sharp, D. M. M. (2004). Return to the asylum: The search for clients with enduring mental health problems in Italy: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Vol 11(5) Oct 2004, 562-568.
• Shavelle, R., & Strauss, D. (1999). Mortality of persons with developmental disabilities after transfer into community care: A 1996 update: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 104(2) Mar 1999, 143-147.
• Shaw, L. L. (1989). Board and care: The everyday lives of ex-mental patients living in the community: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sheerin, I., & Gale, R. (1985). Quality of community care for the long-term mentally disabled: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 1(2) Feb 1985, 2-14.
• Shoemaker, J. E. (1981). A meta-analysis of the effects of deinstitutionalization on institutionalized retarded persons: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Siegenthaler, L. A. (1982). Deinstitutionalization in Switzerland: The incrementalist model: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 137-152.
• Sijuwola, O. A. (1979). Comparison of patterns of relapses in schizophrenic patients treated in hospital and those treated in a community setting: African Journal of Psychiatry Vol 5(3-4) Jul-Oct 1979, 91-95.
• Sinson, J. C. (1993). Group homes and community integration of developmentally disabled people: Micro-institutionalisation? London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Slavinsky, A. T., & Krauss, J. B. (1982). Two approaches to the management of long-term psychiatric outpatients in the community: Nursing Research Vol 31(5) Sep-Oct 1982, 284-289.
• Smith, C. J. (1980). Optimum living environments for discharged mental patients: EDRA: Environmental Design Research Association No 11 1980, 77-84.
• Smith, J. D., & Polloway, E. A. (1995). Patterns of deinstitutionalization and community placement: A dream deferred or lost? : Education & Training in Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities Vol 30(4) Dec 1995, 321-328.
• Snyder, H. N. (2004). An Empirical Portrait of the Youth Reentry Population: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 39-55.
• Soccorsi, S. (1985). The impact of Law 180 on the family: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 149-154.
• Solomon, P., Beck, S., & Gordon, B. (1988). A comparison of perspectives on discharge of extended care facility clients: Views of families, hospital staff, community mental health workers, and clients: Administration in Mental Health Vol 15(3) Spr 1988, 166-174.
• Solomon, P., & Gordon, B. (1988). The differential receipt of rehabilitation services among an aftercare population: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 16(2) Win 1988, 99-106.
• Solomon, P., Gordon, B., & Davis, J. M. (1986). Reconceptualizing assumptions about community mental health: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(7) Jul 1986, 708-712.
• Solomon, P., & Marcenko, M. O. (1992). Family members' concerns regarding community placement of their mentally disabled relative: Comparisons one month after release and a year later: Family Relations Vol 41(3) Jul 1992, 341-347.
• Sommer, R., & Osmond, H. (1981). The mentally ill in the Eighties: Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry Vol 10(3) 1981, 193-201.
• Sommer, R., & Osmond, H. (1984). The schizophrenic no-society revisited: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 47(2) May 1984, 181-191.
• Sommers, I. (1988). The influence of environmental factors on the community adjustment of the mentally ill: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 176(4) Apr 1988, 221-226.
• Sommers, I. (1988). Social and geographic correlates of the community adjustment of the chronically mentally ill: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 16(1) Fal 1988, 25-39.
• Sommers, I., Baskin, D., Specht, D., & Shively, M. (1988). Deinstitutionalization of the elderly mentally ill: Factors affecting discharge to alternative living arrangements: The Gerontologist Vol 28(5) Oct 1988, 653-658.
• Sommers, I. B. (1983). Environmental factors and their relationship to community outcomes of the mentally ill: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Spencer, M. B., & Jones-Walker, C. (2004). Interventions and Services Offered to Former Juvenile Offenders Reentering Their Communities: An Analysis of Program Effectiveness: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 88-97.
• Spergel, I. A., Lynch, J. P., Reamer, F. G., & Korbelik, J. (1982). Response of organization and community to a deinstitutionalization strategy: Crime & Delinquency Vol 28(3) Jul 1982, 426-449.
• Spreat, S., & Conroy, J. W. (2001). Community placement for persons with significant cognitive challenges: An outcome analysis: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 26(2) Sum 2001, 106-113.
• Spreat, S., Conroy, J. W., & Rice, D. M. (1998). Improve quality in nursing homes or institute community placement? Implementation of OBRA for individuals with mental retardation: Research in Developmental Disabilities Vol 19(6) Nov-Dec 1998, 507-518.
• Spreat, S., Telles, J. L., Conroy, J. W., Feinstein, C., & et al. (1987). Attitudes toward deinstitutionalization: National survey of families of institutionalized persons with mental retardation: Mental Retardation Vol 25(5) Oct 1987, 267-274.
• Springer, N. S. (1987). From institution to foster care: Impact on nutritional status: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 91(4) Jan 1987, 321-327.
• Stacey, J. (1988). Hospital closure and the reality of community care: Decanting or decentralising? : Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 4(1) Jun 1988, 5-12.
• Stancliffe, R. J., & Abery, B. H. (1997). Longitudinal study of deinstitutionalization and the exercise of choice: Mental Retardation Vol 35(3) Jun 1997, 159-169.
• Stancliffe, R. J., & Hayden, M. F. (1998). Longitudinal study of institutional downsizing: Effects on individuals who remain in the institution: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 102(5) Mar 1998, 500-510.
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., Larson, S. A., & Lakin, K. C. (2002). Longitudinal study on the adaptive and challenging behaviors of deinstitutionalized adults with mental retardation: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 107(4) Jul 2002, 302-320.
• Stancliffe, R. J., & Lakin, K. C. (1999). A longitudinal comparison of day program services and outcomes of people who left institutions and those who stayed: Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps Vol 24(1) Spr 1999, 44-57.
• Stancliffe, R. J., & Lakin, K. C. (2006). Longitudinal frequency and stability of family contact in institutional and community living: Mental Retardation Vol 44(6) Dec 2006, 418-429.
• Stancliffe, R. J., Lakin, K. C., Shea, J. R., Prouty, R. W., & Coucouvanis, K. (2005). The Economics of Deinstitutionalization. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Publishing.
• Stanley, B., & Roy, A. (1988). Evaluating the quality of life of people with mental handicaps: A social validation study: Mental Handicap Research Vol 1(2) Jul 1988, 197-210.
• Steadman, H. J., & et al. (1984). The impact of state mental hospital deinstitutionalization on United States prison populations, 1968-1978: Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol 75(2) Sum 1984, 474-490.
• Steele, S. (1987). Deinstitutionalization of persons with mental retardation/developmental disabilities: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1987, 235-250.
• Stein, L. I., & Test, M. A. (1985). The evolution of the Training in Community Living model: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 26 Jun 1985, 7-16.
• Steinberg, L., Chung, H. L., & Little, M. (2004). Reentry of Young Offenders from the Justice System: A Developmental Perspective: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 21-38.
• Steinbock, H. (1997). Deinstitutionalization of psychiatric long stay patients: Preliminary results from a Bavarian state hospital: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 8(2) Apr 1997, 47-50.
• Steinhart, D. J. (1996). Status offenses: The Future of Children Vol 6(3) Win 1996, 86-99.
• Sternlicht, M., & Roth, M. R. (1982). The psychologist & deinstitutionalization: From theory to practice: Journal of Urban Psychiatry Vol 2(1) 1982, 16-19.
• Stierer, C. L. (1989). The relationship of certain characteristics to social and physical integration for persons with mental retardation living in group homes in Region 4 of the Commonwealth of Virginia: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stiles, P. G., Culhane, D. P., & Hadley, T. R. (1996). Old and new: A comparison of state psychiatric hospitals: Psychiatric Services Vol 47(8) Aug 1996, 866-868.
• Stone, J. A. (1990). Returning to the community: A nine-year experience: Adult Residential Care Journal Vol 4(1) Spr 1990, 21-27.
• Straw, R. B. (1982). Meta-analysis of deinstitutionalization in mental health: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stuart, R. A. (1982). Perceptions of community adjustment by deinstitutionalized adults: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stumpf, S. H. (1990). Pathways to success: Training for independent living. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
• Sullivan, M. L. (2004). Youth Perspectives on the Experience of Reentry: Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Vol 2(1) Jan 2004, 56-71.
• Sung, H.-E., & Richter, L. (2007). Rational choice and environmental deterrence in the retention of mandated drug abuse treatment clients: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 51(6) Dec 2007, 686-702.
• Susnick, L. C., & Belcher, J. R. (1996). Why are they homeless? The chronically mentally ill in Washington, D. C: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 24(4) Win 1996, 70-84.
• Swerdlow, M. E. (1985). "Nervios" or psychosis? An ethnography of Puerto Rican psychiatric patients in a New York City treatment program: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sylvester, C. T., & Bean, G. J. (1989). Predicting community tenure after psychiatric hospitalization: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 25(2) Sum 1989, 109-120.
• Sytema, S. (1997). Service utilization research: Goals and prospects: Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale Vol 6(1,MonoSuppl) Jan-Apr 1997, 127-136.
• Sytema, S., & Burgess, P. (1999). Continuity of care and readmission in two service systems: A comparative Victorian and Groningen case-register study: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 100(3) Sep 1999, 212-219.
• Tabatabainia, M. M. (2003). Listening to families' views regarding institutionalization & deinstitutionalization: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 28(3) Sep 2003, 241-259.
• Takuma, H., Tadashi, T., & Iwao, O. (2007). Analysis of factors in communities that contribute to earlier discharge of patients from psychiatric hospitals: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 49(8) Aug 2007, 813-819.
• Talbott, J. A. (1983). A special population: The elderly deinstitutionalized chronically mentally ill patient: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 55(2-3) Sum-Fal 1983, 90-105.
• Talbott, J. A. (1988). The chronic patient and public psychiatry: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 37 Spr 1988, 105-107.
• Talbott, J. A. (1988). Deinstitutionalization: Avoiding the disasters of the past: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 37 Spr 1988, 35-42.
• Talbott, J. A. (1988). The fate of the public psychiatric system: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 37 Spr 1988, 13-23.
• Talbott, J. A. (1992). The care of the chronic mentally ill, deinstitutionalization and homelessness in the United States: Psychiatria Hungarica Vol 7(6) Dec 1992, 615-626.
• Talbott, J. A. (2004). Deinstitutionalization: Avoiding the Disasters of the Past: Psychiatric Services Vol 55(10) Oct 2004, 1112-1115.
• Tamburini, R. (1989). Methodology and execution of a functioning project in the form of a therapeutic community: Feasibility considerations: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 27(4) 1989, 681-692.
• Tansella, M. (1985). Misunderstanding the Italian experience: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 147 Oct 1985, 450-451.
• Tansella, M., & Williams, P. (1987). The Italian experience and its implications: Psychological Medicine Vol 17(2) May 1987, 283-289.
• Tari, A. J., & Fenn, L. (1988). Toward a comprehensive evaluation of the deinstitutionalization process: A position paper: Mental Retardation & Learning Disability Bulletin Vol 16(1) 1988, 1-6.
• Taylor, B. (1988). Social skills travel training in social work practice: Social Casework Vol 69(4) Apr 1988, 248-252.
• Taylor, M. C. (1984). A view from within: The community adaptation experiences of discharged mental patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Taylor, S. J. (2001). The continuum and current controversies in the USA: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 26(1) Mar 2001, 15-33.
• Terkelsen, K. G. (1984). "Schizophrenia and the family: II. Adverse effects of family therapy": Response: Family Process Vol 23(3) Sep 1984, 425-428.
• Tessler, R. C., Willis, G., & Gubman, G. D. (1986). Defining and measuring continuity of care: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 10(1) Jul 1986, 27-38.
• Test, M. A. (1981). Effective community treatment of the chronically mentally ill: What is necessary? : Journal of Social Issues Vol 37(3) 1981, 71-86.
• Theunissen, G. (1986). The future of adults with severe mental and multiple disabilities: Behindertenpadagogik Vol 25(1) Feb 1986, 23-34.
• Theunissen, G. (1988). Conceptions of integration of the mentally handicapped living in psychiatric clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany: Vierteljahresschrift fur Heilpadagogik und ihre Nachbargebiete Vol 57(2) Jun 1988, 132-140.
• Thiel, G. W. (1981). Relationship of IQ, adaptive behavior, age, and environmental demand to community-placement success of mentally retarded adults: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 86(2) Sep 1981, 208-211.
• Thompson, E. H., & Doll, W. (1982). The burden of families coping with the mentally ill: An invisible crisis: Family Relations Vol 31(3) Jul 1982, 379-388.
• Thomson, D. A. (1992). New direction: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 15(3) Jan 1992, 105-109.
• Thornicroft, G., & Bebbington, P. (1989). Deinstitutionalisation: From hospital closure to service development: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 155 Dec 1989, 739-753.
• Thornicroft, G., Gooch, C., O'Driscoll, C., & Reda, S. (1993). The TAPS project: IX. The reliability of the Patient Attitude Questionnaire: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(Suppl 19) Apr 1993, 25-29.
• Thurer, S. L. (1983). Deinstitutionalization and women: Where the buck stops: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(12) Dec 1983, 1162-1163.
• Tobino, M. (1985). Psychiatry in Italy since the promulgation of Law 180: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1985, 125-138.
• Toews, J., & Barnes, G. (1986). The chronic mental patient and community psychiatry: A system in trouble: Canada's Mental Health Vol 34(2) Jun 1986, 2-7.
• Tomlinson, D. (1992). Planning after a closure decision: The case of the North East Thames Regional Health Authority. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• Torre, E. (1988). Deinstitutionalization: Alternatives to mental hospitals in Italy. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press.
• Torre, E., & Marinoni, A. (1985). Evaluating community mental health services in Italy after the closing of mental hospitals: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(1) Win 1985, 66-69.
• Torre, E., & Marinoni, A. (1985). Register studies: Data from four areas in Northern Italy: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 87-94.
• Tossebro, J. (1998). Family attitudes to deinstitutionalization before and after resettlement: The case of a Scandinavian welfare state: Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Vol 10(1) Mar 1998, 55-72.
• Tossebro, J., & Lundeby, H. (2006). Family attitudes to deinstitutionalisation: Changes during and after reform years in a Scandinavian country: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 31(2) Jun 2006, 115-119.
• Towell, D., & Kingsley, S. (1988). Changing psychiatric services in Britain. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
• Trauer, T. (2001). Symptom severity and personal functioning among patients with schizophrenia discharged from long-term hospital care into the community: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 37(2) Apr 2001, 145-155.
• Trauer, T., Farhall, J., Newton, R., & Cheung, P. (2001). From long-stay psychiatric hospital to Community Care Unit: evaluation at 1 year: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 36(8) 2001, 416-419.
• Treffert, D. A. (1985). The psychopolitics of deinstitutionalization: An irresistible concept meets an immovable reality: American Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 5(3) Sum 1985, 29-33.
• Trieman, N., & Kendal, R. (1995). The TAPS project 27: After hospital: Pathways patients follow in the community: Journal of Mental Health Vol 4(4) 1995, 423-429.
• Trieman, N., & Leff, J. (1996). Difficult to place patients in a psychiatric hospital closure programme: The TAPS project 24: Psychological Medicine Vol 26(4) Jul 1996, 765-774.
• Trieman, N., & Leff, J. (2002). Long-term outcome of long-stay psychiatric in-patients considered unsuitable to live in the community: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 181(5) Nov 2002, 428-432.
• Trieman, N., & Leff, J. (2003). "Long-term outcome of long-stay psychiatric in-patients considered unsuitable to live in the community: TAPS Project 44": Erratum: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 183(1) Jul 2003, 80-81.
• Trimble, D. W., & Kliman, J. (1981). Community network therapy: Strengthening the networks of chronic patients: International Journal of Family Psychiatry Vol 2(3-4) 1981, 269-289.
• Tsiantis, J., Kordoutis, P., Kolaitis, G., Perakis, A., & et al. (1995). The psychosocial dynamics of change at Leros PIKPA Asylum: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 167(Suppl 28) Jul 1995, 46-55.
• Tsiantis, J., Perakis, A., Kordoutis, P., Kolaitis, G., & et al. (1995). The Leros PIKPA Asylum: Deinstitutionalisation and rehabilitation project: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 167(Suppl 28) Jul 1995, 10-45.
• Tsuang, M.-F. (1993). Public attitudes toward community placement for people with severe mental retardation in Taipei, Taiwan: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Tsuchiya, K. J., & Takei, N. (2004). Focus on psychiatry in Japan: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 184(1) Jan 2004, 88-92.
• Tsuda, E. (2006). Japanese culture and the philosophy of self-advocacy: The importance of interdependence in community living: British Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 34(3) Sep 2006, 151-156.
• Tubelli, M., Pietropaoli, D., Barisone, M., & Remotti, F. M. (1983). Chronically mentally ill patients in hospital wards: Observations made in the course of one day at the psychiatric services of Genoa and Savona: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 107(1) Feb 1983, 190-195.
• Tuntiya, N. (2007). Free-air treatment for mental patients: The deinstitutionalization debate of the nineteenth century: Sociological Perspectives Vol 50(3) Fal 2007, 469-488.
• Turkat, D., & Buzzell, V. (1982). Psychosocial rehabilitation: A process evaluation: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(10) Oct 1982, 848-850.
• Turkel, J. (1984). Discussion of "Patient responsibility in a psychiatric day treatment program" by Terry Baver, Ph.D., and Eric Sigman, Ph.D: Dynamic Psychotherapy Vol 2(1) Spr-Sum 1984, 75-77.
• Tuteur, W. (1986). Reinstatement of mental disability social security benefits: American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 7(3) 1986, 25-30.
• Tyler, C. V., Jr., & Bourguet, C. (1997). Primary care of adults with mental retardation: The Journal of Family Practice Vol 44(5) May 1997, 487-494.
• Tyler, C. V., Jr., & Shank, J. C. (1996). Dementia and down syndrome: The Journal of Family Practice Vol 42(6) Jun 1996, 619-621.
• Uchtenhagen, A. (1986). Evaluation of community services: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 86(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 350-361.
• Uffing, H. T., Ceha, M. M., & Saenger, G. H. (1992). The development of de-institutionalization in Europe: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 63(3) Fal 1992, 265-278.
• Ulett, G. (1993). Hospitals without walls: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 44(1) Jan 1993, 82-83.
• Vadasy, P. F., & Fewell, R. R. (1984). Predicting the futures of deaf-blind adolescents: Their living and vocational options: Education of the Visually Handicapped Vol 16(1) Spr 1984, 12-19.
• van Rensburg, B. J. (2005). Community placement and reintegration of service users from long-term mental health care facilities: South African Psychiatry Review Vol 8(3) Aug 2005, 100-103.
• Van Voorhis, P. (1987). Correctional effectiveness: The high cost of ignoring success: Federal Probation Vol 51(1) Mar 1987, 56-62.
• Van Wel, T. F., & Van den Hout, A. C. (1988). Protective housing: An inquiry into a discussed matter: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 30(8) 1988, 521-533.
• Van't Veer, J. T. B., Kraan, H. F., Drossaert, C. H. C., & Modde, J. M. (2005). De-stigmatisation through de-concentration? A Dutch population-study of the stigmatisation of psychiatric patients: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 47(10) 2005, 659-669.
• Verdoux, H. (2003). Editorial: Psychiatry in France: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 49(2) Jun 2003, 83-86.
• Vergara Delgado, H. (1981). From "chronic patients" to living together: An experience in the "demedicalization" of insanity: Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria Vol 10(3) Sep 1981, 354-370.
• Vetter, P. (1985). Rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients in housing communes and its influence on length of hospital stay: A controlled retrospective study: Nervenarzt Vol 56(7) Jul 1985, 359-364.
• Visotsky, H. M. (1993). Twenty years of progress: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 21(2) Nov 1993, 133-137.
• Vitello, S. J. (1981). Mental retardation law in 1980: A review: Education & Training of the Mentally Retarded Vol 16(3) Oct 1981, 222-224.
• Vitello, S. J., Atthowe, J. M., & Cadwell, J. (1983). Determinants of community placement of institutionalized mentally retarded persons: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 87(5) Mar 1983, 539-545.
• Vogdes, N. L. (1983). Sponsor care as an alternative to institutional care for the elderly American veteran: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Voineskos, G. (1985). New chronic patients in the emergency service: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 10(2) Jun 1985, 95-100.
• Volovik, V. M., & Zachepitskii, R. A. (1982). Deinstitutionalization in Soviet psychiatry: International Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(4) Win 1982-1983, 108-128.
• Wainwright, T. (1992). The changing perspective of a resettlement team. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• Walker, H. M., & Calkins, C. F. (1986). The role of social competence in the community adjustment of persons with developmental disabilities: Processes and outcomes: RASE: Remedial & Special Education Vol 7(6) Nov-Dec 1986, 46-53.
• Walker, R. R. (1982). The place of family care in the deinstitutionalization of the mentally retarded: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Wallace, C., Mullen, P. E., & Burgess, P. (2004). Criminal offending in schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by deinstitutionalization and increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(4) Apr 2004, 716-727.
• Wallach, M. A. (1992). The Patient and the Polis: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 37 (1), Jan, 1992.
• Wallot, H. (1988). The ideology of deinstitutionalization in psychiatry: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 64(10) Dec 1988, 1279-1286.
• Walsh, J. A., & Walsh, R. A. (1982). Behavioral evaluation of a state program of deinstitutionalization of the developmentally disabled: Evaluation and Program Planning Vol 5(1) 1982, 59-67.
• Warburg, M. (2001). Visual impairment in adult people with intellectual disability: Literature review: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol 45(5) Oct 2001, 424-438.
• Ware, N. C., Hopper, K., Tugenberg, T., Dickey, B., & Fisher, D. (2007). Connectedness and citizenship: Redefining social integration: Psychiatric Services Vol 58(4) Apr 2007, 469-474.
• Warner, R. (1989). Deinstitutionalization: How did we get where we are? : Journal of Social Issues Vol 45(3) Fal 1989, 17-30.
• Wehrmann, K. C. (2005). An Exploratory Study on Child Welfare Reform in Post-Revolutionary Romania: Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation Vol 6(1) Spr-Sum 2005, 87-99.
• Weiss, C. I. (1983). "Helping to live": Deinstitutionalization, Dominican New Yorkers, and networks for health seeking: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Weller, M. P. (1986). Does the community care? : Public Health Vol 100 1986, 76-83.
• Wessen, B., & Tysk, L. (1991). A follow-up study of long-term patients discharged from mental institutions when the psychiatric care system was reorganized: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 45(1) 1991, 41-45.
• Wessen, B., & Tysk, L. (1993). Psychiatric outpatient care before and after sectorization: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 47(5) 1993, 373-377.
• White, D. (1992). (De)-constructing continuity of care: The deinstitutionalization of support services for people with mental health problems: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health Vol 11(1) Spr 1992, 85-99.
• Whitley, R., & Hickling, F. W. (2007). Open papers, open minds? Media representations of psychiatric de-institutionalization in Jamaica: Transcultural Psychiatry Vol 44(4) Dec 2007, 659-671.
• Whitman, C. (1992). Heading toward normal: Deinstitutionalization for the mentally retarded client: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Whitman, C. (1995). Heading toward normal: Deinstitutionalization for the mentally retarded client: Marriage & Family Review Vol 21(1-2) 1995, 51-64.
• Whitmer, G. E. (1983). The development of forensic social work: Social Work Vol 28(3) May-Jun 1983, 217-223.
• Wick, S. C. (1987). Implementing a deinstitutionalization process for the mentally retarded: The case of New York City's retarded citizens: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Wiersma, D., & Giel, R. (1991). Evaluation of change in the system of mental health care. London, England: Gaskell/Royal College of Psychiatrists.
• Wiersma, D., Kluiter, H., Nienhuis, F., Ruphan, M., & et al. (1989). Evaluation research on substitution in mental health care: Reports from the Drenthe Substitution Project: I: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 31(9) 1989, 600-617.
• Willer, B., & Intagliata, J. (1981). Social-environmental factors as predictors of adjustment of deinstitutionalized mentally retarded adults: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 86(3) Nov 1981, 252-259.
• Willer, B., & Intagliata, J. (1982). Comparison of family-care and group homes as alternatives to institutions: American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 86(6) May 1982, 588-595.
• Williams, C. C. (2003). Deinstitutionalization: Yesterday's news still today's headlines: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 48 (5), Oct, 2003.
• Willis, M. J. (1982). The Impact of Schizophrenia on Families: One Mother's Point of View: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 8(4) 1982, 617-619.
• Wilmoth, G. H., Silver, S., & Severy, L. J. (1987). Receptivity and planned change: Community attitudes and deinstitutionalization: Journal of Applied Psychology Vol 72(1) Feb 1987, 138-145.
• Wilson, B. L. (2002). Transitioning from institution to community. St Louis, MO: MMB Music.
• Wilson, D., Tien, G., & Eaves, D. (1995). Increasing the community tenure of mentally disordered offenders: An assertive case management program: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 18(1) Win 1995, 61-69.
• Wilson, S. F. (1989). Implementation of the community support system concept statewide: The Vermont experience: Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal Vol 12(3) Jan 1989, 27-40.
• Winczer, A. N. (1994). Settling into a community residence: A case study of adults with mental retardation. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• Wistrom, F. E. (1987). Role playing: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 25(6) Jun 1987, 21-24.
• Wittlin, W. A. (1997). Deinstitutionalization of the homeless patient with chronic schizophrenia: Implications for treatment and training. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Wolfersdorf, M., Ropers, G., Spancken, E., Moos, M., Berger, H., Adler, L., et al. (2002). De-Institutionalisation: Problems from a Clinical Point of View: Results of an German Query of the Conference of Medical Directors of State Mental Hospitals: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 13(4) Dec 2002, 138-144.
• Wolff, G., Pathare, S., Craig, T., & Leff, J. (1996). Who's in the lions' den? The community's perception of community care for the mentally ill: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 20(2) Feb 1996, 68-71.
• Wolff, T. (1986). The community and deinstitutionalization: A model for working with municipalities: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 14(2) Apr 1986, 228-233.
• Woloshin, A. A., Tardi, G., & Tobin, A. (1966). De-institutionalization of mentally retarded men through use of a half-way house: Mental Retardation 4(3) 1966, 21-25.
• Wong, Y.-L. I., Filoromo, M., & Tennille, J. (2007). From principles to practice: A study of implementation of supported housing for psychiatric consumers: Adminstration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Vol 34(1) Jan 2007, 13-28.
• Worley, N. K., & Lowery, B. J. (1988). Deinstitutionalization: Could the process have been better for patients? : Archives of Psychiatric Nursing Vol 2(3) Jun 1988, 126-133.
• Wright, E. R., Avirappattu, G., & Lafuze, J. E. (1999). The family experience of deinstitutionalization: Insights from the closing of Central State Hospital: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 26(3) Aug 1999, 289-304.
• Wrosch, C., & Freund, A. M. (2001). Self-regulation of normative and non-normative developmental challenges: Human Development Vol 44(5) Sep-Oct 2001, 264-283.
• Wyatt, R. J., & DeRenzo, E. G. (1986). Scienceless to homeless: Science Vol 234(4782) Dec 1986, 1309.
• Yastrebov, V. S. (1986). Dismissal of patients from asylums and its consequences: Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S S Korsakova Vol 86(8) 1986, 1243-1249.
• Yeung, F. K. C., & Chan, S. H. W. (2006). Clinical characteristics and objective living conditions in relation to quality of life among community-based individuals of schizophrenia in Hong Kong: Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation Vol 15(9) Nov 2006, 1459-1469.
• Yip, K.-S. (2000). Have psychiatric services in Hong Kong been impacted by the deinstitutionalization and community care movements? : Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 27(6) Jul 2000, 443-449.
• Young, L. (2003). Residential and lifestyle changes for adults with an intellectual disability in Queensland 1960-2001: International Journal of Disability, Development and Education Vol 50(1) Mar 2003, 93-106.
• Young, L., Ashman, A., Sigafoos, J., & Grevell, P. (2000). A preliminary report on the closure of the Challinor Centre: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 25(2) Jun 2000, 119-126.
• Young, L., Ashman, A., Sigafoos, J., & Grevell, P. (2001). Closure of the Challinor Centre II: An extended report on 95 individuals after 12 months of community living: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 26(1) Mar 2001, 51-66.
• Young, L., & Ashman, A. F. (2004). Deinstitutionalisation in Australia: Part I: Historical perspective: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 50(98,Pt1) 2004, 21-28.
• Young, L., & Ashman, A. F. (2004). Deinstitutionalisation in Australia: Part II: Results from a long-term study: British Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol 50(98,Pt1) 2004, 29-45.
• Young, L., & Ashman, A. F. (2004). Deinstitutionalization for older adults with severe mental retardation: Results from Australia: American Journal on Mental Retardation Vol 109(5) Sep 2004, 397-412.
• Young, L., Sigafoos, J., Suttie, J., Ashman, A., & Grevell, P. (1998). Deinstitutionalization of persons with intellectual disabilities: A review of Australian studies: Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Vol 23(2) Jun 1998, 155-170.
• Young, V. L., Wodarski, J. S., & Giordano, J. (1982). Deinstitutionalization: A review of the literature with implications for social work training and practice in rural areas: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 9(4) Dec 1982, 641-661.
• Zanditon, M. (1988). Housing for the mentally ill: How to find it, fund it, and fight for it: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 39 Fal 1988, 89-98.
• Zeber, J. E., Copeland, L. A., & Grazier, K. L. (2006). Serious Mental Illness, Aging, and Utilization Patterns among Veterans: Military Medicine Vol 171(7) Jul 2006, 619-626.
• Zimmermann-Tansella, C., & et al. (1985). Bringing into action the Psychiatric Reform in South-Verona: A five year experience: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 71-86.
• Zirpoli, T. J., & Wieck, C. (1989). Economic and political factors affecting deinstitutionalization: One state's analysis: The Journal of Special Education Vol 23(2) Sum 1989, 201-211.
• Zissi, A., & Barry, M. M. (1997). From Leros asylum to community-based facilities: Levels of functioning and quality of life among hostel residents in Greece: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 43(2) Sum 1997, 104-115.
• Zurbano Saenz, M. J., Coloma Salazar, M. N., & de Madinabeitia, A. P. (1985). Mobilization group in long term psychiatric patients: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 6(3) May-Jun 1985, 49-57.
• Zusman, J., Friedman, R. M., & Levin, B. L. (1988). Moving treatment into the community: Implications for psychiatry: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 59(2) Sum 1988, 140-149.

Dissertations

• Anderson, M. C. (2005). Deinstitutionalized mentally retarded: A descriptive analysis of community residence settings for mentally retarded persons as it relates to the development of independent living skills. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Zeffiro-Krenisky, D. M. (1991). Role perception of individuals monitoring deinstitutionalization consent decrees: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Ziff, H. W. (1997). Efficacy of group treatment on the quality of life and post-relocation adjustment of adults with mental retardation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.

Bibliography

• Borus, J.F., "Sounding Board. Deinstitutionalization of the chronically mentally ill", New England Journal of Medicine, 1981 Aug 6;305(6):339-42. [1]
• Pepper, B., Ryglewicz, H., "The role of the state hospital: a new mandate for a new era", Psychiatric Quarterly, 1985 Fall-Winter;57(3-4):230-57. [2]
• Sharfstein, S.S., "Community mental health centers: returning to basics", American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 Aug;136(8):1077-9. [3]
• Torrey, E. Fuller, M.D. and Zdanowicz, Mary, Esq., "Why deinstitutionalization turned deadly", Oped, The Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1998. [4]
• Torrey, E. Fuller, M.D. and Zdanowicz, Mary, Esq., "Deinstitutionalization hasn’t worked: 'We have lost effectively 93 percent of our state psychiatric hospital beds since 1955'", Oped, The Wall Street Journal, July 9, 1999. [5]
• Deinstitutionalization of Persons with Developmental Disabilities: A Technical Assistance Report for Legislators.
• E. Fuller Torrey and Mary Zdanowicz (August 4, 1998). Why deinstitutionalization turned deadly. Wall Street Journal
• Deinstitutionalization: A Psychiatric 'Titanic'. PBS Frontline