Commitment (psychiatric)

Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |

Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·

---

For involuntary treatment in non-hospital settings, see involuntary treatment.

Involuntary commitment refers to the widely held practice of using legislation or other mental health laws to forcefully admit an individual to a mental hospital, insane asylum or psychiatric ward against their wills or protests.

Many developed countries have mental health laws permitting involuntary commitment in one way or the other. Existing United States laws require a court proceding if an individual is forcefully admitted in excess of a brief period. According to most states in the US, police officers and designated mental health professionals have the legal authority to involuntarily commit an individual for psychiatric evaluation. This authority has been questioned by opponents. If that individual is deemed by the evaluator as needing further commitment to a hospital, a court order is obtained for further involuntary commitment. Doctors, psychologists and/or psychiatrists are required to present written reports to the court and in some cases testify before the judge to justify the involuntary commitment. The person who is involuntarily hospitalized, in some U.S. jurisdictions, dont have access to counsel. In other countres such as India, the commitment is not time-limited and doesn't require reevaluation at fixed intervals. In the US, there are provisions for forcefully commited individuals to appeal legally, the commitment through habeas corpus. This was the case in a famous United States Supreme Court decision in 1975, O'Connor v. Donaldson, when Kenneth Donaldson, a patient committed to Florida State Hospital, sued the hospital and staff for confining him for 15 years against his will when he was not immiently in danger to himself or others and was capable to a minimal degree of surviving on his own.

Opponents such as Americans for Civil Liberties have challenged involuntary commitment, including in countries that are part of the Anglo-American sphere. It has been shown that in certain countries the provision of involuntary commitment is used for the suppression of dissent, or in a punitive way. Opponents either favour a trend towards the aboliton or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment via stricter standards for its imposition. In Florida, statistics show that 20 percent of the justifiable homicides committed by police in the United States occurred in Florida with the mentally ill being four times more likely to be the victim.

The United States Supreme Court, in 1975, ruled that involuntary hospitalization and/or treatment violates an individual's civil rights. This had the bearing on individual states to change their statutes. Currently, US law stipulates that an individual must be exhibiting behavior that is a danger to himself or others in order to be held, the hold must be for evaluation only and a court order must be received for more than very short term treatment or hospitalization (typically no longer than 72 hours). This ruling reduced the number of involuntary treatment and hospitalization in the United States.

Arguments for involuntary commitment

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. (help, get involved!) Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. This article has been tagged since October 2007.

Involuntary commitment has been used for a variety of purposes over the years and in different jurisdictions. There has been considerable debate about these purposes and this has been a factor in leading to the various laws. A number of individuals and groups remain strongly opposed to either all these laws, some of these laws, or some aspects of their application.

In most jurisdictions involuntary commitment is specifically directed at people claimed or found to be suffering from a mental illness which impairs their reasoning ability to such an extent that the laws state or courts find that decisions must or should be made for them under a legal framework. (In some jurisdictions this is a distinct proceeding from being "found incompetent.") This decision requires a subjective opinion and is therefore open to error or abuse, both of which have been documented as occurring at different times in various places. There have been numerous official enquiries into such matters around the world and these have often led to legal and system reforms, but there have also been allegations that the requirements for involuntary commitment are "too lenient," with a consequential strengthening of such laws.

Involuntary commitment is used to some degree for each of the following headings although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some allow involuntary commitment only if the person both appears to be suffering from a mental illness and that the effects of this produce a risk to themselves or others. Other jurisdictions have criteria that are broader.

Observation

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. (help, get involved!) Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. This article has been tagged since October 2007.

Observation is sometimes used to determine if a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person is psychotic or otherwise warrants commitment and so sometimes people are admitted for a period to observe their behavior. This period of observation can be helpful in determining the actual diagnosis but can tend to produce an expectation of disease which can alter the perceptions and behavior of the staff. David Rosenhan's paper, "On being sane in insane places",¹ demonstrated a variety of problems. In this study a number of volunteers mimicked illnesses to obtain admission to hospital and then subsequently behaved normally. The staff continued to perceive that they were exhibiting signs of the illness diagnosed on admission and treated them as such. This paper has since been criticised by Spitzer² who argued that given the initial "symptoms" presented that the mindset of the staff was not only understandable but that it did not invalidate an ability to diagnose conditions as Rosenhan had claimed. Rosenhan's experiment remains a cautionary tale that informs the teaching of trainee psychiatrists.

Containment of danger

A common reason given for involuntary commitment is to prevent danger to the individual or society. People with suicidal thoughts may act on these thoughts and harm or kill themselves. People with psychoses are occasionally driven by their delusions or hallucinations to harm themselves or others. People with personality disorders are occasionally violent and can be a danger to the disabled patients as well as the elderly.

This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment of a number of jurisdictions in the U.S. and other countries as the "danger to self or others" standard if someone has a "mental illness" or "mental disorder" (though sometimes explicit exceptions are made, as in Arizona law, in which "drug abuse, alcoholism or mental retardation" and "the declining mental abilities that directly accompany impending death" are specifically excepted), sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be "imminent". However, it has come under criticism from two directions. Those who are concerned that the "danger to self or others" standard is too narrow and will not permit the commitment of those for whom it is necessary have occasionally advocated that it be replaced by the "gravely disabled" standard. There are others who are concerned that the "danger to self or others" standard is vague and not precisely defined, which could lead to abuse of involuntary commitment. However, some people find that the increasingly narrow definition of "danger to self or others" provided by statute and court rulings have to some degree mitigated these concerns.

Some of the same people who are concerned about the overbreadth of the "danger to self or others" standard are more concerned about the "gravely disabled" standard, as they find it broader still. The First District Court of Appeal in California, however, held in Conservatorship of Chambers (1977) (71 Cal.App.3d 277, 139 Cal.Rptr. 357), that the standard was not unconstitutional due to overbreadth or vagueness, and excluded commitment of people whose lifestyles were simply eccentric or unusual. In Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute (2007), the Supreme Court of the State of Alaska found that a person could not be involuntarily committed under the statute unless his "level of incapacity [is] so substantial that the respondent is incapable of surviving safely in freedom." In In re Maricopa County, (Ariz. Ct. App. 1992, 840 P.2d 1042), the court held that "persistently or acutely disabled" was not an unconstitutionally vague standard.

The Michigan Mental Health Code provides that a person

whose judgment is so impaired that he or she is unable to understand his or her need for treatment and whose continued behavior as the result of this mental illness can reasonably be expected, on the basis of competent clinical opinion, to result in significant physical harm to himself or herself or others

may be subjected to involuntary commitment, a provision paralleled in the laws of many other jurisdictions. These types of provisions have been criticised as a sort of "heads I win, tails you lose". Understanding one's "need for treatment" would cause one to agree to voluntary commitment, but the Bazelon Center has said that this "lack of insight" is "often no more than disagreement with the treating professional" and this disagreement might form part of the evidence to support one's involuntary commitment.

In Oregon the standard that the allegedly mentally ill person

[h]as been committed and hospitalized twice in the last three years, is showing symptoms or behavior similar to those that preceded and led to a prior hospitalization and, unless treated, will continue, to a reasonable medical probability, to deteriorate to become a danger to self or others or unable to provide for basic needs

may be substituted for the danger to self or others standard.

Treatment of illness

It has been established through O'Connor v. Donaldson that an individual cannot be involuntarily committed unless he is a danger to himself or others and that while committed, he must receive appropriate treatment. The case of Rennie v. Klein established that an involuntarily committed individual has a qualified constitutional right to refuse psychotropic medication.

Community treatment as an alternative

There have been some criticisms of the efficacy or appropriateness of inpatient treatment. For example, the "Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Caracas Declaration of 1990 [...] identified inpatient psychiatric treatment as isolating individuals from the community and thus as an obstacle to recovery." Community treatment is now generally accepted as an alternative.

Deinstitutionalization

Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide movement toward deinstitutionalization of patients from psychiatric hospitals into community care centers, and this has been matched with efforts at reform of involuntary commitment laws. (In the US from the 1970s onwards a relatively small number of ex-mental patients and former "consumers of psychiatric services" have promoted what they call "mad liberation," often calling for the abolition of involuntary commitment.)

In the US in the 1980s there was a return back to institutionalization and less strict commitment laws. However, Michael L. Perlin has claimed that throughout this entire period psychiatrists have frequently and as a practice committed perjury during commitment hearings in order to make it more likely that a patient they believe would benefit from commitment will be committed. E. Fuller Torrey, a prominent proponent of involuntary commitment, has stated:

It would probably be difficult to find any American psychiatrist working with the mentally ill who has not, at a minimum, exaggerated the dangerousness of a mentally ill person's behavior to obtain a judicial order for commitment [...]. Thus, ignoring the law, exaggerating symptoms, and outright lying by families to get care for those who need it are important reasons the mental illness system is not even worse than it is.

Torrey also quotes psychiatrist Paul Applebaum as saying when "confronted with psychotic persons who might well benefit from treatment and who would certainly suffer without it, mental health professionals and judges alike were reluctant to comply with the law," noting that in "'the dominance of the commonsense model, the laws are sometimes simply disregarded."⁴

The general trend worldwide remains one of closing large mental hospitals, increasing the integration of psychiatric treatment into general hospitals and of increasing community care at times using involuntary community treatment where in the past involuntary admission would have been used.

United Nations

United Nations General Assembly (resolution 46/119 of 1991), "Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care" is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly-drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment. These principles have been used in many countries where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process.

United States

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. (help, get involved!) Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. This article has been tagged since July 2007.

Involuntary commitment is governed by state law and procedures vary from state to state. Involuntary commitment is typically used against people diagnosed with, or alleged to have, a mental illness, particularly schizophrenia.^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]} In some jurisdictions, laws regarding the commitment of juveniles may vary, with what is the de facto involuntary commitment of a juvenile perhaps de jure defined as "voluntary" if his parents agree though s/he may still have a right to protest and attempt to get released. However, there is a body of case law governing the civil commitment of individuals under the Fourteenth Amendment through U. S. Supreme Court rulings beginning with Addington v. Texas in 1979 which set the bar for involuntary commitment for treatment by raising the burden of proof required to commit persons from the usual civil burden of proof of "preponderance of the evidence" to the higher standard of "clear and convincing" evidence.

An example of involuntary commitment procedures is the Baker Act used in Florida. Under this law, a person may be committed only if he or she presents a danger to himself or others. A police officer, doctor, nurse or licensed mental health professional may initiate an involuntary examination that lasts for up to 72 hours. Within this time, two psychiatrists may ask a judge to extend the commitment and order involuntary treatment. The Baker Act also requires that all commitment orders be reviewed every six months in addition to insuring certain rights to the committed including the right to contact outsiders. Also, a person under an involuntary commitment order has a right to counsel and a right to have the state provide a public defender if they cannot afford a lawyer. While the Florida law allows police to initiate the examination, it is the recommendations of two psychiatrists that guide the decisions of the court.

Controversy

The United States Secret Service has acknowledged obtaining involuntary psychiatric hospitalizations of those it believes to be a danger to protectees, without any claim that these "dangerous" individuals are "mentally ill."^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]} The possible impact of involuntary commitment on the right of self-determination has been a cause of concern. Critics of involuntary commitment have advocated that "the due process protections... provided to criminal defendants" be extended to them; Lawrence Stevens, an attorney, has more specifically argued that involuntary commitment is a violation of substantive due process under the United States Constitution (see link at end of article). Fred Foldvary has proposed that since judges will not follow the Constitution and continue to subject individuals to involuntary commitment — this is based on the theory that involuntary commitment is unconstitutional — Constitutional amendments should be made depriving judges of the ability to involuntarily commit. Most believers in the theory of reality enforcement also oppose it, and the Libertarian Party opposes the practice in its platform. Thomas Szasz and the anti-psychiatry movement has also been prominent in challenging involuntary commitment.

A small number of individuals in the United States have opposed involuntary commitment in those cases in which the diagnosis forming the justification for the involuntary commitment rests, or the individuals say it rests, on the speech or writings of the person committed, saying that to deprive him of liberty based in whole or part on such speech and writings violates the First Amendment. Other individuals have opposed involuntary commitment on the bases that they claim (despite the amendment generally being held to apply only to criminal cases) it violates the Fifth Amendment in a number of ways, particularly its privilege against self-incrimination, as the psychiatrically-examined individual may not be free to remain silent, and such silence may actually be used as "proof" of his "mental illness". This criticism has motivated the creation, in some jurisdictions, of a similar statutory privilege in this context. There have also been claims that conditions in, or "treatments" commonly performed in, mental hospitals to which individuals are involuntarily committed constitute torture, or are prohibited by the Convention Against Torture.

Use with criminals

In the 1990s a novel the controversial use of involuntary commitment laws known as "Mentally Abnormal Sexually Violent Predator" laws were enacted in order to hold sex offenders after their terms have expired. (This is generally referred to as "civil commitment," not "involuntary commitment," since involuntary commitment can be criminal or civil). Supporters claim that this is a valid use of involuntary commitment laws, while opponents claim that this is a potentially extremely dangerous way of bypassing the safeguards in the criminal justice system. This matter has been the subject of a number of cases before the Supreme Court, most notably Kansas v. Hendricks.

Community based treatment

Accompanying deinstitutionalization was the development of laws expanding the power of courts to order people to take psychiatric medication on an outpatient basis. Though the practice had occasionally occurred earlier, outpatient commitment was used for many people who would otherwise have been involuntarily committed. The court orders often specified that a person who violated the court order and refused to take the medication would be subject to involuntary commitment.

Conservatorship

Involuntary commitment is distinguished from conservatorship, which was used by deprogrammers as a legal means to hold alleged cult victims against their will while talking them out of their faith. In hundreds of cases documented by attorney Jeremiah Gutman, deprogrammers were able to obtain conservatorship orders without having to bring the subject of the order before a judge. Conservatorships have also been used to separate elderly people from their property, ostensibly on the grounds that they are not competent to manage it. The intent of conservatorship or guardianship is to protect the insane, the mentally defective and those under undue influence, such as drug addicts, from the effects of their bad decisions. However, this well intended legal process has been abused by unscrupulous persons and has been revised by the California state legislature in response to exposure of its faults in a series published by the Los Angeles Times.

Advance psychiatric directives

Advance psychiatric directives may have a bearing on involuntary commitment.

Australia

Australia is used as an example of a country where court hearings are not required for involuntary commitment. Mental health law is constitutionally under the state powers. Each state thus has different laws, many of which have been updated in recent years.

Mechanisms

The usual requirement is that a police officer or a doctor may determine that a person requires a psychiatric examination and may convey them, or have them conveyed to a psychiatric hospital for that purpose. Once at the hospital a doctor, usually a trainee psychiatrist, will either endorse this or order their release. If the person is detained in the hospital then they usually must be seen by an authorised psychiatist within a set period of time. In some states, after a further set period or at the request of the person or their representative, a tribunal hearing is held to determine whether the person should continue to be detained. In states where tribunals are not instituted, there is another form of appeal.

Allowed reasons

Some states require that the person is a danger to the society or themselves, other states only require that the person be suffering from a mental illness that requires treatment. The Victorian act specifies in part that:

"(1) A person may be admitted to and detained in an approved mental health service as an involuntary patient in accordance with the procedures specified in this Act only if—

(a) the person appears to be mentally ill; and

(b) the person's mental illness requires immediate treatment and that treatment can be obtained by admission to and detention in an approved mental health service; and

(c) because of the person's mental illness, the person should be admitted and detained for treatment as an involuntary patient for his or her health or safety (whether to prevent a deterioration in the person's physical or mental condition or otherwise) or for the protection of members of the public; and

(d) the person has refused or is unable to consent to the necessary treatment for the mental illness; and

(e) the person cannot receive adequate treatment for the mental illness in a manner less restrictive of that person's freedom of decision and action.

There are additional qualifications and restrictions but the effect of these provisions is that people who are assessed by doctors as being in need of treatment may be admitted involuntarily without the need of demonstrating a risk of danger. This then overcomes the pressure described above to exaggerate issues of violence to obtain an admission.

Treatment

In general, once the person is under involuntary commitment, treatment may be instituted without further requirements. Some treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) often require further procedures to comply with the law before they may be administered involuntarily.

Community treatment orders

These can be used in the first instance or after a period of admission to hospital as a voluntary or involuntary patient. With the trend towards deinstitutionalization this is becoming increasingly frequent and hospital admission is restricted to people with severe mental illnesses.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the process known in the United States as involuntary commitment is informally known as sectioning, after the various sections of the Mental Health Act 1983 (covering England and Wales), the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 and the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 that provide its legal basis.

Germany

In Germany, to do Involuntary commitment and Involuntary treatment to a person, there is a tendency more and more to use the Legal guardianship law instead of the Mental health law: The Legal Guardian decides that he/she must go into Mental Hospital and be treated against his/her will, and the police will carry out this decision.

This is easier for the police, the municipal offices or the persons who want that he/she against his/her will goes into psychiatry, because a person in psychiatry based on Mental health law has some rights, while a person under Legal guardianship de facto has not.

Lawyers in this country also have, according to "Werner Fuss Zentrum", the tendency to abuse the Legal guardianship law for other purposes .

Totalitarian countries

The neutrality of this section is disputed.

In totalitarian countries psychiatric imprisonment refers to the involuntary imprisonment of people in a psychiatric institution on the grounds that they are considered insane. People behaving in such a way considered insane by a judge can be put into a mental institution without trial. It is part of both the criminal justice and hospital systems in the totalitarian countries in which it happens, and it often has an ambiguous relationship to these.

Activities such as homosexuality and adultery can result in such imprisonment. In the People's Republic of China such facilities are used to imprison and "treat" dissidents. "Political harm to society" is legally a dangerous mental disorder and the authorities are instructed to arrest those who make anti-government speeches, write reactionary letters or express opinions on domestic and international affairs.

In the former Soviet Union

Main article: Psikhushka

In the Soviet Union, psychiatric hospitals were often used as prisons in order to isolate political prisoners from the rest of society, discredit their ideas, and break them physically and mentally. The official explanation was that no sane person would declaim against Soviet government and communism.

Involuntary commitment in popular culture

The television series Conviction has shown hearings related to involuntary commitment. Ken Kesey's 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a depiction of institutional process in an Oregon asylum, and includes a number of patients under involuntary commitment.

See also

• 5150 (Involuntary psychiatric hold)
• 5250 (Involuntary psychiatric hold)
• Baker Act
• Court referrals
• Criminal justice
• DSM-IV Codes
• Guardianship
• Healthcare seeking behavior
• Institutional release
• Involuntary treatment
• Outpatient commitment
• Psychiatric hospital
• Psychiatric hospital admission
• Psychiatric hospital discharge
• Right to treatment
• Self referral
• Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)
• Treatment Advocacy Center
• Ulysses contract

References

¹ Rosenhan, D.L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-258.

² Spitzer, R.L. (1975). On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane places." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 442-452.

³ Perlin, M.L. (1993/1994). The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone? Journal of Law and Health,, 8 JLHEALTH 15, 33-34.

⁴ Torrey, E. Fuller. (1997). Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement, by George Black and Robin Munro, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.

Further references

• APA's resolution on psychiatric abuse. (1983).): American Psychologist Vol 38(3) Mar 1983, 340.
• Abisch, J. B. (1995). Mediational lawyering in the civil commitment context: A therapeutic jurisprudence solution to the counsel role dilemma: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 1(1) Mar 1995, 120-141.
• Achte, K. (1987). Forced psychiatric care in Finland: Ethical aspects: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 41(4) 1987, 269-271.
• Adams, N. H., & Hafner, R. J. (1991). Attitudes of psychiatric patients and their relatives to involuntary treatment: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 25(2) Jun 1991, 231-237.
• Addington, D., & Holley, H. L. (1989). A comparison of voluntary with remanded schizophrenics: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 34(2) Mar 1989, 89-93.
• Adebimpe, V. B. (1977). Physical violence in the concept of dangerousness: A case report: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134(2) Feb 1977, 203-204.
• Adeyemo, J. O. (1978). An indigenous ministry of pastoral care for Yoruba Baptists in Nigeria: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Affleck, G. G., Peszke, M. A., & Wintrob, R. M. (1978). Psychiatrists' familiarity with legal statutes governing emergency involuntary hospitalization: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 135(2) Feb 1978, 205-209.
• Affleck, G. G., Wintrob, R. M., & Peszke, M. A. (1980). Psychiatrists' evaluations of emergency involuntary hospitalization: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 21(1) Jan-Feb 1980, 13-21.
• Albee, G. W. (1977). Review of Managing madness: The case against civil commitment: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 22 (7), Jul, 1977.
• Alexander, R. (1993). The civil commitment of sex offenders in light of Foucha v. Louisiana: Criminal Justice and Behavior Vol 20(4) Dec 1993, 371-387.
• Alexander, R., Jr. (2004). The United States Supreme Court and the civil commitment of sex offenders: The Prison Journal Vol 84(3) Sep 2004, 361-378.
• Alexander, V., Bursztajn, H. J., Brodsky, A., Hamm, R. M., Gutheil, T. G., & Levi, L. (1991). Involuntary commitment. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co.
• Alexius, B., Berg, K., & Aberg-Wistedt, A. (2002). Psychiatrists' perception of psychiatric commitment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(2) Mar-Apr 2002, 109-117.
• Allen, A. (1977). A review of the criminally insane patients in Ohio: A personal narrative: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 28(11) Nov 1977, 837-840.
• Alston, A. (2000). Wrongful committal: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 7(1) 2000, 71-78.
• Amenta, A. E. (2006). The assessment of sex offenders for civil commitment proceedings: An analysis of report content. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Anderson, J., & Eppard, J. (1995). Clinical decision making during assessment for involuntary psychiatric admission: Psychiatric Services Vol 46(7) Jul 1995, 727-728.
• Anderson, J. B., & Parrott, J. (1995). Urgent psychiatric transfers from a prison in England and Wales: A prison perspective: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 5(1) 1995, 34-40.
• Andreassen, M. (1999). A comparison between legal and psychiatric statements regarding complaints about commitment: A study carried out in a Danish county 1990-1994: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 22(1) Jan-Feb 1999, 37-44.
• Andrews, J., & Scull, A. (2001). Undertaker of the mind: John Monro and mad-doctoring in eighteenth-century England. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Andrus, D. M. (1982). Status resources, societal reactions, and involuntary commitments to a mental hospital: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Anglin, M. D. (1988). The efficacy of civil commitment in treating narcotics addiction: Journal of Drug Issues Vol 18(4) Fal 1988, 527-545.
• Appelbaum, K. L., Fisher, W. H., Nestelbaum, Z., & Bateman, A. (1992). Are pretrial commitments for forensic evaluation used to control nuisance behavior? : Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(6) Jun 1992, 603-607.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1982). Civil commitment: Is the pendulum changing direction? : Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(9) Sep 1982, 703-704.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1984). Hospitalization of the dangerous patient: Legal pressures and clinical responses: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 12(4) 1984, 323-329.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1984). Is the need for treatment constitutionally acceptable as a basis for civil commitment? : The Law, Medicine & Health Care Vol 12(4) Sep 1984, 144-149.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1984). Standards for civil commitment: A critical review of empirical research: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 7(2) 1984, 133-144.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1985). Empirical assessment of innovation in the law of civil commitment: A critique: The Law, Medicine & Health Care Vol 13(6) Dec 1985, 304-309.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1985). England's new commitment law: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(7) Jul 1985, 705-706, 713.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1986). Outpatient commitment: The problems and the promise: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143(10) Oct 1986, 1270-1272.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1987). Resurrecting the right to treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(7) Jul 1987, 703-704, 721.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1989). Admitting children to psychiatric hospitals: A controversy revived: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(4) Apr 1989, 334-335.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1995). Civil commitment and liability for violating patients' rights: Psychiatric Services Vol 46(1) Jan 1995, 17-18.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1997). Almost a revolution: An international perspective on the law of involuntary commitment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 25(2) 1997, 135-147.
• Appelbaum, P. S. (1997). Can the police assist in detaining persons for involuntary commitment? : Psychiatric Services Vol 48(1) Jan 1997, 17-18.
• Appelbaum, P. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (1981). The right to refuse treatment: The real issue is quality of care: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 9(3) 1981, 199-202.
• Appelbaum, P. S., & Hamm, R. M. (1982). Decision to seek commitment: Psychiatric decision making in a legal context: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Apr 1982, 447-451.
• Appelbaum, P. S., & Kemp, K. N. (1982). The evolution of commitment law in the nineteenth century: A reinterpretation: Law and Human Behavior Vol 6(3-4) 1982, 343-354.
• Appelbaum, P. S., & Roth, L. H. (1988). Assessing the NCSC guidelines for involuntary civil commitment from the clinician's point of view: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Apr 1988, 406-410.
• Appelbaum, P. S., & Rumpf, T. (1998). Civil commitment of the anorexic patient: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 20(4) Jul 1998, 225-230.
• Arben, P. D. (1999). A commentary: Why civil commitment laws don't work the way they're supposed to: Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Vol 26(3) Sep 1999, 61-70.
• Arboleda-Florez, J. (1999). Forensic psychiatry in North America: A review: International Medical Journal Vol 6(1) Mar 1999, 3-5.
• Arboleda-Florez, J., & Holly, H. (1984). How Alberta psychiatrists view commitment criteria and the problem of predicting dangerousness: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 29(1) Feb 1984, 38-41.
• Arcuni, O. J., & Asaad, G. (1989). Voluntary and involuntary schizophrenic patient admissions on the same general hospital psychiatric unit: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 11(6) Nov 1989, 393-396.
• Arends, L. A. P. (2003). The legal position of psycho-geriatric patients in nursing homes and residential homes: Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie Vol 34(2) Apr 2003, 65-73.
• Arikan, R., Appelbaum, P. S., Sercan, M., Turkcan, S., Satmis, N., & Polat, A. (2007). Civil commitment in Turkey: Reflections on a bill drafted by psychiatrists: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 30(1) Jan-Feb 2007, 29-35.
• Armat, V. C., & Peele, R. (1992). The need-for-treatment standard in involuntary civil commitment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Arrigo, B. A. (1993). Madness, language, and law: A semiotic analysis of current civil commitment appellate case law: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Arvanites, T. M. (1986). Commitments for Incompetency to Stand Trial: An emerging functional equivalent to civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Arvanites, T. M. (1990). A comparison of civil patients and incompetent defendants: Pre and post deinstitutionalization: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 18(4) 1990, 393-403.
• Ash, P. (2000). Family decision making, civil commitment, and treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Aviram, U. (1990). Care or convenience? On the Medical-Bureaucratic Model of commitment of the mentally ill: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 13(3) 1990, 163-177.
• Aviram, U. (1993). Screening services in civil commitment of the mentally ill: An attempt to balance individual liberties with needs for treatment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 21(2) 1993, 195-211.
• Aviram, U., & Shnit, D. (1984). Psychiatric treatment and civil liberties in Israel: The need for reform: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 21(1) 1984, 3-18.
• Aviram, U., & Smoyak, S. A. (1994). Discharged pending placement: How courts created a new intermediate legal status for confining mentally ill persons: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 17(2) Spr 1994, 139-151.
• Axelsson, M. (1989). Studies of psychiatric care, especially compulsory care, in two Swedish districts: The situation of relatives and their relationship to the psychiatric care: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(4) 1989, 357-364.
• Badger, M. J., & Shore, J. H. (1980). Psychiatric and nonmedical decisions on commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(3) Mar 1980, 367-369.
• Bagby, R. M. (1984). The indigenous paraprofessional and involuntary civil commitment: A return to community values: Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 25(3) Jul 1984, 167-176.
• Bagby, R. M., & Atkinson, L. (1988). The effects of legislative reform on civil commitment admission rates: A critical analysis: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 45-61.
• Bagby, R. M., Silverman, I., Ryan, D. P., & Dickens, S. E. (1987). Effects of mental health legislative reform in Ontario: Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 28(1) Jan 1987, 21-29.
• Bagby, R. M., Thompson, J. S., Dickens, S. E., & Nohara, M. (1991). Decision making in psychiatric civil commitment: An experimental analysis: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 148(1) Jan 1991, 28-33.
• Bailey, R. K. (2002). The civil commitment of sexually violent predators: A unique Texas approach: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 30(4) 2002, 525-532.
• Baldwin, L. J., Menditto, A. A., Beck, N. C., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Factors influencing length of hospitalization for NGRI acquittees in a maximum security facility: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 20(2) Sum 1992, 257-267.
• Barone, N. M. (2003). Review of Evaluating Sex Offenders: A Manual for Civil Commitment and Beyond: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 31(2) Sum 2003, 235-237.
• Bartlett, C., Evans, M., Holloway, J., O'Connor, S., & Harrison, G. (1999). Markers of inappropriate placement in acute psychiatric inpatient care: A five hospital study: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 34(7) Jul 1999, 367-375.
• Baruk, H. (1988). In remembrance of the law of 1838: Mental disorders and society: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 836-837.
• Baruk, H. (1989). Projected changes in psychiatric legislation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 147(5) Jul 1989, 567-569.
• Baskin, D. R., Sommers, I., Tessler, R., & Steadman, H. J. (1989). Role incongruence and gender variation in the provision of prison mental health services: Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol 30(3) Sep 1989, 305-314.
• Bateman, B. (1982). Youngberg v. Romeo: Analysis and commentary: Analysis & Intervention in Developmental Disabilities Vol 2(4) 1982, 375-382.
• Beane, E. A., & Beck, J. C. (1991). Court based civil commitment of alcoholics and substance abusers: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 19(4) 1991, 359-366.
• Beck, J. C., & Bonnar, J. (1988). Emergency civil commitment: Predicting hospital violence from behavior in the community: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 16(3) Fal 1988, 379-388.
• Beck, J. C., & Golowka, E. A. (1988). A study of enforced treatment in relation to Stone's "thank you" theory: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(4) Fal 1988, 559-566.
• Beck, J. C., & Parry, J. W. (1992). Incompetence, treatment refusal, and hospitalization: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 20(3) 1992, 261-267.
• Beck, N. C., & et al. (1984). Patient diagnostic, behavioral and demographic variables associated with changes in civil commitment procedures: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 40(1) Jan 1984, 364-371.
• Becker, F. W. (1992). Contracting for the involuntary treatment of the mentally ill: Legislative attitudes: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 19(5) May 1992, 321-333.
• Becker, J. V., Stinson, J., Tromp, S., & Messer, G. (2003). Characteristics of individuals petitioned for civil commitment: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 47(2) Apr 2003, 185-195.
• Behnke, S. H. (1999). O'Connor v. Donaldson: Retelling a classic and finding some revisionist history: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 27(1) 1999, 115-126.
• Beighley, P. S., & Brown, G. R. (1992). Medication refusal by psychiatric inpatients in the military: Military Medicine Vol 157(1) Jan 1992, 47-49.
• Beis, E. B. (1983). State involuntary commitment statutes: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(4) Jul-Aug 1983, 358-369.
• Belcher, J. R., & Blank, H. (1989). Protecting the right to involuntary commitment: Journal of Applied Social Sciences Vol 14(1) Fal-Win 1989-1990, 95-115.
• Bell, P. A. (1979). The allocation of mental illness in a diagnosis process: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Benditt, T. (2002). Mental illness and commitment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
• Benezech, M. (1978). Considerations on acting out and the criminal liability of offenders--loss of object, juridical mental alienation: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 136(10) Dec 1978, 1184-1191.
• Benezech, M. (1980). On the present necessity to enforce strictly some clauses of the law of June 30, 1838: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 138(6) Jun 1980, 749-754.
• Benezech, M., & et al. (1988). The administrative control over compulsory confinement in the department of Gironde 150 years after the promulgation of the law of June 30th, 1838: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 889-893.
• Beran, N., & Dinitz, S. (1973). An empirical study of the psychiatric probation-commitment procedure: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 43(4) Jul 1973, 660-669.
• Beran, N., & Hotz, A. (1984). A study of the civil commitment of mentally disordered criminals: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 12(2) Sum 1984, 257-262.
• Bergman, J. (2001). Using drama therapy to uncover genuineness and deception in civilly committed sexual offenders. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Berk, B. B., & Hirata, L. C. (1973). Mental illness among the Chinese: Myth or reality? : Journal of Social Issues Vol 29(2) 1973, 149-166.
• Berland, D. I., Spinazzola, V. L., Brayer, E., O'Rourke, K., & et al. (1990). Ethical, legal, and psychodynamic considerations in intervention of a possible cult member: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 29(6) Nov 1990, 975-981.
• Berlin, F. S., Galbreath, N. W., Geary, B., & McGlone, G. (2003). The Use of Actuarials at Civil Commitment Hearings to Predict the Likelihood of Future Sexual Violence: Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment Vol 15(4) Oct 2003, 377-382.
• Bernstein, R. (2006). Conditional hospital release: Conveying the wrong message? : Psychiatric Services Vol 57(11) Nov 2006, 1553.
• Bertolotti, J. (1977). Legislative response to Lynch v. Baxley: An evaluation: Law & Psychology Review Vol 3 Fal 1977, 81-98.
• Beveridge, A. (1998). Psychology of compulsory detention: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 22(2) Feb 1998, 115-117.
• Beyer, H. A. (1975). The child's right to refuse mental health treatment: Psychiatric Annals Vol 5(4) Apr 1975, 151-157.
• Binder, R. L., & McNiel, D. E. (1991). Involuntary patients' right to refuse medication: Impact of the Riese decision on a California inpatient unit: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 19(4) 1991, 351-357.
• Bischof, H. L., & Pielmeier, B. (2001). Effects of the law regulating custody on the frequency of involuntary treatment in the psychiatric hospital: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 12(1) Mar 2001, 18-23.
• Blackmon, Z. R. (1987). Birl v. Wallis: The last piece of the puzzle? : Law & Psychology Review Vol 11 Spr 1987, 145-151.
• Bland, J., Mezey, G., & Dolan, B. (1999). Special women, special needs: A descriptive study of female Special Hospital patients: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 10(1) Apr 1999, 34-45.
• Blank, K., Vingiano, W., & Schwartz, H. I. (1989). Psychiatric commitment of the elderly: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology Vol 2(3) Jul-Sep 1989, 140-144.
• Blankenship, R. L., & Singh, B. K. (1976). Differential labeling of juveniles: A multivariate analysis: Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal Vol 13(4) Feb 1976, 471-490.
• Bloch, S. (1980). The political misuse of Soviet psychiatry: Honolulu and beyond: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 14(2) Jun 1980, 109-114.
• Bloom, J. D. (1986). The Tarasoff decision, dangerousness and mandated outpatient treatment: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 30(3) 1986, vii-x.
• Bloom, J. D. (2004). Thirty-Five Years of Working With Civil Commitment Statutes: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 32(4) 2004, 430-439.
• Bloom, J. D., & Faulkner, L. R. (1987). Competency determinations in civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(2) Feb 1987, 193-196.
• Bloom, J. D., Faulkner, L. R., Holm, V. M., & Rawlinson, R. A. (1984). An empirical view of patients exercising their right to refuse treatment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 7(3-4) 1984, 315-328.
• Bloom, J. D., Faulkner, L. R., Shore, J. H., & Rogers, J. L. (1983). The young adult chronic patient and the legal system: A systems analysis: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 19 Sep 1983, 37-50.
• Bloom, J. D., Shore, J. H., & Arvidson, B. (1981). Local variations in arrests of psychiatric patients: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 9(3) 1981, 203-209.
• Bloom, J. D., & Williams, M. H. (1994). Oregon's civil commitment law: 140 years of change: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 45(5) May 1994, 466-470.
• Bloom, J. D., Williams, M. H., Godard, S. L., & Faulkner, L. R. (1988). The influence of the right to refuse treatment on precommitment patients: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 16(1) 1988, 5-9.
• Boast, N., & Chesterman, P. (1995). Black people and secure psychiatric facilities: Patterns of processing and the role of stereotypes: British Journal of Criminology Vol 35(2) Spr 1995, 218-235.
• Bolton, P. (1984). Management of compulsorily admitted patients to a high security unit: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 30(1-2) Spr 1984, 77-84.
• Bonovitz, J. C., & Bonovitz, J. S. (1981). Diversion of the mentally ill into the criminal justice system: The police intervention perspective: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 138(7) Jul 1981, 973-976.
• Bonovitz, J. C., & Guy, E. B. (1979). Impact of restrictive civil commitment procedures on a prison psychiatric service: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136(8) Aug 1979, 1045-1048.
• Bonovitz, J. S., & Bonovitz, J. C. (1981). Emergency detention of the mentally ill: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 9(4) Win 1981, 423-429.
• Bosanac, S. B. (1995). Involuntary hospitalization and the rights of mental patients in Croatia: Medicine & Law Vol 14(5-6) 1995, 457-461.
• Boscredon, J., Vignes, M., & Makowski, J. (1988). Misinterpretations of the law of June 30th, 1838, in cases of involuntary psychiatric commitment: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 875-879.
• Bourgeois, M., Degeilh, B., Hinderickx, J., & Benezech, M. (1988). Psychiatric confinements (compulsory and voluntary) according to the law of 1838, over a period of 15 years in a university psychiatric service (Bordeaux, 1973-1988): Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 850-856.
• Bourgeois, M., Degeilh, B., Hinderickx, J., & Benezech, M. (1988). Psychiatric confinements (compulsory and voluntary) according to the law of 1838, over a period of 15 years in a university psychiatric service (Bordeaux, 1973superscript 1988): Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 850-856.
• Bozikas, V., Tsipropoulou, V., Deseri, H., Kosmidis, M. H., Bogiatzi, M., Pitsavas, S., et al. (2003). Study of factors influencing involuntary admissions to a psychiatric department: Psychiatriki Vol 14(2) Apr-Jun 2003, 110-120.
• Bradford, B., McCann, S., & Merskey, H. (1986). A survey of involuntary patients' attitudes towards their commitment: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 11(3) Sep 1986, 162-165.
• Braff, J., Arvanites, T., & Steadman, H. J. (1983). Detention patterns of successful and unsuccessful insanity defendants: Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal Vol 21(3) Aug 1983, 439-448.
• Brakel, S. J. (1988). Legal schizophrenia and the mental health lawyer: Recent trends in civil commitment litigation: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 3-14.
• Brand-Koolen, M. J. (1987). At the government's pleasure: Trends and developments in the compulsory treatment of mentally disturbed offenders in The Netherlands: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 10(4) 1987, 339-351.
• Brenner, M. K., Cardoso, V. M., Oliveira, R. L. V., Fensterseifer, G. P., Barraz, A. C. G., Boeira, L. B., et al. (1999). Changes in the hospitalized clients in psychiatric hospital: Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Vol 48(9) Sep 1999, 415-420.
• Brockman, J. E., & Chamberlain, J. R. (2007). Commitment following a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 35(2) Jun 2007, 268-269.
• Brodie, A. M., & Creedon, C. F. (1982). Predictors of cancellation in an Oregon involuntary commitment program: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 18(2) Sum 1982, 151-158.
• Brody, A. L., & Green, R. (1994). Washington State's unscientific approach to the problem of repeat sex offenders: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 22(3) 1994, 343-356.
• Brody, S. A. (1964). Hospitalization of the mentally ill during California's early years: 1849-1853: Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement 38(2) 1964, 262-272.
• Brook, R., Dolan, M., & Coorey, P. (1999). Absconding of patients detained in an English Special Hospital: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 10(1) Apr 1999, 46-58.
• Brooks, A. D. (1987). Outpatient commitment for the chronically mentally ill: Law and policy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Brooks, A. D. (1994). The civil commitment of pathologically violent sex offenders: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 21(5) May 1994, 417-429.
• Brooks, R. A. (2006). U.S. psychiatrists' beliefs and wants about involuntary civil commitment grounds: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 29(1) Jan-Feb 2006, 13-21.
• Brooks, R. A. (2007). Psychiatrists' opinions about involuntary civil commitment: Results of a national survey: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 35(2) Jun 2007, 219-228.
• Brouillette, M.-J., & Paris, J. (1991). The dangerousness criterion for civil commitment: The problem and a possible solution: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 36(4) May 1991, 285-289.
• Brown, B. S. (1988). Civil commitment: An international perspective: Journal of Drug Issues Vol 18(4) Fal 1988, 663-678.
• Brown, J., & Rayne, J. T. (1989). Some ethical considerations in defensive psychiatry: A case study: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 59(4) Oct 1989, 534-541.
• Brown, J. M., Cornish, J., & Swart, G. T. (1986). Suicide and attempted suicide: Legal issues: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 31(2) Mar 1986, 101-103.
• Brown, M. A., Ridgway, P., Anthony, W. A., & Rogers, E. S. (1991). Comparison of outcomes for clients seeking and assigned to supported housing services: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 42(11) Nov 1991, 1150-1153.
• Bunse, J. (1989). Indications and duration of psychiatric treatment in locked wards in relation to the time limit set by the court: Nervenarzt Vol 60(4) Apr 1989, 233-235.
• Bursztajn, H., & et al. (1986). Process analysis of judges' commitment decisions: A preliminary empirical study: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143(2) Feb 1986, 170-174.
• Bursztajn, H., Gutheil, T. G., Hamm, R. M., Brodsky, A., & et al. (1988). Parens patriae considerations in the commitment process: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 59(3) Fal 1988, 165-181.
• Bursztajn, H. J., Hamm, R. M., & Gutheil, T. G. (1997). Beyond the black letter of the law: An empirical study of an individual judge's decision process for civil commitment hearings: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 25(1) 1997, 79-94.
• Butler, B. (2006). Jurors' attitudes toward post-sentence civil commitment: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 24(2) 2006, 21-30.
• Buttlaire, S. A. (1985). Voluntary and involuntary treatment of suicidal patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Candefjord, I.-L. (1989). Studies of psychiatric care, especially compulsory care, in two Swedish districts: Psychiatric patients' experience of compulsory care: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(4) 1989, 353-356.
• Carney, T. (2004). Review of Involuntary Detention and Therapeutic Jurisprudence: International Perspectives on Civil Commitment: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 11(1) Apr 2004, 180-182.
• Carstairs, G. M. (1977). Revolutions and the rights of man: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134(9) Sep 1977, 979-983.
• Cascardi, M., & Poythress, N. G. (1997). Correlates of perceived coercion during psychiatric hospital admission: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 20(4) Fal 1997, 445-458.
• Catalano, R., Snowden, L., Shumway, M., & Kessell, E. (2007). Unemployment and civil commitment: A test of the intolerance hypothesis: Aggressive Behavior Vol 33(3) May-Jun 2007, 272-280.
• Catalano, R. A., & McConnell, W. (1996). A time-series test of the quarantine theory of involuntary commitment: Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol 37(4) Dec 1996, 381-387.
• Catapano, V. D., & Esposito, E. (1981). Physicians and insanity in "certificates" to the insane asylum located in Aversa (1826-1829): Giornale Storico di Psicologia Dinamica Vol 5(10) Jun 1981, 41-64.
• Catapano, V. D., & Esposito, E. (1981). Physicians and insanity in "certificates" to the insane asylum located in Aversa (1826superscript 1829): Giornale Storico di Psicologia Dinamica Vol 5(10) Jun 1981, 41-64.
• Chamberlain, J. R. (2007). Sex offender laws: Commitment and treatment of individuals deemed to be sexually violent predators: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 35(2) Jun 2007, 266-268.
• Chandrasena, R. D., & Smith, S. (1986). Regional Review Boards of Ontario: A medico-legal review: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 31(7) Oct 1986, 643-648.
• Chapman, M. (1972). The right to treatment and the institution. Oxford, England: Charles C Thomas.
• Charatan, F. B. (1987). Geriatric psychiatry: Legal and forensic issues. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Chessick, R. D. (2005). Review of Commitment and Compassion in Psychoanalysis: Selected Papers of Edward M. Weinshel: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162(1) Jan 2005, 202-203.
• Chiswick, D. (1992). Compulsory treatment of patients with psychopathic disorder: An abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible exercise? : Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 2(2), Spec Issue 1992, 106-113.
• Chlopicki, K., & et al. (1976). Analysis of the degree of consent among the admittals to SAM psychiatric clinic: Psychiatria Polska Vol 10(2) 1976, 173-177.
• Chodoff, P. (1974). Involuntary hospitalization of political dissenters in the Soviet Union: Psychiatric Opinion Vol 11(1) Feb 1974, 5-19.
• Chodoff, P. (1976). The case of involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 133(5) May 1976, 496-501.
• Chodoff, P. (1984). Involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill as a moral issue: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(3) Mar 1984, 384-389.
• Christensen, E. M., Bengtsson, A., Kramp, P., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1990). Involuntary commitments in Denmark and Sweden: The differences in frequency illustrated by comparison of two local areas in the two countries: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 44(4) 1990, 329-335.
• Christy, A., Bond, J., & Young, M. S. (2007). Short-term involuntary examination of older adults in Florida: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 25(5) 2007, 615-628.
• Ciccone, J. R., Tokoli, J. F., Clements, C. D., & Gift, T. E. (1990). Right to refuse treatment: Impact of Rivers v. Katz: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 18(2) 1990, 203-215.
• Ciccone, J. R., Tokoli, J. F., Gift, T. E., & Clements, C. D. (1993). Medication refusal and judicial activism: A reexamination of the effects of the Rivers decision: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 44(6) Jun 1993, 555-560.
• Clayton, T. (1976). O'Connor v. Donaldson: Impact in the states: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(4) Apr 1976, 272-281.
• Cleveland, S., Mulvey, E. P., Appelbaum, P. S., & Lidz, C. W. (1989). Do dangerousness-oriented commitment laws restrict hospitalization of patients who need treatment? A test: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(3) Mar 1989, 266-271.
• Coffman, J. R. (1982). A thirty-day follow-up of persons found not-committable at emergency involuntary civil commitment hearings: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Cohen, F. (1999). The law and sexually violent predators--Through the Hendricks looking glass. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Cohn, J. B., & Wilcox, C. S. (1983). Dangerousness as a standard for civil commitment: American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 4(4) 1983, 169-174.
• Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Bhugra, D., Jenkins, R., et al. (2002). Ethnic differences in prisoners. I: Criminality and psychiatric morbidity: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 181(6) Dec 2002, 473-480.
• Coid, J. W. (1993). Quality of life for patients detained in hospital: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 162 May 1993, 611-620.
• Conlon, P., Merskey, H., Zilli, C., & Frommhold, K. (1990). The attitudes toward committal of patients hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for the first time: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 35(4) May 1990, 324-327.
• Cornwell, J. K. (1998). Understanding the role of the police and parens patriae powers in involuntary civil commitment before and after Hendricks: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 4(1-2) Mar-Jun 1998, 377-413.
• Cornwell, J. K. (2003). Sex offenders and the Supreme Court: The significance and limits of Kansas v. Hendricks. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Cournos, F. (1989). Involuntary medication and the case of Joyce Brown: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(7) Jul 1989, 736-740.
• Cournoyer, J., & Monette, Y. (1991). The involvement of the court system in the treatment of incompetent psychiatric cases who refuse treatment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 36(5) Jun 1991, 339-343.
• Courtless, T. (1997). Commitment of mentally disordered criminal offenders in the State of Maryland, USA: Future dangerousness versus treatment amenability: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 8(2) Sep 1997, 417-433.
• Cox, G. B. (1980). Involuntary patient flow: A computer simulation of a psychiatric ward: Evaluation Review Vol 4(5) Oct 1980, 571-584.
• Crane, L., Zonna, H., & Wizner, S. (1977). Implications of the Donaldson decision: A model for periodic review of committed patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 28(11) Nov 1977, 827-833.
• Crisanti, A. S. (2000). Experiences with involuntary hospitalization: A qualitative study of mothers of adult children with schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Research Vol 45(1-2) Sep 2000, 79-81.
• Crisanti, A. S., & Love, E. J. (1999). Mortality among involuntarily admitted psychiatric patients: A survival analysis: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 34(12) Dec 1999, 627-633.
• Crisanti, A. S., & Love, E. J. (2002). From one legal system to another? An examination of the relationship between involuntary hospitalization and arrest: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 581-597.
• Cuegniet, G. (1987). Regarding involuntary commitment to fill a post-factum therapeutic need: Psychiatrie Francaise Vol 18(6) Dec 1987, 815-823.
• Cuffel, B. J. (1992). Characteristics associated with legal status change among psychiatric patients: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 28(6) Dec 1992, 471-482.
• Curtin, J. J., & Wickware, D. M. (1982). Update on how the Mental Health Act of Ontario is working: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 7(4) Dec 1982, 235-239.
• Curtis, A. B. (1982). Variables associated with the determination of the decision for psychiatric hospitalization: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Dabrowski, S. (1988). Legal regulation of mental health: Psychiatria Polska Vol 22(1) Jan-Feb 1988, 65-72.
• Dabrowski, S., & et al. (1979). Involuntary hospitalization in Poland: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 4(4) Dec 1979, 322-328.
• Dahl, A. A., Borge, N., & Spydslaug, A. (1985). Compulsory commitment for observation: A study of commitment based on Section 3 of the Norwegian Mental Health Act: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 39(5) 1985, 381-387.
• Daumezon, G. (1976). Needs and limits in the commitment of mental patients by public authority: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 1(2) Feb 1976, 248-255.
• Dawidoff, D. J. (1975). Commitment of the mentally ill in New York: Some comments and suggestions: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 3(1) Spr 1975, 79-95.
• Dawson, J. (1986). Time and committal: Community Mental Health in New Zealand Vol 3(1) Nov 1986, 67-73.
• Dawson, J., & Kampf, A. (2006). Incapacity Principles in Mental Health Laws in Europe: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 12(3) Aug 2006, 310-331.
• Dawson, J., & Szmukler, G. (2006). Fusion of mental health and incapacity legislation: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 188(6) Jun 2006, 504-509.
• de Graaf, A. C., & Dekker, G. V. (1987). Involuntary admissions to mental hospitals and psychiatric university clinics: Regional differences and tendencies: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 29(4) 1987, 219-231.
• Dean, P. J., Lombard, H. E., & Wilkes, S. (2001). Committal of a patient due to media influence? A case report: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 35(1) Feb 2001, 129-130.
• Decker, F. H. (1978). Hospital management of mental patients: Changes from involuntary to voluntary status under the Florida Mental Health Act of 1972: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Decker, F. H. (1981). Changes in the legal status of mental patients and hospital management: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science Vol 17(2) 1981, 153-171.
• Decker, F. H. (1987). Psychiatric management of legal defense in periodic commitment hearings: Social Problems Vol 34(2) Apr 1987, 156-171.
• DeClue, G. (2007). Review of Inventory of offender risk, needs, and strengths (IORNS): Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 35(1) Spr 2007, 51-60.
• Deemer, E. D. (2004). Ethical Values and Involuntary Commitment: A Decision-Making Model for Consulting Clinicians: Stress, Trauma and Crisis: An International Journal Vol 7(3) Jul-Sep 2004, 169-186.
• Delgado Bueno, S., & Gonzalez de Rivera y Revuelta, J. L. (1988). Legal aspects of psychiatric commitment: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 9(9) 1988, 11-27.
• Dell, S., Robertson, G., James, K., & Grounds, A. (1993). Remands and psychiatric assessments in Holloway prison: I. The psychotic population: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Nov 1993, 634-640.
• Dell, S., Robertson, G., James, K., & Grounds, A. (1993). Remands and psychiatric assessments in Holloway prison: II. The non-psychotic population: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Nov 1993, 640-644.
• Dent, S. (1997). The Home Office Mental Health Unit and its approach to the assessment and management of risk: International Review of Psychiatry Vol 9(2-3) Jun-Sep 1997, 265-271.
• Dershowitz, A. M. (1972). The psychiatrist's power in civil commitment: A knife that cuts both ways. Oxford, England: Brunner/Mazel.
• DesLauriers, A., & Gerdner, J. (1999). The Sexual Offender Treatment Program of Kansas. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Dignam, P. T. (2000). "Criteria for involuntary hospitalisation": Comment: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 34(2) Apr 2000, 337.
• Dix, G. E. (1975). Determining the continued dangerousness of psychologically abnormal sex offenders: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 3(3) Fal 1975, 327-344.
• Dix, G. E. (1981). Realism and drug refusal: A reply to Appelbaum and Gutheil: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 9(3) 1981, 180-198.
• Dix, G. F. (1976). Civil commitment of the mentally ill and the need for data on the prediction of dangerousness: American Behavioral Scientist Vol 19(3) Jan-Feb 1976, 318-334.
• Dolan, M., Gibb, R., & Coorey, P. (1999). Mental health review tribunals: A survey of Special Hospital patients' opinions: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 10(2) Sep 1999, 264-275.
• Domenichetti, S., & Ferrara, M. (1985). Involuntary hospitalization: An ambiguous instrument within a therapeutic relationship: Rivista di Psichiatria Vol 20(3) Jul-Sep 1985, 249-260.
• Doren, D. M. (1998). Recidivism base rates, predictions of sex offender recidivism, and the "Sexual Predator" commitment laws: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 16(1) Win 1998, 97-114.
• Doren, D. M. (2001). Analyzing the analysis: A response to Wollert (2000): Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 19(1) 2001, 185-196.
• Doren, D. M. (2002). Evaluating sex offenders: A manual for civil commitments and beyond. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Doren, D. M., & Epperson, D. L. (2001). Great analysis, but problematic assumptions: A critique of Janus and Meehl (1997): Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment Vol 13(1) Jan 2001, 45-51.
• Dorken, H. (1977). The formal involvement of psychology in the commitment process for mental and developmental disorders: Clinical Psychologist Vol 30(4) Sum 1977, 5-6.
• Dosa, A. (1995). New legislation on civil commitment in Hungary: Medicine & Law Vol 14(7-8) 1995, 581-587.
• Douglas, K. S., & Koch, W. J. (2001). Civil commitment and civil competence: Psychological issues. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
• Doutney, C. (1986). Mental health law reform: Advance towards enlightenment or denial of reality? : Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 20(3) Sep 1986, 266-275.
• Doyle, H., & Delaney, W. (1994). Police referral of compulsory admissions: A comparison study: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 11(3) Sep 1994, 116-119.
• Dresen, S. E. (1987). Effects of criminal commitment on the families of married forensic patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Droney, P. M. (1997). Psychologists and connecticut's civil and emergency commitment statutes: A critical review and proposals. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Drude, K. P. (1978). Psychologists and civil commitment: Review of state statutes: Professional Psychology Vol 9(3) Aug 1978, 499-506.
• Dudley, H. K. (1978). A review board for determining the dangerousness of mentally ill offenders: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 29(7) Jul 1978, 453-456.
• Dunham, A. C. (1985). APA's model law: Protecting the patient's ultimate interests: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(9) Sep 1985, 973-975.
• Durham, M. L., & Carr, H. D. (1985). Use of summons in involuntary civil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 13(3) 1985, 243-251.
• Durham, M. L., Carr, H. D., & Pierce, G. L. (1984). Police involvement and influence in involuntary civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(6) Jun 1984, 580-584.
• Dworkin, J. (1988). To certify or not to certify: Clinical social work decisions and involuntary hospitalization: Social Work in Health Care Vol 13(4) 1988, 81-98.
• Dworkin, J. (1989). Certification of patients for involuntary hospitalization: Social Casework Vol 70(3) Mar 1989, 153-158.
• Dwyer, E. (1988). Civil commitment laws in nineteenth-century New York: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 79-98.
• Eather, B. A. (1984). The dangerousness standard in determinations of involuntary civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Edelsohn, G. A., & Hiday, V. A. (1990). Civil commitment: A range of patient attitudes: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 18(1) 1990, 65-77.
• Edwards, G. A. (1979). The mental illness of Captain Hyndman: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 13(2) Jun 1979, 147-152.
• Ehrhardt, H. E. (1978). Ethical problems in psychiatric practice: Psychiatric Annals Vol 8(1) Jan 1978, 47-59.
• Eichhorn, M., Zimmermann, R., Krauchi, K., & Finzen, A. (2003). Decisions of the Psychiatric Court of Appeal of Basle-City in the Year 2000 Procedure on Appeal Against Compulsory Admission in a Swiss Canton: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 30(3) April 2003, 139-144.
• Ekblom, B., Westrin, C.-G., & Ostman, O. (1989). Studies of psychiatric care, especially compulsory care, in two Swedish districts: A few preliminary conclusions and practical consequences: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(4) 1989, 375-379.
• Ellard, J. (1989). The dangerousness of psychiatrists: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 23(2) Jun 1989, 169-175.
• Encandela, J. A., Korr, W., Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., & Slawinski, T. (1999). Discretionary use of involuntary commitment by case managers of mental health clients: A case study of divergent views: Clinical Social Work Journal Vol 27(4) Win 1999, 397-411.
• Engberg, M. (1990). Commitments to mental hospitals in Denmark, 1971-1987: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 44(4) 1990, 323-328.
• Engberg, M. (1991). Involuntary commitment in Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Denmark: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 84(4) Oct 1991, 353-356.
• Engberg, M. (1994). Mortality and suicide rates of involuntarily committed patients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 89(1) Jan 1994, 35-40.
• Engberg, M. (1997). Investigating compulsory care: Experiences from a planned study at the Nordic level: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 51(Suppl 39) 1997, 63-65, 73-95.
• Engleman, N. B. (1991). Involuntery commitment: An investigation of the clinician's decision-making process: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Engleman, N. B., Jobes, D. A., Berman, A. L., & Langbein, L. I. (1998). Clinicians' decision making about involuntary commitment: Psychiatric Services Vol 49(7) Jul 1998, 941-945.
• English, D. M. (1996). The authority of a guardian to commit an adult ward: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 20(4) Jul-Aug 1996, 584-587.
• Ennis, B. J. (1976). Legal rights of the voluntary patient: Journal of the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals Vol 8(2) Sum 1976, 4-8.
• Ennis, B. J., & Friedman, P. R. (1974). Legal rights of the mentally handicapped. Volume 1. Oxford, England: Practising Law Inst, Mental Health.
• Ensminger, J. J., & Liguori, T. D. (1978). The therapeutic significance of the civil commitment hearing: An unexplored potential: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 6(1) Spr 1978, 5-44.
• Epstein, G. N., Steingarten, J., Weinstein, H. C., & Nashel, H. M. (1977). Panel report: Impact of law on the practice of psychotherapy: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 5(1) Spr 1977, 7-40.
• Eriksson, K. (1989). Study of psychiatric care and special compulsory care in two Swedish provinces: Psychiatric symptoms in committed patients: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(2) 1989, 125-129.
• Eriksson, K., & Kjellin, L. (1989). Studies of psychiatric care, especially compulsory care, in two Swedish districts: The psychiatric care personnel's attitudes, experience, and perceptions of compulsory care: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(4) 1989, 365-368.
• Ernst, K., & Ausfeld, B. (1977). Is the present law sufficient for protection of the mentally diseased? : Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie Vol 120(1) 1977, 63-74.
• Errington, M. R. (1986). The operation of the Mental Health Act, 1983 (NSW): Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 20(3) Sep 1986, 278-292.
• Ertmann, B., & Ojesjo, L. (1983). Dangerousness at Karsudden: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 6(1) 1983, 125-129.
• Estroff, T. W. (1984). "Norms, commitment, and psychotherapy with the involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric patient": Comment: Psychotherapy Patient Vol 1(2) Win 1984, 88-89.
• Etcheverry, B. A. (1977). Factors influencing the psychiatric treatment decision: Hospitalization or referral to outpatient services: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Eth, S. (1983). Adolescent separation-individuation and the court: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 11(3) 1983, 231-238.
• Faraone, S. (1982). Psychiatry and political repression in the Soviet Union: American Psychologist Vol 37(10) Oct 1982, 1105-1112.
• Faraone, S. V. (1983). Human rights and human action: A reply to Pollack et al: American Psychologist Vol 38(12) Dec 1983, 1402-1403.
• Farer, P. O. (1989). Determinants of clinicians' judgments concerning involuntary civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fariello, D. F. (1989). The dangerousness standard: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(9) Sep 1989, 964-965.
• Farren, C., McLoughlin, D., & Clare, A. (1992). Procedures for involuntary admission to public and private psychiatric facilities: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 9(2) Nov 1992, 96-100.
• Farrow, T. L., McKenna, B. G., & O'Brien, A. J. (2002). Advanced "prescribing" of nurses' emergency holding powers under New Zealand mental health legislation: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing Vol 11(3) Sep 2002, 164-169.
• Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., & Kundahl-Stanley, K. (1982). Effects of a new involuntary commitment law: Expectations and reality: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 10(4) 1982, 249-259.
• Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., McFarland, B. H., & Stern, T. O. (1985). The effect of mental health system changes on civil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 13(4) 1985, 345-357.
• Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., Resnick, M. R., & Stern, T. O. (1983). Local variations in the civil commitment process: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 11(1) 1983, 5-15.
• Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., & Stern, T. O. (1984). Rural civil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 12(4) 1984, 359-371.
• Faulkner, L. R., McFarland, B. H., & Bloom, J. D. (1989). An empirical study of emergency commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146(2) Feb 1989, 182-186.
• Faulkner, L. R., McFarland, B. H., Bloom, J. D., & Stern, T. O. (1986). A method for quantifying and comparing civil commitment processes: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143(6) Jun 1986, 744-749.
• Faulkner, L. R., McFarland, B. H., Bloom, J. D., & Stern, T. O. (1986). A methodology for predicting the effects of changes in civil commitment decision making: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 14(1) 1986, 71-80.
• Faulkner, L. R., McFarland, B. H., Bloom, J. D., & Stern, T. O. (1987). Methodology for the analysis of civil commitment detention times and costs: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 15(4) 1987, 359-370.
• Favre, P. (1992). Consentless hospitalizations: First appraisal in a university hospital of the law passed on the 27th of June 1990: Psychologie Medicale Vol 24(14) 1992, 1555-1561.
• Feigon, S., & Hays, J. R. (2003). Prediction of readmission of psychiatric inpatients: Psychological Reports Vol 93(3) Dec 2003, 816-818.
• Feldbrugge, J. T., & Haverkamp, A. D. (1993). Identity and development: The Dr. Henri van der Hoeven Kliniek in the nineties: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 16(1-2) Win-Spr 1993, 241-246.
• Felkins, B., Guthrie, M., & Walch, J. (1991). Voluntary or involuntary status of 50 adolescent inpatients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 42(10) Oct 1991, 1062-1063.
• Fellion, G., & de Labriolle, P. (1988). Bread, peace, and welfare: The law of 1838 in the service of the community: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 833-835.
• Felthous, A. R. (1983). Patient's choice to suicide v. treater's duty to prevent suicide: Some changing clinical dilemmas: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 1(4) Fal 1983, 95-99.
• Fennell, P., & Goldstein, R. L. (2006). The Application of Civil Commitment Law and Practices to a Case of Delusional Disorder: A Cross-National Comparison of Legal Approaches in the United States and the United Kingdom: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 24(3) 2006, 385-406.
• Ferguson, W. D., & Dowd, D. (1995). Northwest Evaluation and Treatment Center, Seattle: Alternative to hospitalization for involuntarily detained patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Ferleger, D. (1976). Kremens v. Bartley: The right to be free: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(10) Oct 1976, 708-712.
• Ferrara, M., Benvenuti, P., Marello, G., & Masini, M. (1983). The renewal of the compulsory health care (C.H.C.): A discrimination point between a relational resonance crisis and an internal resonance crisis: Rivista di Psichiatria Vol 18(1) Jan-Mar 1983, 61-75.
• Fields, S. (1974). Patients' rights: I. Due process of law: Innovations Vol 1(2) Win 1974, 12-15.
• Finn, M. A., & Stalans, L. J. (2002). Police handling of the mentally ill in domestic violence situations: Criminal Justice and Behavior Vol 29(3) Jun 2002, 278-307.
• Fisher, W. H., Barreira, P. J., Lincoln, A. K., Simon, L. J., White, A. W., Roy-Bujnowski, K., et al. (2001). Insurance status and length of stay for involuntarily hospitalized patients: Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Vol 28(3) Aug 2001, 334-346.
• Fisher, W. H., & Pierce, G. L. (1985). Civil commitment reform: Context and consequences: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 57(3-4) Fal-Win 1985, 217-229.
• Fishman, L. A. (1983). The effects of labeling and legal commitment status upon the content of the attitudes of mental health professionals: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Fitch, W. L., & Hammen, D. A. (2003). The new generation of sex offender commitment laws: Which states have them and how do they work? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Fitch, W. L., & Ortega, R. J. (2000). Law and the confinement of psychopaths: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 18(5) 2000, 663-678.
• Fitzgerald, D. (1982). Violence and natural justice: Mental Health in Australia Vol 1(9) Dec 1982, 4-9.
• Fitzgerald, J. F., Peszke, M. A., & Goodwin, R. C. (1978). Competency evaluations in Connecticut: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 29(7) Jul 1978, 450-453.
• Flanagan, T. E. (1978). A case study in involuntary psychiatric confinement: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada Vol 23(7) Nov 1978, 463-468.
• Flaschner, F. N. (1974). Constitutional requirements in the commitment of the mentally ill in the U.S.A.: Rights to liberty and therapy: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 18(3) 1974, 283-301.
• Fleming, B. A., & Hunt, J. F. (1976). Bartley v. Kremens: A step backward? : Journal of the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals Vol 8(3) Fal 1976, 10-14.
• Fleming, S. D. (1979). The interface of the mental health and criminal justice systems: An examination of Pennsylvania's Mental Health Procedures Act of 1976: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Flores, L. F. B. (2003). Restriction in psychiatry: Anales de Psiquiatria Vol 19(2) Feb 2003, 55-63.
• Fond, J. Q. L. (1989). Civil Commitment in the 1980s: Back to the Medical Model? : PsycCRITIQUES Vol 34 (5), May, 1989.
• Forrester, A. (2002). Preventive detention, public protection and mental health: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 13(2) Sep 2002, 329-344.
• Fouillet, M., Tremine, T., & Margue, Y. (1988). Compulsory admission today: Study based on 172 cases in 1986 in the Seine-Saint-Denis department: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 64(6) Jun 1988, 807-820.
• Frank, L. R. (1982). The crime of forced treatment: Issues in Radical Therapy Vol 10(1) Spr 1982, 6-11.
• Frankenburg, F. R. (1982). The history of the confinement of the mentally ill in Ontario: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 7(4) Dec 1982, 240-243.
• Freckelton, I. (1998). Decision-making about involuntary psychiatric treatment: An analysis of the principles behind Victorian practice: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 5(2) Nov 1998, 249-264.
• Freckelton, I. (2002). Psychopathy, dangerousness and involuntary detention in New Zealand: Fitness for release from compulsory treatment status: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 9(1) Apr 2002, 100-108.
• Freckelton, I. (2003). Ideological divarication in civil commitment decision-making: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 10(2) 2003, 390-396.
• Freckelton, I. (2005). Distractors and Distressors in Involuntary Status Decision-Making: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 12(1) Apr 2005, 88-102.
• Frederick, V., Coltrane, F. P., & Griffith, L. (1976). Developing a partnership between a court and community agencies to reduce involuntary commitments: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(10) Oct 1976, 689-692.
• Fremouw, W. J. (1974). A new right to treatment: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 2(1) Spr 1974, 7-31.
• Gacono, C. B., Meloy, R., Speth, E., & Roske, A. (1997). Above the law: Escapes from a maximum security forensic hospital and psychopathy: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 25(4) 1997, 547-550.
• Galie, L. P. (1978). An essay on the civil commitment lawyer: or How I learned to hate the adversary system: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 6(1) Spr 1978, 71-87.
• Garcia Cabeza, I., Rojano Capilla, P., Arango Lopez, C., Sanz Amador, M., & Calcedo Ordonez, A. (1998). Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization following expedient and in urgencies (about an inquiry): Anales de Psiquiatria Vol 14(7) Jul-Aug 1998, 301-306.
• Garcia, S. A., & Batey, R. (1988). Protecting forcibly institutionalized mental patients from unwanted drug therapy: A fourth amendment analysis: Law & Psychology Review Vol 12 Spr 1988, 1-19.
• Garcia, S. A., & Keilitz, I. (1991). Involuntary civil commitment of drug-dependent persons with special reference to pregnant women: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 15(4) Jul-Aug 1991, 418-437.
• Gardner, W., & Lidz, C. (2001). Gratitude and coercion between physicians and patients: Psychiatric Annals Vol 31(2) Feb 2001, 125-129.
• Garskof, B. E., & Harris, L. (1967). The case of John Baehler: American Psychologist Vol 22(3) Mar 1967, 234-235.
• Gayda, M., Ferrandi, J., & Vigneron, F. (1988). The doctor, family, mayor and prefect facing the law of 1838: The abusive lack of confinement: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 846-849.
• Gelinas, L. (1994). The new rights of persons held in psychiatric institutions following the commission of a criminal offence: The Criminal Code revised and corrected: Canada's Mental Health Vol 42(1) Spr 1994, 10-16.
• Geller, J. L. (1986). The quandaries of enforced community treatment and unenforceable outpatient commitment statutes: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1986, 149-158.
• Geller, J. L. (1987). "Rights, wrongs, and the dilemma of coerced community treatment": Dr. Geller replies: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(5) May 1987, 695-696.
• Geller, J. L. (1990). Clinical guidelines for the use of involuntary outpatient treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 41(7) Jul 1990, 749-755.
• Geller, J. L., Fisher, W. H., & Kaye, N. S. (1991). Effect of evaluations of competency to stand trial on the state hospital in an era of increased community services: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 42(8) Aug 1991, 818-823.
• Geller, J. L., & Harris, M. (1994). Women of the asylum: Voices from behind the walls, 1840-1945. New York, NY: Anchor Books/Doubleday.
• Geller, J. L., & Lister, E. D. (1978). The process of criminal commitment for pretrial psychiatric examination: An evaluation: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 135(1) Jan 1978, 53-60.
• Genelli, T. (1990). Informed consent in involuntarily detained patients: An empirical investigation assessing the outcome of providing involuntarily detained patients with the opportunity to give or refuse informed consent prior to the adminstration of antipsychotic medicine: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• German, J. R., & Singer, A. C. (1977). Punishing the not guilty: Hospitalization of persons acquitted by reason of insanity: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 49(3) Fal 1977, 238-254.
• Gharagozlou, H. (1974). The rights of the mentally ill in Iran: Mental Health & Society Vol 1(1) 1974, 62-64.
• Gibbens, T. C., & Robertson, G. (1983). A survey of the criminal careers of hospital order patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143 Oct 1983, 362-369.
• Gibbens, T. C., & Robertson, G. (1983). A survey of the criminal careers of restriction order patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143 Oct 1983, 370-375.
• Gibbons, P., & Walshe, D. (1993). Committal law in Ireland: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 10(2) Jun 1993, 104-109.
• Gibbs, A., Dawson, J., Ansley, C., & Mullen, R. (2005). How patients in New Zealand view community treatment orders: Journal of Mental Health Vol 14(4) Aug 2005, 357-368.
• Gilbert, P. K. (1996). Review of The Writing on the Wall: Women's Autobiography and the Asylum: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 41 (4), Apr, 1996.
• Gilman, B., Spangler, P. F., & Meadows, S. (1990). Residential placement of individuals with mental retardation: Factors influencing court decisions: Mental Retardation Vol 28(4) Aug 1990, 241-244.
• Gilmore, C., Wood, G. C., & Rigby, J. C. (1994). Elderly patients and the Mental Health Act 1983: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Vol 9(10) Oct 1994, 809-818.
• Glass, K. (1977). Right to treatment: O'Connor v. Donaldson: Health & Social Work Vol 2(1) Feb 1977, 26-40.
• Goldstein, E. (1975). Compulsory treatment in Soviet psychiatric hospitals: A view from the inside: Psychiatric Opinion Vol 12(7) Sep 1975, 14-20.
• Golten, R. J. (1973). On casting the first stone: MH Vol 57(3) Sum 1973, 12-15.
• Gondolf, E. W., Mulvey, E. P., & Lidz, C. W. (1991). Psychiatric admission of family violent versus nonfamily violent patients: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 14(3) 1991, 245-254.
• Goreta, M., & Majetic, B. (1996). Specificities of mourning in war conditions: Socijalna Psihijatrija Vol 24(1) Mar 1996, 5-12.
• Gorovitz, S. (1982). The young adult chronic patient: A philosopher's view: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 14 Jun 1982, 111-119.
• Gouse, A. S. (1982). Milieu therapy and right to treatment: Identifying components of adequacy: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Gove, W. R., & Fain, T. (1977). A comparison of voluntary and committed psychiatric patients: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 34(6) Jun 1977, 669-676.
• Gove, W. R., Tovo, M., & Hughes, M. (1985). Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization: A review of the statutes regulating the social control of the mentally ill: Deviant Behavior Vol 6(3) 1985, 287-318.
• Grandmontagne, O., & Ayme, J. (1988). A strange affair of "abusive confinement." L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 64(6) Jun 1988, 821-825.
• Gray, J., & et al. (1985). Review panels for involuntary psychiatric patients: Which patients apply? : The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 30(8) Dec 1985, 573-576.
• Greenblatt, M. (1974). Class action and the right to treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 25(7) Jul 1974, 449-452.
• Greenland, C., & Griffin, J. D. (1978). William Henry Jackson (1861-1952)--Riel's secretary: Another case of involuntary commitment? : The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada Vol 23(7) Nov 1978, 469-477.
• Grudzinskas, A. J., & Henry, M. G. (1997). Kansas v. Hendricks: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 25(4) 1997, 607-612.
• Guaiana, G., & Barbui, C. (2004). Trends in the use of the Italian Mental Health Act, 1979-1997: European Psychiatry Vol 19(7) Nov 2004, 444-445.
• Gudeman, H. (1981). Legal sanctions and clinicians: Clinical Psychologist Vol 34(2) Win 1981, 15-17.
• Guidry, L. L., McBride, W. A., & Waters, T. J. (1978). WAIS performance of forensic versus civilly committed mental retardates: Psychological Reports Vol 43(3, Pt 1) Dec 1978, 723-726.
• Gullickson, T. (1995). Review of Women of the Asylum: Voices From Behind the Walls, 1840-1945: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 40 (4), Apr, 1995.
• Gunnells, S. L. (1990). Patient-therapist sexual relations: Professional services rendered? A case comment on Doe v. Swift: Law & Psychology Review Vol 14 Spr 1990, 87-105.
• Gutheil, T. G. (1982). More on the right to refuse treatment: American Psychologist Vol 37(8) Aug 1982, 974-975.
• Gwirtsman, H. E., & et al. (1984). Phencyclidine intoxication: Incidence, clinical patterns and course of treatment: Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior Vol 9(4) 1984, 405-410.
• Haddox, V. G. (1986). What power does the patient possess? : Psychiatric Annals Vol 16(11) Nov 1986, 640-644.
• Hafling, W. R. (1976). An investigation of the effects of advocacy on behalf of the alleged mentally ill in the involuntary commitment process: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hajdukiewicz, D. (1975). Followup study of the patients interned in psychiatric hospital by the courts: Psychiatria Polska Vol 9(2) 1975, 153-160.
• Hall, J. E., Williams, J. G., & Button, K. (1993). Cluster analysis of MMPI scales of patients involuntarily committed for chemical dependency treatment: Psychological Reports Vol 73(3, Pt 1) Dec 1993, 739-744.
• Hall, W., & Flaherty, B. (1982). Involuntary admissions initiated by police officers under the New South Wales Mental Health Act, 1958: Mental Health in Australia Vol 1(9) Dec 1982, 31-33.
• Hall, W., & Flaherty, B. (1982). The Schedule 2 certificate under the New South Wales Mental Health Act, 1958: Mental Health in Australia Vol 1(8) Jun 1982, 36-43.
• Hallam, L. (2007). How involuntary commitment impacts on the burden of care of the family: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing Vol 16(4) Aug 2007, 247-256.
• Hamon, H. (1990). Psychiatric hospitalization for difficult adolescents: Viewpoint of a juvenile court judge: Perspectives Psychiatriques Vol 29(23) 1990, 185-191.
• Hanggi, S. (2006). Legal regulations for the mentally ill in Switzerland: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 24(4) 2006, 168-173.
• Hansson, L., Muus, S., Saarento, O., Vinding, H. R., Gostas, G., Sandlund, M., et al. (1999). The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry: Rates of compulsory care and use of compulsory admissions during a 1-year follow-up: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 34(2) Feb 1999, 99-104.
• Hargreaves, W. A., Shumway, M., Knutsen, E. J., Weinstein, A., & et al. (1987). Effects of the Jamison-Farabee consent decree: Due process protection for involuntary psychiatric patients treated with psychoactive medication: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(2) Feb 1987, 188-192.
• Harris, G. (2003). Men in His Category Have a 50% Likelihood, But Which Half Is He In? Comments on Berlin, Galbreath, Geary, and McGlone: Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment Vol 15(4) Oct 2003, 389-392.
• Harrison, G., Ineichen, B., Smith, J., & Morgan, H. G. (1984). Psychiatric hospital admissions in Bristol: II. Social and clinical aspects of compulsory admission: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 145 Dec 1984, 605-611.
• Hart, S. D. (2003). Actuarial Risk Assessment: Commentary on Berlin et al: Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment Vol 15(4) Oct 2003, 383-388.
• Hasebe, T., & McRae, J. (1987). A ten-year study of civil commitments in Washington State: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(9) Sep 1987, 983-987.
• Hatfield, B., & Robinshaw, P. (1994). The use of compulsory powers by approved social workers in five local authorities: Some trends over two years: Journal of Mental Health Vol 3(3) Sep 1994, 339-350.
• Hatling, T., Krogen, T., & Ulleberg, P. (2002). Compulsory admissions to psychiatric hospitals in Norway--International comparisons and regional variations: Journal of Mental Health Vol 11(6) Dec 2002, 623-634.
• Hawkins, F., & Anders, S. (1965). Religious variables and the role of the clergy among mental patients: Journal of Pastoral Care 19(3) 1965, 148-153.
• Hayes, J. S. (1999). A validation study of the Assessment of Dissimulation Scale using criminal and civilly committed participants. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Hays, J. R. (1989). The role of Addington v Texas on involuntary civil commitment: Psychological Reports Vol 65(3, Pt 2) Dec 1989, 1211-1215.
• Heath, I. (2000). Does the Minnesota Sexually Dangerous Person (SDP) Act, allowing commitment of an individual convicted of a sexual crime and having completed a prison sentence, violate an individual's due process rights? : Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 28(2) 2000, 245-247.
• Heilbrun, K., Golloway, G. G., Shoukry, V. E., & Gustafson, D. (1995). Physical control of patients on an inpatient setting: Forensic vs. civil populations: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 66(2) Sum 1995, 133-145.
• Heilbrun, K., Heilbrun, P. G., & Griffin, N. (1988). Comparing females acquitted by reason of insanity, convicted, and civilly committed in Florida: 1977-1984: Law and Human Behavior Vol 12(3) Sep 1988, 295-311.
• Heinik, J., Avnon, M., & Hes, J. P. (1993). Psychiatric hospitalization of dementia patients by commitment order in Israel: Medicine & Law Vol 12(3-5) 1993, 381-388.
• Heinik, J., & Kimhi, R. (1995). Psychiatric hospitalization of senile and arteriosclerotic dementia patients by commitment order under the 1991 Israeli Mental Health Act: Medicine & Law Vol 14(5-6) 1995, 471-478.
• Held, A. (1999). The civil commitment of sexual predators--Experience under Minnesota's law. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Henderson, C., Flood, C., Leese, M., Thornicroft, G., Sutherby, K., & Szmukler, G. (2004). Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsory treatment in psychiatry: Single blind randomised controlled trial: BMJ: British Medical Journal Vol 329(7458) Jul 2004, No Pagination Specified.
• Henne, M. (1988). A 20 years' inspection of the establishments subject to the law of June 30th, 1838: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 862-868.
• Henry, M. G. (1997). Clinicians' perception of risk for liability in suicide assessment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Hermann, D. H. (1990). Autonomy, self determination, the right of involuntarily committed persons to refuse treatment, and the use of substituted judgment in medication decisions involving incompetent persons: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 13(4) 1990, 361-385.
• Herron, C. L. (1993). Insanity defense: Effects of altering involuntary commitment statutes: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Hiday, V. A. (1977). The role of counsel in civil commitment: Changes, effects, and determinants: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 5(4) Win 1977, 551-569.
• Hiday, V. A. (1981). Court discretion: Application of the dangerousness standard in civil commitment: Law and Human Behavior Vol 5(4) 1981, 275-289.
• Hiday, V. A. (1983). Are lawyers enemies of psychiatrists? A survey of civil commitment counsel and judges: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 140(3) Mar 1983, 323-326.
• Hiday, V. A. (1983). Judicial decisions in civil commitment: Facts, attitudes, and psychiatric recommendations: Law & Society Review Vol 17(3) 1983, 517-530.
• Hiday, V. A. (1988). Civil commitment: A review of empirical research: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 15-43.
• Hiday, V. A. (1990). Dangerousness of civil commitment candidates: A six-month follow-up: Law and Human Behavior Vol 14(6) Dec 1990, 551-567.
• Hiday, V. A. (1991). Arrest and incarceration of civil commitment candidates: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 42(7) Jul 1991, 729-734.
• Hiday, V. A. (1992). Civil commitment and arrests: An investigation of the criminalization thesis: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 180(3) Mar 1992, 184-191.
• Hiday, V. A. (1992). "Civil commitment and arrests: An investigation of the criminalization thesis": Correction: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 180(6) Jun 1992, 405.
• Hiday, V. A. (1992). Coercion in civil commitment: Process, preferences, and outcome: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 15(4) Fal 1992, 359-377.
• Hiday, V. A., & Goodman, R. R. (1982). The least restrictive alternative to involuntary hospitalization, outpatient commitment: Its use and effectiveness: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 10(1) Spr 1982, 81-96.
• Hiday, V. A., & Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1987). The North Carolina experience with outpatient commitment: A critical appraisal: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 10(3) 1987, 215-232.
• Hiday, V. A., & Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1989). A follow-up of chronic patients committed to outpatient treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(1) Jan 1989, 52-59.
• Hiday, V. A., & Smith, L. N. (1987). Effects of the dangerousness standard in civil commitment: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 15(3) Fal 1987, 433-454.
• Hiday, V. A., Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J., & Wagner, H. R. (1997). Patient perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 20(2) Spr 1997, 227-241.
• Hiday, V. A., Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Borum, R., & Wagner, H. R. (2002). Coercion in mental health care. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Hiday, V. A., & Wales, H. W. (2003). Civil commitment and arrests: Current Opinion in Psychiatry Vol 16(5) Sep 2003, 575-580.
• Hinton, J., Webster, S., & O'Neill, M. (1978). Simple behaviour rating scales for maximum security patients: Development and validation: British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology Vol 17(3) Sep 1978, 255-259.
• Hoaken, P. C. (1986). Psychiatry, civil liberty, and involuntary treatment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 31(3) Apr 1986, 222-226.
• Hoberman, H. M. (1999). Expert witness report and testimony in sexual predator civil commitment proceedings. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Hoberman, H. M. (1999). The forensic evaluation of sex offenders in civil commitment proceedings. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Hochstedler, E. (1982). The compelled psychiatric examination: Search, seizure, and interrogation: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 10(3) Fal 1982, 265-284.
• Hoge, S. K., Appelbaum, P. S., & Greer, A. (1989). An empirical comparison of the Stone and dangerousness criteria for civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146(2) Feb 1989, 170-175.
• Hoge, S. K., Sachs, G., Appelbaum, P. S., Greer, A., & et al. (1988). Limitations on psychiatrists' discretionary civil commitment authority by the Stone and dangerousness criteria: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 45(8) Aug 1988, 764-769.
• Holley, H. L., Kulczycki, G., & Arboleda-Florez, J. (1994). Case-mix funding and legislated psychiatric care: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 17(4) Fal 1994, 377-393.
• Holloway, J. (2001). 'Unfortunate Folk': A study of the social context of committal to Seacliff 1928-1937. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press.
• Holstein, J. A. (1987). Producing gender effects on involuntary mental hospitalization: Social Problems Vol 34(2) Apr 1987, 141-155.
• Holstein, J. A. (1988). Court ordered incompetence: Conversational organization in involuntary commitment hearings: Social Problems Vol 35(4) Oct 1988, 458-473.
• Holstein, J. A. (1990). Describing home care: Discourse and image in involuntary commitment proceedings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Holstein, J. A. (1990). The discourse of age in involuntary commitment proceedings: Journal of Aging Studies Vol 4(2) Sum 1990, 111-130.
• Holstein, J. A. (1993). Court-ordered insanity: Interpretive practice and involuntary commitment. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
• Holzinger, A., Kaup, B., & Gutierrez-Lobos, K. (2002). Potentially dangerous behavior in the mentally ill: Attitudes of journalists and medical students toward compulsory admission: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 46(4) Aug 2002, 445-452.
• Hori, A., Nakamura, K., Shimada, T., & Hirasawa, T. (2002). Interrater reliability of two designated physicians during clinical assessment for involuntary admission by prefectural governor: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 44(7) Jul 2002, 743-751.
• Hoyer, G. (1985). Compulsory admissions to and detention in psychiatric institutions: A summary of the legislation and practice in Scandinavian countries: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 39(2) 1985, 147-157.
• Hoyer, G. (1986). Compulsorily admitted patients' ability to make use of their legal rights: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 8(4) 1986, 413-422.
• Hoyer, G. (1986). The Control-Commissions in Norwegian mental health care: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(4) 1986, 469-478.
• Hoyer, G. (1988). The Control-Commissions' procedure of complaints in Norwegian mental hospitals: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 11(1) 1988, 61-76.
• Hoyer, G. (1988). Grounds for involuntary hospitalization according to the opinion of Norwegian psychiatrists: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 11(3) 1988, 289-303.
• Hoyer, G., Kjellin, L., Engberg, M., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Nilstun, T., Sigurjonsdottir, M., et al. (2002). Paternalism and autonomy: A presentation of a Nordic study on the use of coercion in the mental health care system: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(2) Mar-Apr 2002, 93-108.
• Huber, J. P., Macher, J. P., & Alliez, J. (1980). The forced hospitalization of the insane at Avignon during the 18th century: L'Information Psychiatrique Vol 56(10) Dec 1980, 1257-1266.
• Huey, K. (1978). Conference report: A mental health law symposium on the insanity defense and civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 29(7) Jul 1978, 443-449.
• Hughes, J. S. (1986). Isaac Ray's "Project of a Law" and the 19th century debate over involuntary commitment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(2) 1986, 191-200.
• Humphrey, G. W. (1985). Civil commitment of Indian persons: A dilemma in mental health and law: White Cloud Journal Vol 3(4) 1985, 27-30.
• Humphreys, M. (1994). Junior psychiatrists and emergency compulsory detention in Scotland: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 17(4) Fal 1994, 421-429.
• Huot, S. (1999). The referral process. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Huss, M. T., & Zeiss, R. A. (2005). You have the right not to have a hearing: An evaluation of the impact of fully advising civilly committed patients on their rights: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 28(4) Jul-Aug 2005, 334-341.
• Husted, J. R., & Nehemkis, A. (1995). Civil commitment viewed from three perspectives: Professional, family, and police: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 23(4) 1995, 533-546.
• Huxley, P. J., & Kerfoot, M. (1993). Variation in requests to social services departments for assessment for compulsory psychiatric admission: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 28(2) Apr 1993, 71-76.
• Isherwood, S., & Parrott, J. (2002). Audit of transfers under the Mental Health Act from prison: The impact of organisational change: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 26(10) Oct 2002, 368-370.
• Isohanni, M., & Nieminen, P. (1990). Relationship between involuntary admission and the therapy process in a closed ward functioning as a therapeutic community: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 81(3) Mar 1990, 240-244.
• Isohanni, M., Nieminen, P., Moring, J., Pylkkanen, K., & et al. (1991). The dilemma of civil rights versus the right to treatment: Questionable involuntary admissions to a mental hospital: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 83(4) Apr 1991, 256-261.
• Izquierdo, R. M. (1978). Hospitalization in psychiatry from the legal point of view: Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria Vol 7(1) Mar 1978, 76-93.
• Jackson, R. L., & Richards, H. J. (2007). Diagnostic and risk profiles among civilly committed sex offenders in Washington state: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 51(3) Jun 2007, 313-323.
• Jacobson, D. S. (1973). From protective custody to treatment in a hurry: Social Work Vol 18(2) Mar 1973, 55-64.
• Janus, E. S. (1998). Hendricks and the moral terrain of police power civil commitment: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 4(1-2) Mar-Jun 1998, 297-322.
• Janus, E. S. (2000). Sex predator commitment laws: Constitutional but unwise: Psychiatric Annals Vol 30(6) Jun 2000, 411-420.
• Janus, E. S. (2000). Sexual predator commitment laws: Lessons for law and the behavioral sciences: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 18(1) 2000, 5-21.
• Janus, E. S. (2003). Treatment and the civil commitment of sex offenders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Janus, E. S., & Meehl, P. E. (1997). Assessing the legal standard for predictions of dangerousness in sex offender commitment proceedings: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 3(1) Mar 1997, 33-64.
• Janus, E. S., & Nudell, L. J. (1999). Defending sex offender commitment cases. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Jaworowski, S., Nachmias, S., & Zabow, A. (1995). Enforced psychiatric treatment of minors in Israel: The interface between the Mental Health Act and the Youth Law: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 32(2) 1995, 114-119.
• Johanson, E. (1986). "Psychiatry, compulsion and legal security: A report from the Social Affairs Commission in Sweden": A critical response: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 8(3) 1986, 335-341.
• Johnson, B. R. (2004). Involuntary commitment. New York, NY: Elsevier Science.
• Johnson, B. R., & Harrison, J. A. (2000). Suspected Munchausen's syndrome and civil commitment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 28(1) 2000, 74-76.
• Jones, H. H. (1983). Assessment of civil commitment and increasing staff correct completion of required commitment procedures: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Jones, H. H., Morris, E. K., & Barnard, J. D. (1985). Increasing staff completion of civil commitment forms through instructions and graphed group performance feedback: Journal of Organizational Behavior Management Vol 7(3-4) Fal-Win 1985-1986, 29-43.
• Jones, J. C. W., & Ciccone, J. R. (2007). Civil commitment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 35(2) Jun 2007, 262-264.
• Jones, L. R., Parlour, R. R., & Badger, L. W. (1982). The inappropriate commitment of the aged: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 10(1) 1982, 29-38.
• Jones, R. M. (1987). Clinicians' judgments of hospitalized mental patients as a function of commitment status and race: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Joost, R. H., & McGarry, A. L. (1974). Massachusetts Mental Health Code: Promise and performance: American Bar Association Journal Vol 60 Jan 1974, 95-98.
• Jorgensen, G. T., & Lyons, D. D. (1972). Human rights and involuntary civil commitment: Professional Psychology Vol 3(2) Spr 1972, 143-150.
• Joseph, P. L., & Potter, M. (1993). "Court diversion": Reply: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Sep 1993, 413-414.
• Joue, S. (2002). The involuntary civil commitment of mentally ill persons in the United States and Romania: A comparative analysis: Journal of Legal Medicine Vol 23(2) Jun 2002, 211-250.
• Kaasenbrood, A. (1988). The psychiatrist and dangerousness as a motif for commitment: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 30(10) 1988, 679-691.
• Kahle, L. R., & Sales, B. D. (1978). Attitudes of clinical psychologists toward involuntary civil commitment law: Professional Psychology Vol 9(3) Aug 1978, 428-439.
• Kahle, L. R., Sales, B. D., & Nagel, S. (1978). On unicorns blocking commitment law reform: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 6(1) Spr 1978, 89-105.
• Kalian, M. (1995). Commentary on "Problems in implementing the 1991 Treatment of Mental Patients Law in Israel." Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 32(2) 1995, 108.
• Kalichman, S. C. (1993). "The civil commitment of sex offenders in light of Foucha v. Louisiana": Commentary: Criminal Justice and Behavior Vol 20(4) Dec 1993, 388-390.
• Kallert, T. W. (2005). Legal involuntary admissions to general psychiatric hospitals in Germany: Are the rates increasing? : Die Psychiatrie: Grundlagen & Perspektiven Vol 4(1) 2005, 231-234.
• Kalman, T. P. (1983). An overview of patient satisfaction with psychiatric treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(1) Jan 1983, 48-54.
• Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2004). Increase in involuntary psychiatric admissions of minors: A register study: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 39(1) Jan 2004, 53-59.
• Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Frojd, S. (2007). Severe mental disorder as a basic commitment criterion for minors: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 30(1) Jan-Feb 2007, 81-94.
• Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Valimaki, M. (1999). Involuntary psychiatric treatment in the threshold of the 21st century: Psychiatria Fennica Vol 30 1999, 185-204.
• Kapamadzija, B. (1987). Psychoses as a social danger: Psihijatrija Danas Vol 19(1-2) 1987, 149-158.
• Kaplan, H. (1972). Social values and the commitment of the mentally ill: Massachusetts Journal of Mental Health Vol 3(1) Fal 1972, 14-28.
• Keilitz, I. (1988). NCSC guidelines for involuntary civil commitment: A workable framework for justice in practice: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Apr 1988, 398-402.
• Keilitz, I., & Hall, T. (1985). State statutes governing involuntary outpatient civil commitment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 378-397.
• Keilitz, I., & Van Duizend, R. (1986). Current trends in the involuntary civil commitment of mentally disabled persons: Rehabilitation Psychology Vol 31(1) Spr 1986, 27-35.
• Kelly, J. (2003). Review of The Sexual Predator: Legal Issues, Clinical Issues, Special Populations, Volume II: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 31(3) Fal 2003, 373-378.
• Kelly, M., Dunbar, S., Gray, J. E., & O'Reilly, R. L. (2002). Treatment delays for involuntary psychiatric patients associated with reviews of treatment capacity: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 47(2) Mar 2002, 181-185.
• Kemali, D., & et al. (1985). Application of the Psychiatric Reform Act in the city of Naples: A survey of requests for compulsory admission to the Special Unit at the University Psychiatric Department I: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 127-134.
• Kennedy, C. J. (2002). The perception and role of the involuntary civil commitment hearing through the eyes of the petitioner: Procedural versus distributive justice. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Kessen, C. (1994). The effects of legislative reform in New Jersey on civil commitment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Kessen, C. (1997). Emergency commitment and legislative reform in New Jersey: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 67(1) Jan 1997, 123-133.
• Keywood, K. (1996). Rectification of incorrect documentation under the Mental Health Act 1983: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 7(1) May 1996, 79-91.
• Kirk, A. (1989). The prediction of violent behavior during short-term civil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 17(4) 1989, 345-353.
• Kjellin, L. (1997). Compulsory psychiatric care in Sweden 1979-1993. Prevalence of committed patients, discharge rates and area variation: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 32(2) Feb 1997, 90-96.
• Kjellin, L., Hoyer, G., Engberg, M., Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Sigurjonsdottir, M. (2006). Differences in perceived coercion at admission to psychiatric hospitals in the Nordic countries: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 41(3) Mar 2006, 241-247.
• Kjellin, L., & Nilstun, T. (1993). Medical and social paternalism: Regulation of and attitudes towards compulsory psychiatric care: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 88(6) Dec 1993, 415-419.
• Kjellin, L., & Westrin, C.-G. (1989). Studies of psychiatric care, especially compulsory care, in two Swedish districts: Experiences and attitudes of cooperating care providers: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 43(4) 1989, 369-373.
• Kjellin, L., Westrin, C.-G., Eriksson, K., Axelsson-Ostman, M., & et al. (1993). Coercion in psychiatric care: Problems of medical ethics in a comprehensive empirical study: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 11(3) Sum 1993, 323-334.
• Klein, G. C. (1989). Law and the disordered: An exploration in mental health, law, and sociology: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Knapp, S., & VandeCreek, L. (1987). A review of tort liability in involuntary civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(6) Jun 1987, 648-651.
• Knight, R. A., & Prentky, R. A. (1987). The developmental antecedents and adult adaptations of rapist subtypes: Criminal Justice and Behavior Vol 14(4) Dec 1987, 403-426.
• Knobel, M. (1974). The rights of the mentally ill: Towards a review of the concept of psychiatry and the psychiatrist: Mental Health & Society Vol 1(3-4) 1974, 228-245.
• Kohlenberg, R. J., Tsai, M., Garcia, R. F., Aguayo, L. V., Parra, A. F., & Virues-Ortega, J. (2005). Functional-psychoanalytic psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy: Theory, applications and its relationships with traditional behavior analysis: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology Vol 5(2) May 2005, 349-371.
• Komer, W. J., O'Reilly, R. L., Cernovsky, Z., & Dunbar, S. (1999). Review Board outcomes for involuntary patients in provincial psychiatric hospitals: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 44(5) Jun 1999, 495-498.
• Konrad, N. (1991). Simultaneous insurance and suspension of a mandatory commitment: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 9(1) 1991, 2-7.
• Kopetzki, C. (1991). The new Austrian law on psychiatric patients' commitments: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 9(2) 1991, 61-69.
• Kramer, K. (1972). Protective legal services for the mentally ill: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 23(8) Aug 1972, 253-255.
• Kress, F. (1979). Evaluations of dangerousness: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 5(2) 1979, 211-217.
• Kress, K. (2006). Rotting with Their Rights On: Why the Criteria for Ending Commitment or Restraint of Liberty Need Not be the Same as the Criteria for Initiating Commitment or Restraint of Liberty, and How the Restraint May Sometimes Justifiably Continue After Its Prerequisites Are No Longer Satisfied: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 24(4) 2006, 573-598.
• Kress, K. J. (2004). Why lack of insight should have a central place in mental health law. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Kullgren, G., Jacobsson, L., Lynoe, N., & Kohn, R. (1996). Practices and attitudes among Swedish psychiatrists regarding the ethics of compulsory treatment: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 93(5) May 1996, 389-396.
• Kumasaka, Y. (1972). The lawyer's role in involuntary commitment: New York's experience: Mental Hygiene Vol 56(2) Spr 1972, 21-29.
• Kumasaka, Y., & Stokes, J. (1972). Involuntary hospitalization: Opinions and attitudes of psychiatrists and lawyers: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 13(3) May 1972, 201-208.
• Kunjukrishnan, R. (1979). 10 year survey of pretrial examinations in Saskatchewan: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 24(7) Nov 1979, 683-689.
• La Fond, J. Q. (2005). Sexually Violent Predator Laws. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• La Fond, J. Q., & Srebnik, D. (2002). The impact of mental health advance directives on patient perceptions of coercion in civil commitment and treatment decisions: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 537-555.
• Lacoursiere, R. B. (1983). A footnote to Parham: Was J. L. a casualty of the mental health bar? : Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 11(3) 1983, 279-285.
• LaFrance, A. B. (1995). Mental commitments: The judicial function: A case perspective: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 23(1) Spr 1995, 3-153.
• Lamb, H. R. (2003). Review of Who Qualifies for Rights? Homelessness, Mental Illness, and Civil Commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 160(8) Aug 2003, 1533.
• Lamb, H. R., & Mills, M. J. (1986). Needed changes in law and procedure for the chronically mentally ill: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(5) May 1986, 475-480.
• Lamb, H. R., Sorkin, A. P., & Zusman, J. (1981). Legislating social control of the mentally ill in California: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 138(3) Mar 1981, 334-339.
• Lastra Martinez, I., Ramos Vicente, Y. M., Gonzalez Seijo, J. C., & Fernandez Perez, C. (1993). Clinical and therapeutic aspects of compulsory psychiatric admissions in a general hospital: Psiquis: Revista de Psiquiatria, Psicologia y Psicosomatica Vol 14(5) Jun 1993, 49-57.
• Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rossler, W. (2002). Public attitude to compulsory admission of mentally ill people: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 105(5) May 2002, 385-389.
• Lauber, C., & Rossler, W. (2007). Involutnary admission and the attitude of the general population, and mental health professionals: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 34(Suppl2) Apr 2007, S181-S185.
• Laves, R. G. (1975). The prediction of dangerousness as a criterion for involuntary civil commitment: Constitutional considerations: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 3(3) Fal 1975, 291-326.
• LaWall, J. S. (1982). Involuntary patients in general hospitals: A positive view: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 10(3) 1982, 183-188.
• Leaf, P. (1977). Wyatt v. Stickney: Assessing the impact in Alabama: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 28(5) May 1977, 351-356.
• Leavitt, N. (1987). Conformance to attorney performance standards: Attorney advocacy behavior in a maximum security facility: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Lebegue, B., & Clark, L. D. (1981). Incompetence to refuse treatment: A necessary condition for civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 138(8) Aug 1981, 1075-1077.
• Lecompte, D., Pelc, I., Szafran, W., & Abeloos, M. T. (1993). The revision of the mental health commitment law in Belgium: The medical viewpoint: Medicine & Law Vol 12(3-5) 1993, 305-309.
• Ledwidge, B., Glackman, W., Paredes, J., Chen, R., & et al. (1987). Controlled follow-up of patients released by a review panel at one and two years after separation: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 32(6) Aug 1987, 448-453.
• Legemaate, J. (1988). Legal aspects of voluntary psychiatric hospitalization: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 11(3) 1988, 259-268.
• Leiber, M. J. (1992). Civil commitment in Dane County, Wisconsin: 1969 through 1984: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 20(2) Sum 1992, 207-242.
• Leiber, M. J. (1992). Interactions between civil commitment and protective placement: An empirical assessment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 15(3) Sum 1992, 265-281.
• Lelliott, P., & Audini, B. (2003). Trends in the use of Part II of the Mental Health Act 1983 in seven English local authority areas: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 182(1) Jan 2003, 68-70.
• Leong, G. B. (1987). Outpatient civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(5) May 1987, 694-695.
• Leong, G. B., Silva, J. A., & Leong, C. A. (1990). Judicial discharge of involuntary patients: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 61(2) Sum 1990, 135-141.
• Lerman, I. (1990). Adjustment of latency age children in joint and single custody arrangements: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Leschied, A. W., & Hyatt, C. W. (1986). Perspective: Section 22(1), consent to treatment order under the Young Offenders Act: Canadian Journal of Criminology Vol 28(1) Jan 1986, 69-78.
• Leung, P. K., Faulkner, L. R., McFarland, B. H., & Riley, C. (1993). Indochinese patients in the civil commitment process: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 21(1) 1993, 81-89.
• Leuw, E. (1990). Legitimacy and effectiveness of judicially mandated drug-addiction treatment: Tijdschrift voor Alcohol, Drugs en Andere Psychotrope Stoffen Vol 16(4) 1990, 142-149.
• Levenson, J. L. (1986). Psychiatric commitment and involuntary hospitalization: An ethical perspective: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 58(2) Sum 1986-1987, 106-112.
• Levenson, J. S. (2004). Reliability of Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment Criteria in Florida: Law and Human Behavior Vol 28(4) Aug 2004, 357-368.
• Levenson, J. S., & Morin, J. W. (2006). Factors Predicting Selection of Sexually Violent Predators for Civil Commitment: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 50(6) Dec 2006, 609-629.
• Levinson, J. F. (1990). Involuntary commitment by police and mental health personnel: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Levit, H. I. (1998). Commitment hearings and patients' constitutional rights: Psychotherapy in Private Practice Vol 17(4) 1998, 69-72.
• Lewis, D. A., & et al. (1984). The negotiation of involuntary civil commitment: Law & Society Review Vol 18(4) 1984, 629-649.
• Lidberg, L., & Belfrage, H. (1991). Mentally disordered offenders in Sweden: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 19(4) 1991, 389-393.
• Lidberg, L., & Siponmaa, L. (1978). The form of care given to Finnish citizens committed to closed psychiatric care by the Swedish courts: Psychiatria Fennica 1978, 169-172.
• Lidz, C. W., Hoge, S. K., Gardner, W., Bennett, N. S., & et al. (1995). Perceived coercion in mental hospital admission: Pressures and process: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 52(12) Dec 1995, 1034-1039.
• Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., Appelbaum, P. S., & Cleveland, S. (1989). Commitment: The consistency of clinicians and the use of legal standards: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146(2) Feb 1989, 176-181.
• Lieb, R. (2003). State policy perspectives on sexual predator laws. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Lieb, R., & Nelson, C. (2001). Treatment programs for sexually violent predators--A review of states. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Linburn, G. E. (1998). Donaldson revisited: Is dangerousness a constitutional requirement for civil commitment? : Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 26(3) 1998, 343-351.
• Lindsey, K. P., & Paul, G. L. (1989). Involuntary commitments to public mental institutions: Issues involving the overrepresentation of Blacks and assessment of relevant functioning: Psychological Bulletin Vol 106(2) Sep 1989, 171-183.
• Lindsey, K. P., Paul, G. L., & Mariotto, M. J. (1989). Urban psychiatric commitments: Disability and dangerous behavior of Black and White recent admissions: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(3) Mar 1989, 286-294.
• Lindstrom, E., Palmstierna, T., Wallsten, T., Lindstrom, L., & et al. (1994). Key symptoms in patients with a psychotic syndrome in need for compulsory care: European Journal of Psychiatry Vol 8(1) Jan-Mar 1994, 5-14.
• Lionarons, W. H. (1989). Involuntary commitment of drug users? : Tijdschrift voor Alcohol, Drugs en Andere Psychotrope Stoffen Vol 15(1) Feb 1989, 15-24.
• Lipsitt, P. D., & Lelos, D. (1981). Decision makers in law and psychiatry and the involuntary civil commitment process: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 17(2) Sum 1981, 114-122.
• Liss, R., & Frances, A. (1975). Court-mandated treatment: Dilemmas for hospital psychiatry: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 132(9) Sep 1975, 924-927.
• Litwack, T. R. (1994). Assessments of dangerousness: Legal, research, and clinical developments: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 21(5) May 1994, 361-377.
• Lonsdorf, R. G. (1983). The involuntary commitment of adults: An examination of recent legal trends: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 6(4) Dec 1983, 651-660.
• Luckey, J. W. (1979). Effects of commitment laws on admission characteristics to state hospitals: A quasi-experimental time-series analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Luckey, J. W., & Berman, J. J. (1981). Effects of new commitment laws on the mental health system: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 51(3) Jul 1981, 479-483.
• Lyons, D., & O'Malley, A. (2002). The labelling of dissent--politics and psychiatry behind the Great Wall: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 26(12) Dec 2002, 443-444.
• Maddux, J. F. (1988). Clinical experience with civil commitment: Journal of Drug Issues Vol 18(4) Fal 1988, 575-594.
• Mahler, H., & Co, B. T. (1984). Who are the "committed"? Update: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 172(4) Apr 1984, 189-196.
• Mahler, H., Co, B. T., & Dinwiddie, S. (1986). Studies in involuntary civil commitment and involuntary electroconvulsive therapy: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 174(2) Feb 1986, 97-106.
• Malla, A., & Norman, R. M. (1988). Involuntary admissions in a Canadian province: The influence of geographic and population factors: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 23(4) Oct 1988, 247-251.
• Malmquist, C. P. (1979). Can the committed patient refuse chemotherapy? : Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 36(3) Mar 1979, 351-354.
• Maloy, K. A. (1990). Caring and controlling: The political and socioeconomic factors shaping state civil commitment laws: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Maltsberger, J. T. (2003). Scott Ames: A man giving up on himself: Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior Vol 33(3) Fal 2003, 331-337.
• Mann, D. W. (1989). Inpatient treatment of the mentally ill substance abuser: Some medicolegal concerns: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Vol 6(1) 1989, 19-21.
• Manson, S. M., Bloom, J. D., Rogers, J. L., & Neligh, G. (1987). Emerging tribal models for the civil commitment of American Indians: American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research Vol 1(1) Jun 1987, 6-23.
• Many, S. E. (1983). Psychiatric training and involuntary commitment: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 11(1) Spr 1983, 41-53.
• Marcos, L. R. (1989). Mentally ill and homeless: The plight of freedom: Issues in Ego Psychology Vol 12(1) 1989, 20-28.
• Marcos, L. R., & Cohen, N. L. (1986). Taking the suspected mentally ill off the streets to public general hospitals: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 315(18) Oct 1986, 1158-1161.
• Marker, G. R. (1973). Protecting the rights of the mentally handicapped through the courts: Child Care Quarterly Vol 2(3) Fal 1973, 204-213.
• Markoczy, E. (2004). Parallel process and supervisees' openness in psychotherapy supervision: A qualitative analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Marques, J. K. (2001). Professional standards for civil commitment programs. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Martin, B. A., & Cheung, K. D. (1985). Civil commitment trends in Ontario: The effect of legislation on clinical practice: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 30(4) Jun 1985, 259-264.
• Martin, B. A., & Peter, A. M. (1987). Civil commitment and consent for electroconvulsive therapy in Ontario: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 32(1) Feb 1987, 35-42.
• Martin, V., & Steinert, T. (2005). A Comparison of the Laws of Involuntary Commitment of Germany's 16 Federal States: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 16(1) Mar 2005, 2-12.
• Marx, J. I., & Levinson, R. M. (1988). Statutory change and "street-level" implementation of psychiatric commitment: Social Science & Medicine Vol 27(11) 1988, 1247-1256.
• Mayers, K. M. (1994). The reluctant respondent: The geriatric patient in a civil commitment hearing: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 12(2) 1994, 59-69.
• Mayers, K. S. (1991). A sentence completion task for use in the assessment of psychotic patients: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 9(2) 1991, 19-30.
• Mayers, K. S. (1994). Civil commitment of the severely demented patient: Coercion and ineffective communication: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 12(3) 1994, 55-62.
• McAllister, S. R. (1998). Sex offenders and mental illness: A lesson in federalism and the separation of powers: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 4(1-2) Mar-Jun 1998, 268-296.
• McCollough, T. E. (1974). Mental illness and public policy: Journal of Religion & Health Vol 13(4) Oct 1974, 251-258.
• McCready, J., & Merskey, H. (1982). On the recording of mental illness for civil commitment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 27(2) Mar 1982, 140-143.
• McCready, J., & Merskey, H. (1984). Reasons for involuntary commitment in Manitoba and Ontario: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 29(1) Feb 1984, 72.
• McDonnell, E., & Bartholomew, T. (1997). Community treatment orders in Victoria: Emergent issues and anomalies: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 4(1) Apr 1997, 25-36.
• McEvoy, J. P., Applebaum, P. S., Apperson, L. J., Geller, J. L., & et al. (1989). Why must some schizophrenic patients be involuntarily committed? The role of insight: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 30(1) Jan-Feb 1989, 13-17.
• McFarland, B. H., Brunette, M., Steketee, K., Faulkner, L. R., & et al. (1993). Long-term follow-up of rural involuntary clients: Journal of Mental Health Administration Vol 20(1) Spr 1993, 46-57.
• McFarland, B. H., Faulkner, L. R., & Bloom, J. D. (1990). Predicting involuntary patients' length of stay: Administration and Policy in Mental Health Vol 17(3) Spr 1990, 139-149.
• McFarland, B. H., Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., Hallaux, R., & et al. (1990). Family members' opinions about civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 41(5) May 1990, 537-540.
• McFarland, B. H., Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., Hallaux, R. J., & et al. (1989). Investigators' and judges' opinions about civil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 17(1) 1989, 15-24.
• McGarry, A. L. (1986). Forensic psychiatric reports: Selected clinical topics and models for report preparation. Philadelphia, PA: F A Davis.
• McGarry, A. L., & Greenblatt, M. (1972). Conditional voluntary mental-hospital admission: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 287(6) Aug 1972, 279-280.
• McGarry, A. L., & Kaplan, H. A. (1973). Overview: Current trends in mental health law: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 130(6) Jun 1973, 621-630.
• McGinley, P. (1992). Our learning difficulties: Irish Journal of Psychology Vol 13(3) 1992, 327-340.
• McGovern, D., & Cope, R. (1987). The compulsory detention of males of different ethnic groups, with special reference to offender patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 150 Apr 1987, 505-512.
• McKechnie, A. A., Corser, A., & McMillan, V. R. (1986). Outcome of patients committed to hospital under the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 148 Jan 1986, 33-37.
• McKenna, B. G., Simpson, A. I. F., & Laidlaw, T. M. (1999). Patient perception of coercion on admission to acute psychiatric services: The New Zealand experience: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 22(2) Mar-Apr 1999, 143-153.
• McLachlan, A. J., & Mulder, R. T. (1999). Criteria for involuntary hospitalisation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 33(5) Oct 1999, 729-733.
• McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (1986). Violence, civil commitment, and hospitalization: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 174(2) Feb 1986, 107-111.
• McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (1987). Predictive validity of judgments of dangerousness in emergency civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 144(2) Feb 1987, 197-200.
• McNiel, D. E., Binder, R. L., & Greenfield, T. K. (1988). Predictors of violence in civilly committed acute psychiatric patients: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 145(8) Aug 1988, 965-970.
• McReynolds, W. T. (1983). Review of The Court of Last Resort: Mental Illness and the Law: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 28 (7), Jul, 1983.
• Meisel, A. (1975). Rights of the mentally ill: The gulf between theory and reality: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 26(6) Jun 1975, 349-353.
• Meisel, A. (1983). Making mental health care decisions: Informed consent and involuntary civil commitment: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 1(4) Fal 1983, 73-88.
• Meisel, A., & Roth, L. H. (1976). The child's right to object to hospitalization: Some empirical data: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 4(3) Fal 1976, 377-392.
• Meloy, J. R., Haroun, A., & Schiller, E. F. (1990). Clinical guidelines for involuntary outpatient treatment. Sarasota, FL, England: Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.
• Melton, G. B., Lyons, P. M., Jr., & Spaulding, W. J. (1998). No place to go: The civil commitment of minors. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
• Mercado, C. C., Bornstein, B. H., & Schopp, R. F. (2006). Decision-making about volitional impairment in sexually violent predators: Law and Human Behavior Vol 30(5) Oct 2006, 587-602.
• Mester, R., Mendel, A., Gonen, N., Becker, D., & et al. (1995). Problems in implementing the 1991 Treatment of Mental Patients Law in Israel: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 32(2) 1995, 102-107.
• Mestrovic, S. (1982). Admission patterns at South Carolina's state psychiatric hospitals following legislative reform: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 10(4) Win 1982, 457-469.
• Mestrovic, S. (1983). Need for treatment and New York's revised commitment laws: An empirical assessment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 6(1) 1983, 75-88.
• Mestrovic, S. G. (1985). Overturning involuntary commitments at a psychiatric hospital in New York State: Implications for the societal reaction model: Sociology of Health & Illness Vol 7(1) Mar 1985, 1-20.
• Mestrovic, S. G. (1986). Magic and psychiatric commitment in India: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(4) 1986, 431-449.
• Mestrovic, S. G., & Cook, J. A. (1986). The dangerousness standard: What is it and how is it used? : International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 8(4) 1986, 443-469.
• Mezquita Blanco, J., & Fernandez Guisasola, J. M. (1974). The problem of court-committed patients in the psychiatric hospital: Revista de Psiquiatria y Psicologia Medica Vol 11(7) Jul-Sep 1974, 409-418.
• Miles, J. E., Adlersberg, M., Reith, G., & Cumming, J. (1976). Discharges against medical advice from voluntary psychiatric units: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(12) Dec 1976, 859-864.
• Miller, D., & Burt, R. A. (1982). Children's rights on entering therapeutic institutions: Child & Youth Services Vol 4(1-2) 1982, 89-98.
• Miller, K. S. (1976). Managing madness: The case against civil commitment. New York, NY: Free Press.
• Miller, K. S., Simons, R. L., & Fein, S. B. (1974). Compulsory mental hospitalization in England and Wales: Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol 15(2) Jun 1974, 151-156.
• Miller, M. O., Sales, B. D., & Delgado, J. B. (2003). Voluntary or involuntary receipt of state services. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Miller, R. (1991). The ethics of involuntary commitment to mental health treatment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Miller, R. D. (1982). The involvement of judicial officials other than judges in decision making in involuntary civil commitment: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 10(4) Win 1982, 491-501.
• Miller, R. D. (1985). Commitment to outpatient treatment: A national survey: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(3) Mar 1985, 265-267.
• Miller, R. D. (1985). Involuntary civil commitment: Legal versus clinical paternalism: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 25 Mar 1985, 13-24.
• Miller, R. D. (1987). Involuntary civil commitment of the mentally ill in the post-reform era. Springfield, IL, England: Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
• Miller, R. D. (1988). Outpatient civil commitment of the mentally ill: An overview and an update: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 99-118.
• Miller, R. D. (1991). Involuntary civil commitment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
• Miller, R. D. (1992). Economic factors leading to diversion of the mentally disordered from the civil to the criminal commitment systems: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 15(1) 1992, 1-12.
• Miller, R. D. (1992). Grievances and law suits against public mental health professionals: Cost of doing business? : Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 20(4) 1992, 395-408.
• Miller, R. D. (1992). Need-for-treatment criteria for involuntary civil commitment: Impact in practice: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 149(10) Oct 1992, 1380-1384.
• Miller, R. D. (1992). An update on involuntary civil commitment to outpatient treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(1) Jan 1992, 79-81.
• Miller, R. D. (1993). The criminalisation of the mentally ill: Does dangerousness take precedence over need for treatment? : Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 3(4) 1993, 241-250.
• Miller, R. D. (2002). Automatic commitment of insanity acquittees: Keeping up with the Jones? : Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 30(1) Spr 2002, 59-96.
• Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1981). The adversary system in civil commitment of the mentally ill: Does it exist, and does it work? : Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 9(4) Win 1981, 403-421.
• Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1982). The adequacy of commitment evaluations performed by psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 10(1) Spr 1982, 45-56.
• Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1983). Changes in North Carolina civil commitment statutes: The impact of attorneys: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 11(1) 1983, 43-50.
• Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1983). Emergency involuntary commitment: A look at the decision-making process: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 34(3) Mar 1983, 249-254.
• Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1984). Outpatient commitment: Treatment in the least restrictive environment? : Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 35(2) Feb 1984, 147-151.
• Miller, R. D., Maher, R., & Fiddleman, P. B. (1984). The use of plea bargaining in civil commitment: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 7(3-4) 1984, 395-406.
• Miller, R. D., Maier, G. J., & Kaye, M. (1985). Miranda comes to the hospital: The right to remain silent in civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 142(9) Sep 1985, 1074-1077.
• Miller, R. D., Maier, G. J., & Kaye, M. (1986). The right to remain silent during psychiatric examination in civil and criminal cases: A national survey and an analysis: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(1) 1986, 77-94.
• Miller, R. D., Olin, J., Ball, E. M., Johnson, D. S., Reynolds, J. B., & Covey, J. (1999). Dual commitments to forensic hospitals and prisons: Rational disposition or political compromise? : Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 27(1) Spr 1999, 157-185.
• Miller, R. D., Strickland, R., Davidson, J., & Parrott, R. (1983). Characteristics of schizophrenic and depressed patients excluded from clinical research: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 140(9) Sep 1983, 1205-1207.
• Miller, R. D., Whitman, J. R., & Maier, G. J. (1985). Stensvad v. Reivitz et al.: Retrenchment in the right to refuse treatment? : Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 141-142.
• Miller, R. K., Maier, G. J., Van Rybroek, G. J., & Weidemann, J. A. (1989). Treating patients "doing time": A forensic perspective: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(9) Sep 1989, 960-962.
• Milliken, A. D. (1983). Medical certification of the mentally ill: A protection for the individual's rights: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 28(2) Mar 1983, 137-143.
• Milne, E., & Milne, S. (1995). Mental health review tribunals. Why the delay? : Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 6(1) May 1995, 93-99.
• Moldavsky, M., Stein, D., Lublinsky, E., Meged, S., Barel, Y., Avidan, G., et al. (2002). Individual and familial psychopathology among hospitalized minors at risk, juvenile delinquents, and psychiatric controls: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(6) Nov-Dec 2002, 611-622.
• Molett, M. T., Arnold, L., & Meyer, W. J., III. (2001). Commitment as an adjunct to sex offender treatment: Current Opinion in Psychiatry Vol 14(6) Nov 2001, 549-553.
• Monahan, J. (1977). John Stuart Mill on the liberty of the mentally ill: A historical note: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134(12) Dec 1977, 1428-1429.
• Monahan, J. (1978). Prediction research and the emergency commitment of dangerous mentally ill persons: A reconsideration: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 135(2) Feb 1978, 198-201.
• Monahan, J., Hoge, S. K., Lidz, C., Roth, L. H., & et al. (1995). Coercion and commitment: Understanding involuntary mental hospital admission: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 18(3) Sum 1995, 249-263.
• Monahan, J., Ruggiero, M., & Friedlander, H. D. (1982). Stone-Roth model of civil commitment and the California dangerousness standard: Operational comparison: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 39(11) Nov 1982, 1267-1271.
• Monahan, J., & Shah, S. A. (1989). Dangerousness and Commitment of the Mentally Disordered in the United States: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 15(4) 1989, 541-553.
• Moore, T. I. (1988). Ethical considerations of involuntary detentions of mentally disordered persons: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 6(2) 1988, 3-9.
• Morley, R., Wykes, T., & MacCarthy, B. (1991). Attitudes of relatives of Afro-Caribbean patients: Do they affect admission? : Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 26(4) Aug 1991, 187-193.
• Morrison, D. (1985). The right to refuse treatment in the involuntary patient: Medical-legal considerations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 30(1) Feb 1985, 60-63.
• Morrison, D. C. (1985). The Client in Psychological Crisis: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 30 (4), Apr, 1985.
• Morse, S. J. (2006). Steel Traps and Unattainable Aspirations: A Comment on Kress: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 24(4) 2006, 599-606.
• Mosier, W. A., & Altieri, J. J. (1998). Clinical issues in forensic psychiatry: The Forensic Examiner Vol 7(3-4) Mar-Apr 1998, 19-23.
• Mossman, D., & Hart, K. J. (1993). How bad is civil commitment? A study of attitudes toward violence and involuntary hospitalization: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 21(2) 1993, 181-194.
• Mulvey, E. P., & Appelbaum, P. S. (1989). "The dangerousness standard": Reply: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(9) Sep 1989, 965.
• Mulvey, E. P., Geller, J. L., & Roth, L. H. (1987). The promise and peril of involuntary outpatient commitment: American Psychologist Vol 42(6) Jun 1987, 571-584.
• Mulvey, E. P., & Lidz, C. W. (1985). Back to basics: A critical analysis of dangerousness research in a new legal environment: Law and Human Behavior Vol 9(2) Jun 1985, 209-219.
• Munetz, M. R., Kaufman, K. R., & Rich, C. L. (1981). Modernization of a mental health act: II. Outcome effects: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 42(9) Sep 1981, 333-337.
• Munro, A. (1984). Sharing the burden of involuntary compulsion: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 29(5) Aug 1984, 371-372.
• Myers, D. H. (1997). Mental health review tribunals: A follow-up of reviewed patients: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 170(3) Mar 1997, 253-256.
• Naudts, K. H., Cosyns, P., McInerny, T., Audenaert, K., Van Den Eynde, F., & Van Heeringen, C. (2005). Editorial: Belgium and its internees: A problem for human rights and a stimulus for service change: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 15(3) 2005, 148-153.
• Naungayan, C. (2007). Continued psychiatric hospitalization after competency restoration: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 35(1) 2007, 132-135.
• Neesmith, D. H. (1994). Committed and voluntary psychiatric patients: A longitudinal comparison of commitment patterns among first-time inpatients in the Oklahoma Mental Health System. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Nevid, J. S., & Morrison, J. K. (1976). Preventing involuntary hospitalization: A family contracting approach: Journal of Family Counseling Vol 4(2) Fal 1976, 27-31.
• Newhill, C. E. (1990). Validation of a scale to assess danger to others in psychiatric emergency room patients: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Newman, E. (1985). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Implications for involuntary admission: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health Vol 4(1) Spr 1985, 5-13.
• Nicholson, R. A. (1986). Committed and voluntary psychiatric patients: A comparison of background, diagnostic, and hospitalization characteristics: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Nicholson, R. A. (1986). Correlates of commitment status in psychiatric patients: Psychological Bulletin Vol 100(2) Sep 1986, 241-250.
• Nicholson, R. A. (1988). Characteristics associated with change in the legal status of involuntary psychiatric patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Apr 1988, 424-429.
• Nicholson, R. A., Ekenstam, C., & Norwood, S. (1996). Coercion and the outcome of psychiatric hospitalization: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 19(2) Spr 1996, 201-217.
• Nicholson, R. A., & Horn, J. M. (1986). A discriminant analysis of committed and voluntary psychiatric patients: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1986, 159-176.
• Nijman, H. L., a Campo, J. M., & Ravelli, D. P. (1993). Involuntary admissions: Short and effective? : Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 35(1) 1993, 58-66.
• Niveau, G., & Materi, J. (2006). Psychiatric commitment: Over 50 years of case law from the European Court of Human Rights: European Psychiatry Vol 21(7) Oct 2006, 427-435.
• Niveau, G., & Materi, J. (2007). Psychiatric commitment: Over 50 years of case law from the European Court of Human Rights: European Psychiatry Vol 22(1) Jan 2007, 59-67.
• No authorship, i. (1976). Parents, children, and due process: The case of Kremens v. Bartley: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(10) Oct 1976, 705-706.
• No authorship, i. (1983). A divided Third Circuit remands transfer of Pennhurst resident: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1983, 383-384.
• No authorship, i. (1983). Eleventh Circuit rules on rights of child committed by parents: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(3) May-Jun 1983, 220-221.
• No authorship, i. (1983). New Jersey Supreme Court addresses placements for patients who are no longer dangerous: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 7(5) Sep-Oct 1983, 378-379.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Changes in commitment status considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 90-91.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Colorado commitment statute challenged: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 8-9.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Commitment procedures scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 88-89.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Commitment standards and procedures scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(4) Jul-Aug 1984, 361-362.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Commitments after insanity acquittals reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 14-15.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Constitutional right to treatment upheld in New York suit: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 280-281.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Criminal commitment overturned: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(6) Nov-Dec 1984, 514-515.
• No authorship, i. (1984). D.C. insanity commitment procedures survive equal protection challenge: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 436-437.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Dangerousness considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 431.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Diminished capacity instruction considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 16-17.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Federal court upholds forcible medication of patient found not guilty by reason of insanity: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 104-105.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Insanity commitment and release reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 97-98.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Investigative report on conservatorship disallowed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 430.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Involuntary commitment standards clarified: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 9-10.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Involuntary commitment standards examined: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 87-88.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Lower proof standard for commitment met: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(6) Nov-Dec 1984, 520.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Massachusetts' highest court rules in Rogers case: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 103-104.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Mental patient loses suit for improper commitment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 477.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Minnesota commitment statute reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 430.
• No authorship, i. (1984). New Hampshire justices review compulsory treatment proposals: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 19-20.
• No authorship, i. (1984). New York's commitment scheme found constitutional: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 86-87.
• No authorship, i. (1984). NGRI commitments considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 275-276.
• No authorship, i. (1984). NGRI transfer procedures ruled constitutional: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 98.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Passes not considered discharge from commitment in Minnesota: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 271.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Public guardians' powers clarified: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 271.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Recording of psychiatric examinations not constitutionally required: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 89-90.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Release after insanity acquittal: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 440-441.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Third Circuit redefines right to refuse medication in light of Youngberg: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(1) Jan-Feb 1984, 18-19.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Three involuntary commitments reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 268-269.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Two states use danger to property to support commitments: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(4) Jul-Aug 1984, 367-368.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Vermont Supreme Court rules forcible psychiatric examinations unconstitutional: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 428.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Voluntary patient may not be involuntarily committed in Illinois: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(5) Sep-Oct 1984, 429.
• No authorship, i. (1984). Wisconsin Supreme Court finds commitment hearing unnecessary following NGRI verdict: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(4) Jul-Aug 1984, 366-367.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Civil commitment: Commitments for alcoholism: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(3) May-Jun 1985, 172.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Civil commitment: Criteria for commitment reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(3) May-Jun 1985, 172-173.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Civil commitment: Four decisions address release criteria: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(3) May-Jun 1985, 173-174.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Civil commitment: Two states add significant due process protections: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(3) May-Jun 1985, 170-172.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Commitment as a condition of probation: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 86.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Commitment procedures reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 319-320.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Commitment reviews yield mixed results: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 318.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Commitment, release, and recommitment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 95-97.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Dangerousness explored in four cases: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 317-318.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Detention found defective: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 12-13.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Discharge issues addressed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 13.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Expert testimony scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 320-321.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Extended commitments scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 87-88.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Insanity commitments reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 328-329.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Institutional liability to patients reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 127-128.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Least restrictive placements challenged: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 18-19.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Least restrictive settings and discharge petitions: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(5) Sep-Oct 1985, 321-322.
• No authorship, i. (1985). New Jersey addresses least restrictive placement for insanity acquittees: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 20.
• No authorship, i. (1985). No jail for persons awaiting commitment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 11.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Right to refuse medication limited in Wisconsin, New York: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(2) Mar-Apr 1985, 103-104.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Six cases review application of standards: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(6) Nov-Dec 1985, 410-411.
• No authorship, i. (1985). Three commitments scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(1) Jan-Feb 1985, 17-18.
• No authorship, i. (1986). "Behaviour alteration and the criminal law": Working Paper 43 of the Law Reform Commission of Canada: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 11(1) Mar 1986, 23-25.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Commitment and release hearings reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 348-349.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Commitment standards reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 341-343.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Discharge and release rulings: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 264-266.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Discharge, revocation, and transfer addressed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1986, 160-162.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Diverse procedural issues: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(6) Nov-Dec 1986, 528-529.
• No authorship, i. (1986). ECT order curtailed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 1986, 102-103.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Evidence of dangerousness: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 10.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Evidentiary requirements: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 262-264.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Four psychiatric malpractice rulings: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 1986, 127-128.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Insanity commitments scrutinized: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 17-18.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Involuntary commitment duration, placement and transfer determinations: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 264.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Minnesota commitment procedures: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 343-346.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Payment for services: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 1986, 103.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Prisoners claims rejected: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 1986, 99.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Privilege against self-incrimination: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(2) Mar-Apr 1986, 87-88.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Release and discharge: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1986, 167-168.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Release and recommitments considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 270-272.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Statutory criteria considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1986, 159-160.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Third party claims: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 55-56.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Unable to care for oneself: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 10-11.
• No authorship, i. (1986). Vermont's outpatient commitment process challenged: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(4) Jul-Aug 1986, 262.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Colorado commitment procedures reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 87-88.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Commitments sought by parents reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(1) Jan-Feb 1987, 8.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Constitutional questions considered: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 80-82.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Harm to patients: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1987, 201-202.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Liability to patients and residents: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 127-128.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Proper advocacy and transfer standard: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1987, 163-164.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Representation and delays: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1987, 161.
• No authorship, i. (1987). Rights of incompetent defendants: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(1) Jan-Feb 1987, 11-12.
• No authorship, i. (1987). State statute and medication order reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(3) May-Jun 1987, 160-161.
• No authorship, i. (1990). Dangerousness and discharge: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 8(1) 1990, 19-58.
• Norcio, B., & Toresini, L. (1994). Epidemiology of compulsory health treatments in Alpe Adria--A preliminary analysis of a research carried out in Slovenia, Carinthia, Friuli Venezia Giulia: Psychiatria Danubina Vol 6(3-4) Jul-Dec 1994, 177-182.
• Nordin, C. (1991). Occupation and liberation: Two aspects of psychiatric commitment: Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift Vol 45(1) 1991, 39-40.
• Novak, T. S. (1987). Continued commitments in New Jersey: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(1) Jan-Feb 1987, 7-8.
• Novello, E., & Miricola, M. (1986). Psychiatric commitments before and after Law 180/1978: Psichiatria Generale e dell'Eta Evolutiva Vol 24(2) 1986, 155-174.
• Oberlaender, F. A., Platz, W. E., & Mengering, F. (1995). German mental health legislation and alcoholism treatment: Results of a retrospective long-term study in a Berlin state mental health hospital: Drug and Alcohol Dependence Vol 40(2) Dec 1995, 165-171.
• Oberman, C. A., & Schonfeld, R. L. (1986). Release and transfer mechanisms reviewed: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 339-341.
• O'Brien, A. J., & Kar, A. (2006). The role of second health professionals under New Zealand mental health legislation: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Vol 13(3) Jun 2006, 356-363.
• O'Brien, T. A., Mellsop, G. W., McDonald, K. P., & Ruthe, C. B. (1995). A one year analysis of appeals made to Mental Health Review Tribunals in New Zealand: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 29(4) Dec 1995, 661-665.
• Okin, R. L. (1986). The relationship between legal status and patient characteristics in state hospitals: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 143(10) Oct 1986, 1233-1237.
• Olivennes, A. (1988). How does one become alienable? The law of 1838 and its function as a screen: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 842-845.
• Olivito, N., & Spagnuolo, I. R. (1992). Survey of hospitalisation in a mental health service during the ten-year period 1981-1990: Minerva Psichiatrica Vol 33(4) Oct-Dec 1992, 331-334.
• Olivito, N., & Spagnuolo, I. R. (1992). Survey of hospitalisation in a mental health service during the ten-year period 1981superscript 1990: Minerva Psichiatrica Vol 33(4) Oct-Dec 1992, 331-334.
• Olsen, D. P. (2003). Influence and coercion: Relational and rights-based ethical approaches to forced psychiatric treatment: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Vol 10(6) Dec 2003, 705-712.
• Olson, D. H., Mylan, M. M., Fletcher, L. A., Nugent, S. M., Lynch, J. W., & Willenbring, M. L. (1997). A clinical tool for rating response to civil commitment for substance abuse treatment: Psychiatric Services Vol 48(10) Oct 1997, 1317-1322.
• Oran, D. (1973). Judges and psychiatrists lock up too many people: Psychology Today Vol 7(3) Aug 1973, 20-31.
• O'Reilly, R. L., Komer, W., & Dunbar, S. (1999). Why are patients discharged by review boards? : The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 44(3) Apr 1999, 259-263.
• Oriol, M. D., & Oriol, R. D. (1986). Involuntary commitment and the right to refuse medication: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services Vol 24(11) Nov 1986, 15-20.
• Oropeza, B. C., Fitzgibbon, M., & Baron, A. (1991). Managing mental health crises of foreign college students: Journal of Counseling & Development Vol 69(3) Jan-Feb 1991, 280-284.
• Ostman, M., & Hansson, L. (1999). Need for support and participation in treatment differences among subgroups of relatives of compulsorily and voluntarily admitted mentally ill individuals: European Psychiatry Vol 14(7) Nov 1999, 379-385.
• Osuna, E., Cuenca, F., Perez-Carceles, M. D., & Luna, A. (1995). Legal status of persons with chronic mental illness admitted to psychiatric hospitals: Medicine & Law Vol 14(5-6) 1995, 479-484.
• Ottenberg, P. (1974). Bureaucratic attitudes as a psychosocial defence: Psychiatric Opinion Vol 11(1) Feb 1974, 26-35.
• Ouellet, P.-G., & Picard, S. (1988). Longitudinal evolution of individuals having appealed their committal to the C.A.S: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 33(1) Feb 1988, 34-40.
• Owens, D., Harrison, G., & Boot, D. (1991). Ethnic factors in voluntary and compulsory admissions: Psychological Medicine Vol 21(1) Feb 1991, 185-196.
• Ozawa, I. (1987). Problems in amending the mental health law and child psychiatry: Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 28(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 98-103.
• Padro, D., Tamayo, G., & Trojaola, B. (1986). Ethical considerations concerning involuntary commitment: Actas Luso-Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines Vol 14(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 43-46.
• Page, S. (1980). New civil commitment legislation: The relevance of commitment "criteria." The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 25(8) Dec 1980, 646-650.
• Page, S. (1981). Civil commitment: Operational definition of new criteria: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 26(6) Oct 1981, 419-420.
• Page, S. (1983). Civil commitment: Continuing confusing conjecture concerning "criteria." Ontario Psychologist Vol 15(2) May 1983, 36-39.
• Page, S. (1985). Commitment decisions in Ontario and similarity of symptomatology to gender role stereotypes: Ontario Psychologist Vol 17(5) Oct 1985, 4-7.
• Page, S. (1988). On the use of "indigenous paraprofessionals" in civil commitment procedures: Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne Vol 29(2) Apr 1988, 231-233.
• Page, S., & Firth, J. (1979). Civil commitment practices in 1977: Troubled semantics and/or troubled psychiatry: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 24(4) Jun 1979, 329-335.
• Page, S., & Yates, E. (1973). Civil commitment and the danger mandate: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada Vol 18(4) Aug 1973, 267-271.
• Palmstierna, T., & Wistedt, B. (1988). Prevalence of risk factors for aggressive behavior: Characteristics of an involuntarily admitted population: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 78(2) Aug 1988, 227-229.
• Palmstierna, T., & Wistedt, B. (1990). Risk factors for aggressive behaviour are of limited value in predicting the violent behaviour of acute involuntarily admitted patients: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 81(2) Feb 1990, 152-155.
• Papageorgiou, A., Janmohamed, A., King, M., Davidson, O., & Dawson, J. (2004). Advance directives for patients compulsorily admitted to hospital with serious mental disorders: Directive content and feedback from patients and professionals: Journal of Mental Health Vol 13(4) Aug 2004, 379-388.
• Paquay, J., Paquay, M., & Schouteden, P. (1978). Present state and evolution of the law of Social Defence: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 78(4) Jul-Aug 1978, 666-674.
• Paquay, J., Paquay, M., & Schouteden, P. (1978). Relations with Social Defense Commissions and utility of leave techniques: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 78(4) Jul-Aug 1978, 691-697.
• Paquay, M., Paquay, J., & Schouteden, P. (1978). The problem of the treatment of the committed in Paifve: Acta Psychiatrica Belgica Vol 78(4) Jul-Aug 1978, 675-690.
• Paredes, J., Kanachowski, A., Ledwidge, B., Stoutenburg, K., & et al. (1990). The validity of commitment certificates in British Columbia: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 35(4) May 1990, 305-310.
• Paredes, J., Ledwidge, B., Beyerstein, D., Cashore, J., & et al. (1987). The Review Panel process: Interpretation of the findings and recommendations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 32(6) Aug 1987, 444-447.
• Parry, C. D. (1990). Commitment and recommitment: A prospective study of the interaction between mental health and judicial systems: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Parry, C. D., & Turkheimer, E. (1992). Length of hospitalization and outcome of commitment and recommitment hearings: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(1) Jan 1992, 65-68.
• Parry, C. D., Turkheimer, E., & Hundley, P. L. (1992). A comparison of commitment and recommitment hearings: Legal and policy implications: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 15(1) 1992, 25-41.
• Parry, C. D., Turkheimer, E., Hundley, P. L., & Creskoff, E. (1991). A comparison of respondents in initial and recommitment hearings: Law and Human Behavior Vol 15(3) Jun 1991, 315-324.
• Parry, J. (1984). A review of the Burger Court: I: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(6) Nov-Dec 1984, 502-508.
• Parry, J. W. (1986). Civil commitment: Three proposals for change: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 334-338.
• Parry, J. W. (1987). The civil-criminal dichotomy in insanity commitment and release proceedings: Hinckley and other matters: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(4) Jul-Aug 1987, 218-223.
• Parry, J. W. (1990). The Supreme Court fashions new boundaries for involuntary care and treatment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 14(3) May-Jun 1990, 198-202.
• Parry, J. W. (1994). Involuntary civil commitment in the 90s: A constitutional perspective: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 18(3) May-Jun 1994, 320-336.
• Parry, J. W., & Beck, J. C. (1990). Revisiting the civil commitment/involuntary treatment stalemate using limited guardianship, substituted judgment and different due process considerations: A work in progress: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 14(2) Mar-Apr 1990, 102-107.
• Parsons, P. J. (1984). Norms, commitment, and psychotherapy with the involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric patient: Psychotherapy Patient Vol 1(2) Win 1984, 81-87.
• Pary, R., & Turns, D. (1980). Dangerousness and the right of a psychotic quadriplegic patient to refuse treatment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(5) May 1980, 623-624.
• Pascual Arriazu, J., Rubio Valladolid, G., Lopez-Trabada Gomez, J. R., & Lopez-Ibor Alino, J. M. (1987). Compulsory admission: Comparative study of 1931 and 1983 legislation: Actas Luso-Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines Vol 15(3) May-Jun 1987, 133-140.
• Pascual Arriazu, J. M., & et al. (1986). Characteristics of involuntary commitment under the law of 1931: Actas Luso-Espanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines Vol 14(1) Jan-Feb 1986, 1-7.
• Pasewark, R. A., Pantle, M. L., & Steadman, H. J. (1982). Detention and rearrest rates of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity and convicted felons: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 139(7) Jul 1982, 892-897.
• Peay, J. (1988). Offenders suffering from psychopathic disorder: The rise and demise of a consultation document: British Journal of Criminology Vol 28(1) Win 1988, 67-81.
• Peck, C. L. (1975). Current legislative issues concerning the right to refuse versus the right to choose hospitalization and treatment: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 38(4) Nov 1975, 303-317.
• Pehlivanidis, A., Politis, A., Economou, D., Trikkas, G., & Christodoulou, G. N. (2001). Evaluation of civilly committed patients: Comparative study of two chronological periods (1977-1997): Psychiatriki Vol 12(4) Oct-Dec 2001, 283-289.
• Pendleton, L. (1980). Treatment of persons found incompetent to stand trial: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(9) Sep 1980, 1098-1100.
• Perceval, J. T. (1985). The case of Dr. Peithman: Naropa Institute Journal of Psychology Vol 3 1985, 109-141.
• Perlin, M. L. (1983). Recent developments in mental health law: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 6(4) Dec 1983, 539-549.
• Perlin, M. L. (2000). Involuntary civil commitment law. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Perr, I. N. (1974). Independent examination of patients hospitalized against their will: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 131(7) Jul 1974, 765-768.
• Perr, I. N. (1978). Another Szaszian Attack: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 23 (10), Oct, 1978.
• Perris, C., & et al. (1985). Patients admitted for compulsory treatment to selected psychiatric units in Italy and in Sweden: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 71(316, Suppl) 1985, 135-149.
• Peszke, M. A. (1975). Is dangerousness an issue for physicians in emergency commitment? : American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 132(8) Aug 1975, 825-828.
• Peszke, M. A. (1984). The historic antecedents to the current polemics on involuntary psychiatric hospitalization: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 25(2) Mar-Apr 1984, 238-246.
• Peszke, M. A., Affleck, G. G., & Wintrob, R. M. (1980). Perceived statutory applicability versus clinical desirability of emergency involuntary hospitalization: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(4) Apr 1980, 476-480.
• Peszke, M. A., & Wintrob, R. M. (1974). Emergency commitment: A transcultural study: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 131(1) Jan 1974, 36-40.
• Peters, R., Miller, K. S., Schmidt, W., & Meeter, D. (1987). The effects of statutory change on the civil commitment of the mentally ill: Law and Human Behavior Vol 11(2) Jun 1987, 73-99.
• Petrila, J. (1995). Who will pay for involuntary civil commitment under capitated managed care? An emerging dilemma: Psychiatric Services Vol 46(10) Oct 1995, 1045-1048.
• Petrila, J. (2007). Review of Civil commitment: A therapeutic jurisprudence model: Psychiatric Services Vol 58(4) Apr 2007, 572-573.
• Petrila, J., & Douglas, K. S. (2002). Legal issues in maximum security institutions for people with mental illness: Liberty, security, and administrative discretion: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 20(5) 2002, 463-480.
• Phillips, J. A. (1983). Effects of decomposition on clincal psychologists' cue utilization in making civil decisions: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Pierce, G. L., Durham, M. L., & Fisher, W. H. (1985). The impact of broadened civil commitment standards on admissions to state mental hospitals: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 142(1) Jan 1985, 104-107.
• Pierce, G. L., Fisher, W. H., & Durham, M. L. (1985). The impact of broadened civil commitment laws on length of stay in a state mental hospital: The Law, Medicine & Health Care Vol 13(6) Dec 1985, 290-296.
• Piperno, A. (1974). Indefinite commitment in a mental hospital for the criminally insane: Two models of administration of mental health: Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol 65(4) Dec 1974, 520-527.
• Platz, W. E., & Antonopoulou, C. (1993). The significance of the alcohol abuse in patients with antisocial personality disorder: Psychiatria Danubina Vol 5(1-2) Jan-Jul 1993, 143-148.
• Poffel, S. A. (1998). Psychology: The patient, the defendant, the legal process and the courtroom: The Forensic Examiner Vol 7(7-8) Jul-Aug 1998, 25-27.
• Pogrebin, M. (1974). Is the use of a psychiatric facility for parole evaluation justifiable? : International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 18(3) 1974, 270-274.
• Pokorny, L., Shull, R. D., & Nicholson, R. A. (1999). Dangerousness and disability as predictors of psychiatric patients' legal status: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 17(3) 1999, 253-267.
• Polak, T., & Schlafke, D. (2001). Involuntary admissions in the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rostock in the years 1987- 1994: Krankenhauspsychiatrie Vol 12(3) Sep 2001, 109-113.
• Poletiek, F. H. (2002). How psychiatrists and judges assess the dangerousness of persons with mental illness: An 'expertise bias': Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 20(1-2) 2002, 19-29.
• Pollack, C., & et al. (1983). Soviet psychiatry: American Psychologist Vol 38(12) Dec 1983, 1401-1402.
• Ponterotto, J. G. (1987). Client hospitalization: Issues and considerations for the counselor: Journal of Counseling & Development Vol 65(10) Jun 1987, 542-546.
• Poulsen, H. D. (1997). Diagnoses among committed and detained psychiatric patients in Denmark: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 20(4) Fal 1997, 459-468.
• Poulsen, H. D. (1999). Perceived coercion among committed, detained, and voluntary patients: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 22(2) Mar-Apr 1999, 167-175.
• Poulsen, H. D. (1999). Review of studies on committed patients: Methodologic problems when determining the diagnostic profile: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 53(3) 1999, 211-215.
• Poythress, N. G. (1977). Psychiatric experts, guardian ad litem attorneys, and civil commitment: Training lawyers to cope with expert testimony: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Priebe, S., Broker, M., & Gunkel, S. (1998). Involuntary admission and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in schizophrenia patients: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Jul-Aug 1998, 220-224.
• Prigmore, C. S., & Davis, P. R. (1973). Wyatt v. Stickney: Rights of the committed: Social Work Vol 18(4) Jul 1973, 10-18.
• Putkonen, H. (2005). The legal basis of compulsory psychiatric care and treatment in Finland: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 23(4) 2005, No Pagination Specified.
• Quinn, J. F., Forsyth, C. J., & Mullen-Quinn, C. (2004). Societal reaction to sex offenders: A review of the origins and results of the myths surrounding their crimes and treatment amenability: Deviant Behavior Vol 25(3) May-Jun 2004, 215-232.
• Rachlin, S. (1974). With liberty and psychosis for all: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 48(3) 1974, 410-420.
• Rachlin, S. (1982). Of the shared responsibility for civil commitment: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 54(1) Spr 1982, 38-42.
• Rachlin, S. (1987). Redefining dangerousness for civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(8) Aug 1987, 884-886.
• Rachlin, S. (1988). Litigating a right to treatment: Woe is me: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 59(3) Fal 1988, 182-192.
• Rachlin, S. (1989). Rethinking the right to refuse treatment: Psychiatric Annals Vol 19(4) Apr 1989, 213-222.
• Rachlin, S., Stokman, C. L., & Grossman, S. (1986). Incompetent misdemeanants: Pseudocivil commitment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 14(1) 1986, 23-30.
• Randall, J. S. (1986). Harm to patients: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 10(5) Sep-Oct 1986, 386-387.
• Rappard, P. (1988). The law of 1838 and its relationship with the civil and penal codes: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 146(9) Sep-Oct 1988, 838-841.
• Rayburn, T. M., & Stonecypher, J. F. (1996). Diagnostic differences related to age and race of involuntarily committed psychiatric patients: Psychological Reports Vol 79(3, Pt 1) Dec 1996, 881-882.
• Reed, D. B. (2001). Outpatient civil commitment--A growing trend in state law. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Reeves, R. (2004). "Voluntary" Hospitalization of Adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Analytic Press.
• Reich, W. (1985). The case of General Grigorenko: A second opinion. New York, NY: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
• Reid, W. H. (2002). Sexual predator evaluations and commitments: Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol 8(5) Sep 2002, 320-324.
• Rembis, M. A. (2004). "I ain't been reading while on prarole": Experts, Mental Tests, and Eugenic Commitment Law in Illinois, 1890-1940: History of Psychology Vol 7(3) Aug 2004, 225-247.
• Remington, F. B. (1963). "Walkouts" and the open hospital: A three-month survey: Psychiatric Quarterly 37(1) 1963, 128-133.
• Rentzel-Rothe, W. (1991). Preventive custody and guardianship: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 9(1) 1991, 18-25.
• Repo-Tiihonen, E., Vuorio, O., Koivisto, H., Paavola, P., & Hakola, P. (2004). Opinions About Treatment Modalities Among Patients Involuntarily Committed to a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital in Finland: Journal of Offender Rehabilitation Vol 38(3) 2004, 81-95.
• Reppucci, N. D. (1979). Criminalization of the Civil Commitment: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 24 (6), Jun, 1979.
• Richard-Mercier, A., & Chanoit, P. F. (1980). Contradictions in a psychiatric department: Annales Medico-Psychologiques Vol 138(5) May 1980, 517-528.
• Richardson, M. E. (1996). Rooming-in: An alternative to involuntary detention: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 30(2) Apr 1996, 263-269.
• Richert, R. A. (1984). "Reasons for involuntary commitment in Manitoba and Ontario": Reply: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 29(1) Feb 1984, 72-73.
• Richert, R. A., & Moyes, A. H. (1983). Reasons for involuntary commitment in Manitoba and Ontario: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 28(5) Aug 1983, 358-361.
• Riecher, A., Rossler, W., Loffler, W., & Fatkenheuer, B. (1991). Factors influencing compulsory admission of psychiatric patients: Psychological Medicine Vol 21(1) Feb 1991, 197-208.
• Riecher-Rossler, A., & Rossler, W. (1992). Compulsory admission of psychiatric patients in national and international comparison: Frequencies and influencing factors: Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie Vol 60(10) Oct 1992, 375-382.
• Riecher-Rossler, A., & Rossler, W. (1993). Compulsory admission of psychiatric patients: An international comparison: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Vol 87(4) Apr 1993, 231-236.
• Riley, P. D. (1997). The impact of co-treating disciplines on length of stay and readmission in a private psychiatric hospital. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Riley, R., & Richman, A. (1983). Involuntary hospitalization in Canadian psychiatric inpatient facilities, 1970-1978: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 28(7) Nov 1983, 536-541.
• Rink, J. E. (1986). Court-placed adolescents and how to communicate with them: Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek Vol 25(5) May 1986, 240-252.
• Rissmiller, D. J., Hogate, P. M., August, D., Zeltvay, N., & et al. (1994). Commitment decisions: Identification of indeterminate cases: Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention Vol 15(3) 1994, 110-115.
• Rissmiller, D. J., Musser, E., Rhoades, W., Rissmiller, F. R., & Steer, R. A. (2001). A survey of use of a durable power of attorney to admit geropsychiatric patients: Psychiatric Services Vol 52(1) Jan 2001, 98-100.
• Robertson, G. (1992). Objections to the present system: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Vol 2(2), Spec Issue 1992, 114-123.
• Robitscher, J. (1979). The commitment of minors: Problems of civil liberties: Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 7 1979, 457-465.
• Robitscher, J. (1982). Commitment and the courts: The Addington case: Journal of Psychiatric Treatment & Evaluation Vol 4(1) 1982, 57-61.
• Rocca, G. (1992). Institutions, family, and hospitalization in the treatment of the mentally ill in the first half of the 19th century: Giornale Storico di Psicologia Dinamica Vol 16(31) Jan 1992, 139-166.
• Rockland-Miller, H. (1986). Psychiatric commitment viewed by those most affected: Patients, families, police and emergency room workers: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Rodenhauser, P., & Khamis, H. J. (1988). Relationships between legal and clinical factors among forensic hospital patients: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 16(4) 1988, 321-332.
• Rofman, E. S., Askinazi, C., & Fant, E. (1980). The prediction of dangerous behavior in emergency civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 137(9) Sep 1980, 1061-1064.
• Rogers, J. A., & Centifanti, J. B. (1988). Madness, Myths, and Reality: Response to Roberta Rose: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 14(1) 1988, 7-15.
• Rogers, R. (1994). Involuntary Hospitalization: Social and Personal Dimensions: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 39 (1), Jan, 1994.
• Rogers, R. (2003). Imposing Order on Diverse Mental Health Laws: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 48 (2), Apr, 2003.
• Rogers, R. R. (1974). Psychiatric hospitalization of political dissenters: Psychiatric Opinion Vol 11(1) Feb 1974, 20-24.
• Rogoll, H., & Spate, H. F. (1984). Social and medical characteristics of the mentally ill committed to a hospital by the district medical officer: Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie Vol 36(3) Mar 1984, 146-151.
• Rolfe, R. M., & Macclintock, A. U. (1976). The due process rights of minors "voluntarily admitted" to mental institutions: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 4(3) Fal 1976, 333-375.
• Romanenko, A. A. (1990). The specificities of involuntary treatment of schizophrenic patients in late age: Trudy Leningradskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Psikhonevrologicheskogo Instituta im V M Bekhtereva Vol 125 1990, 132-135.
• Romilly, C., Parrott, J., & Carney, P. (1997). Limited duration restriction orders: What are they for? : Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 8(3) Dec 1997, 562-572.
• Rose, R. (1988). Schizophrenia, Civil Liberties, and the Law: Schizophrenia Bulletin Vol 14(1) 1988, 1-6.
• Rosenfield, S. (1984). Race differences in involuntary hospitalization: Psychiatric vs. labeling perspectives: Journal of Health and Social Behavior Vol 25(1) Mar 1984, 14-23.
• Rosenman, S. (1998). Psychiatrists and compulsion: A map of ethics: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 32(6) Dec 1998, 785-793.
• Rossi, A., Stratta, P., Bolino, F., Giordano, L., & et al. (1989). Social disability and clinical symptomatology in schizophrenia: Their impact on compulsory admission: Psychopathology Vol 22(4) Jul-Aug 1989, 177-181.
• Roth, D. M., & Stoffelmayr, B. E. (1983). Who is to be committed to a psychiatric hospital? An analysis of statutory definitions of mental illness and dangerousness: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 1(1) 1983, 33-50.
• Roth, L. H. (1979). A commitment law for patients, doctors, and lawyers: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 136(9) Sep 1979, 1121-1127.
• Roth, L. H., Meisel, A., & Lidz, C. W. (1977). Tests of competency to consent to treatment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134(3) Mar 1977, 279-284.
• Rothman, M., & Dubin, W. R. (1982). Patients released after psychiatric commitment evaluation: Comparison with the committed: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 43(3) Mar 1982, 90-93.
• Rubenstein, L. S. (1985). APA's model law: Hurting the people it seeks to help: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(9) Sep 1985, 968-972.
• Rubin, J. (1988). Civil commitment: An economic perspective: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 63-77.
• Rubin, L. C., & Mills, M. J. (1983). Behavioral precipitants to civil commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 140(5) May 1983, 603-606.
• Rubin, W. V., Snapp, M. B., Panzano, P. C., & Taynor, J. (1996). Variation in civil commitment processes across jurisdictions: An approach for monitoring and managing change in mental health systems: Journal of Mental Health Administration Vol 23(4) Fal 1996, 375-388.
• Rudolph, M. N. (2006). Competence to stand trial: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 34(3) Sep 2006, 412-414.
• Rushing, W. A. (1978). Status resources, societal reactions, and type of mental hospital admission: American Sociological Review Vol 43(4) Aug 1978, 521-533.
• Rushing, W. A., & Esco, J. (1977). Status resources and behavioral deviance as contingencies of societal reaction: Social Forces Vol 56(1) Sep 1977, 132-147.
• Russell, A. T., Winslade, W. J., & Liss, M. (1985). The hospitalization of minors in mental hospitals by their parents: An institutional case study: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 16(2) Spr 1985, 73-78.
• Rutkowski, R. (1992). A study of involuntary treatment in psychiatric hospitals: Psychiatria Polska Vol 26(3-4) May-Aug 1992, 287-300.
• Sachs, B. (1990). Investigation on the situation of mental patients hospitalized according to a court decision: Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie Vol 42(10) Oct 1990, 625-629.
• Sadoff, R. L. (1975). Risks of state and private hospital psychiatrists in involuntary hospitalization in re: Right to treatment: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 3(1) Mar 1975, 32-37.
• Saks, E. R. (2002). Refusing care: Forced treatment and the rights of the mentally ill. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
• Saks, E. R. (2004). Refusing Care: Forced Treatment and the Use of Psychiatric Advance Directives: Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice Vol 4(4) 2004, 35-50.
• Sanguineti, V. R., & Brooks, M. O. (1992). Factors related to emergency commitment of chronic mentally ill patients who are substance abusers: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(3) Mar 1992, 237-241.
• Sanguineti, V. R., & Brooks, M. O. (1993). Factors related to emergency commitment of chronic mentally ill patients who are substance abusers. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Sanguineti, V. R., Samuel, S. E., Schwartz, S. L., & Robeson, M. R. (1996). Retrospective study of 2,200 involuntary psychiatric admissions and readmissions: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 153(3) Mar 1996, 392-396.
• Sansone, R. A., Gage, M. D., & Wiederman, M. W. (1998). Investigation of borderline personality disorder among nonpsychotic, involuntarily hospitalized clients: Journal of Mental Health Counseling Vol 20(2) Apr 1998, 133-140.
• Sata, L. S., & Goldenberg, E. E. (1977). A study of involuntary patients in Seattle: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 28(11) Nov 1977, 834-837.
• Sattar, S. P., Finals, D. A., Din, A. U., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2006). To Commit or Not to Commit: The Psychiatry Resident as a Variable in Involuntary Commitment Decisions: Academic Psychiatry Vol 30(3) May-Jun 2006, 191-195.
• Sauer, G. C., Kirk, S., & George, C. E. (1982). Developing a comprehensive system for handling mental illness commitments: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol 54(4) Win 1982, 237-246.
• Schalast, N. (1994). Commitment of offenders to alcohol rehabilitation clinics: Problems in the treatment of alcohol-dependent offenders: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 12(1) 1994, 2-10.
• Schalast, N. (2000). Legal regulations concerning the psychiatric detention of mentally disturbed offenders in North-Rhine-Westfalia: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 18(1) 2000, 16-19.
• Schanda, H. (2005). Mental health legislation in Austria: Civil and penal laws from a psychiatric viewpoint: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 23(4) 2005, No Pagination Specified.
• Schape, M. (1994). The need for legal representation in the execution of court-ordered psychiatric hospitalization: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 12(3) 1994, 124-129.
• Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1987). Commitment of the mentally ill to outpatient treatment: Community Mental Health Journal Vol 23(3) Fal 1987, 173-182.
• Scheid-Cook, T. L. (1988). Mitigating organizational contradictions: The role of mediatory myths: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science Vol 24(2) 1988, 161-171.
• Schlank, A. (2006). The civil commitment of sexual offenders: Lessons learned. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Schlank, A., & Bidelman, P. (2001). Transition--Challenges for the offender and the community. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Schlank, A., & Cohen, F. (1999). The sexual predator: Law, policy, evaluation and treatment. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Schlank, A., Harry, R., & Farnsworth, M. (1999). The Minnesota Sex Offender Program. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Schmidt, W. C. (1985). Considerations of social science in a reconsideration of Parham v. J.R. and the commitment of children to public mental institutions: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 13(3-4) Fal-Win 1985, 339-359.
• Schneider, P. B., & Guillem, P. (1977). The indication for psychiatric hospitalization: Retrospective critical study of 416 admissions to a psychiatric hospital: Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie Vol 120(1) 1977, 109-129.
• Schneider-Braus, K. (1986). Civil commitment to outpatient psychotherapy: A case study: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 14(3) 1986, 273-279.
• Schopp, R. F. (1989). Depression, the insanity defense, and civil commitment: Foundations in autonomy and responsibility: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 12(1) 1989, 81-98.
• Schopp, R. F. (1998). Civil commitment and sexual predators: Competence and condemnation: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 4(1-2) Mar-Jun 1998, 323-376.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Expert testimony and commitment as a sexual predator. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Incompetence and commitment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Legally significant mental illness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Normative structure II: The police power. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Professional judgment and responsibilities: Intrinsic and delegated. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). The right to refuse care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). Sexual predator statutes and the police power. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F. (2001). The Supreme Court on civil commitment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Schopp, R. F., & Quattrocchi, M. R. (1995). Predicting the present: Expert testimony and civil commitment: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 13(2) Spr 1995, 159-181.
• Schopp, R. F., Scalora, M. J., & Pearce, M. (1999). Expert testimony and professional judgment: Psychological expertise and commitment as a sexual predator after Hendricks: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 5(1) Mar 1999, 120-174.
• Schreiber, J., Roesch, R., & Golding, S. (1987). An evaluation of procedures for assessing competency to stand trial: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 15(2) 1987, 187-203.
• Schwartz, B. K. (1999). The case against involuntary commitment. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Schwartz, H. I., & Pinsker, H. (1987). Mediating retention or release of the potentially dangerous patient: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 38(1) Jan 1987, 75-77.
• Schwartz, L. (1982). Involuntary admission--a century of experience: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 43(1) Jan 1982, 28-32.
• Schwartz, P. (1983). Liberty and autonomy versus confinement and commitment: The history of legal intervention in colonial Connecticut: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 11(4) Win 1983, 461-501.
• Schwitzgebel, R. K. (1975). Implementing a right to effective treatment: Law & Psychology Review Vol 1 Spr 1975, 117-130.
• See, J. (1975). Insanity proceedings and Black-White state hospital admission rate differences: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 21(3) Fal 1975, 220-228.
• Segal, B. M. (1977). Soviet approaches to involuntary hospitalization: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol 23(2) Sum 1977, 94-102.
• Segal, S. P. (1989). Civil commitment standards and patient mix in England/Wales, Italy, and the United States: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 146(2) Feb 1989, 187-193.
• Segal, S. P. (2001). Effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 158(4) Apr 2001, 654-655.
• Segal, S. P., Akutsu, P. D., & Watson, M. A. (1998). Factors associated with involuntary return to a psychiatric emergency service within 12 months: Psychiatric Services Vol 49(9) Sep 1998, 1212-1217.
• Segal, S. P., Laurie, T. A., & Franskoviak, P. (2004). Ambivalence of PES patients toward hospitalization and factors in their disposition: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 27(1) Jan-Feb 2004, 87-99.
• Segal, S. P., Laurie, T. A., & Segal, M. J. (2001). Factors in the use of coercive retention in civil commitment evaluations in psychiatric emergency services: Psychiatric Services Vol 52(4) Apr 2001, 514-520.
• Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., Goldfinger, S. M., & Averbuck, D. S. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: I. The assessment of dangerousness by emergency room clinicians: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 45(8) Aug 1988, 748-752.
• Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., Goldfinger, S. M., & Averbuck, D. S. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: II. Mental disorder indicators and three dangerousness criteria: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 45(8) Aug 1988, 753-758.
• Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., Goldfinger, S. M., & Averbuck, D. S. (1988). Civil commitment in the psychiatric emergency room: III. Disposition as a function of mental disorder and dangerousness indicators: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 45(8) Aug 1988, 759-763.
• Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., & Nelson, L. S. (1985). Equity in the application of civil commitment criteria: New Directions for Mental Health Services No 28 Dec 1985, 93-105.
• Segal, S. P., Watson, M. A., & Nelson, S. (1986). Consistency in the application of civil commitment standards in psychiatric emergency rooms: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 14(1-2) Spr-Sum 1986, 125-148.
• Seifert, D., Jahn, K., & Bolten, S. (2001). The release situation of forensic patients at present and the problems of predicting dangerousness: Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie Vol 69(6) Jun 2001, 245-255.
• Serra, P. (1985). A trap in psychiatric social services: A research project on the interactions among the psychiatrist, his own patient, and the police force: Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali Vol 109(6) Dec 1985, 1338-1343.
• Shah, S. A. (1975). Dangerousness and civil commitment of the mentally ill: Some public policy considerations: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 132(5) May 1975, 501-505.
• Sharma, S. (2004). Sexual Dyscontrol and Mental Illness After Hendricks: Continuing to Define Hendricks and the Basis for Commitment of Sexual Predators: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 32(1) 2004, 99-102.
• Shaw, T., & Funderburk, J. R. (1999). Civil commitment of sex offenders as therapeutic jurisprudence--A rational approach to community protection. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Sheppard, M. (1991). General practice, social work, and mental health sections: The social control of women: British Journal of Social Work Vol 21(6) Dec 1991, 663-683.
• Sheridan, K. (1997). A Tale of Two Worlds: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 42 (6), Jun, 1997.
• Shore, J. H., Breakey, W., & Arvidson, B. (1981). Morbidity and mortality in the commitment process: Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 38(8) Aug 1981, 930-934.
• Shorter, E. (2004). Review of The confinement of the insane: International perspectives, 1800-1965: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 161(9) Sep 2004, 1732.
• Shralow, D. R. (1983). Fifth Amendment: Indefinite commitment of insanity acquittees and due process considerations: Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Vol 74(4) Win 1983, 1334-1352.
• Shuman, D. W. (1985). Innovative statutory approaches to civil commitment: An overview and critique: The Law, Medicine & Health Care Vol 13(6) Dec 1985, 284-289.
• Sidorowicz, S. (1976). Coercion in the admission process to a psychiatric hospital: Psychiatria Polska Vol 10(1) 1976, 45-50.
• Sigal, M. (1994). Involuntary hospitalization: Medical or judicial authority: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 31(4) 1994, 254-260.
• Silove, D., Doutney, C., & Pollock, C. (1986). The contest between psychiatrists and lawyers over involuntary detention: The effects of recent changes in mental health legislation in New South Wales: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 20(3) Sep 1986, 294-302.
• Silver, F. W. (1986). Medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients: Legal and clinical issues: Clinical Psychology Review Vol 6(2) 1986, 115-132.
• Simon, R. J., & Cockerham, W. (1977). Civil commitment, burden of proof, and dangerous acts: A comparison of the perspectives of judges and psychiatrists: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 5(4) Win 1977, 571-594.
• Singh, S. P., Croudace, T., Beck, A., & Harrison, G. (1998). Perceived ethnicity and the risk of compulsory admission: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 33(1) Jan 1998, 39-44.
• Skarangas, D. (1996). The application of Law 2071/92 about mental health: Psychiatriki Vol 7(3) Jul-Sep 1996, 199-203.
• Slobogin, C. (1994). Involuntary community treatment of people who are violent and mentally ill: A legal analysis: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 45(7) Jul 1994, 685-689.
• Slovenko, R. (1977). Criminal justice procedures in civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 28(11) Nov 1977, 817-826.
• Smit, J. (1987). Question or quarrel: An analysis of the dialogue between judge and patient in the involuntary commitment procedure: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 10(3) 1987, 251-263.
• Smith, G. (1992). Mental health and ethics debate: "To be or not to be, a question of treatment": A service provider's view: Mental Health in Australia Vol 4(2) Dec 1992, 29-31.
• Smith, L. D. (1989). Medication refusal and the rehospitalized mentally ill inmate: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 40(5) May 1989, 491-496.
• Smith, S. M., & Kunjukrishnan, R. (1986). Medicolegal aspects of mental retardation: Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 9(4) Dec 1986, 699-712.
• Snowdon, J. (1981). A review of compulsory admissions to a psychiatric unit in Sydney: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol 15(4) Dec 1981, 307-310.
• Snyman, J. L. (1984). The civil commitment of the mentally ill: Rights and legal protection of the person concerned: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sobel, S. B. (1977). State statutes and the role of professional psychologists in commitment proceedings for the mentally ill: Clinical Psychologist Vol 31(2) Win 1977-1978, 21-23.
• Sobel, S. B. (1978). State statutes and the role of professional psychologists in commitment proceedings for the mentally retarded/developmentally disabled: Clinical Psychologist Vol 32(1) Fal 1978, 7-10.
• Soothill, K., Kupituksa, P., Badiani, D., & Macmillan, F. (1990). Compulsory admissions to mental hospitals: A replication study: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 13(3) 1990, 179-190.
• Soothill, K. L., & et al. (1981). Compulsory admissions to mental hospitals in six countries: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 4(3-4) 1981, 327-344.
• Sorensen, S. R. (1985). Quality of life in civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sourander, A., Korkeila, J., & Turunen, M.-M. (1998). Involuntary psychiatric hospital treatment among 12- to 17-year-olds in Finland: A nationwide register study: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 52(5) 1998, 367-371.
• Speer, D. C. (1972). Inventory commitment: Some considerations for crisis intervention outreach workers: Crisis Intervention Vol 4(4) 1972, 112-116.
• Spengler, A. (1986). Factors influencing assignment of patients to compulsory admission: Social Psychiatry Vol 21(3) Jul 1986, 113-122.
• Spengler, A., & Bohme, K. (1989). Logistic-epidemiological aspects of emergency hospitalization: Nervenarzt Vol 60(4) Apr 1989, 226-232.
• Spensley, J., Barter, J. T., Werme, P. H., & Langsley, D. G. (1974). Involuntary hospitalization: What for and how long? : American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 131(2) Feb 1974, 219-223.
• Splane, S., Monahan, J., Prestholt, D., & Friedlander, H. D. (1982). Patients' perceptions of the family's role in involuntary commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(7) Jul 1982, 569-572.
• Splane, S. I. (1981). Role and function of the attorney in civil commitment: A psychological analysis: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Sreenivasan, S., Kirkish, P., Eth, S., Mintz, J., & et al. (1997). Predictors of recidivistic violence in criminally insane and civilly committed psychiatric inpatients: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 20(2) Spr 1997, 279-291.
• Stafford, K. P. (2002). Civil commitment. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Stefan, S. (1985). Right to counsel in civil commitment proceedings: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(3) May-Jun 1985, 230-237.
• Stefan, S. (1987). Preventive commitment: The concept and its pitfalls: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(4) Jul-Aug 1987, 288-302.
• Stegman, R. L. (1982). The identification and prediction of harmful behaviors in the context of civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Stein, B. A., & Tanzer, L. (1988). Morbidity and mortality of certified adolescent psychiatric patients: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 33(6) Aug 1988, 488-493.
• Steingarten, J. (1976). Report from Colorado: The new commitment law: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 4(1) Sep 1976, 105-124.
• Stevens, E. H. (1987). Wyatt v. Stickney concludes with a whimper: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 11(2) Mar-Apr 1987, 139-140.
• Stevenson, G. S. (2003). Emergency psychiatric detentions in a Scottish health region--the use of sections 24 and 25 of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 26(3) May-Jun 2003, 257-267.
• Stoffelmayr, B. E., Roth, D. M., Parker, W., & Dillavou, D. (1983). Legal status and patient behavior at the time of hospitalization: American Journal of Forensic Psychology Vol 1(2) 1983, 5-14.
• Stone, A. A. (1975). "Is dangerousness an issue for physicians in emergency commitment?": Commentary: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 132(8) Aug 1975, 829-831.
• Stone, A. A. (1975). Overview: The right to treatment--comments on the law and its impact: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 132(11) Nov 1975, 1125-1134.
• Stone, A. A. (1977). Recent mental health litigation: A critical pespective: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134(3) Mar 1977, 273-279.
• Stone, A. A. (1985). A response to comments on APA's model commitment law: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(9) Sep 1985, 984-989.
• Stone, A. A. (1988). Psychiatry and the law. Cambridge, MA, England: Belknap Press.
• Stone, M. A. (1976). The right of the psychiatric patient to refuse treatment: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 4(4) Win 1976, 515-533.
• Stone, W. R., & Belanger, J. (1978). Evaluating the competency of admissions to a state maximum-security service: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 29(7) Jul 1978, 425-426.
• Storch, D. D. (1992). Clinical review panels versus court hearings in treatment refusal by involuntary patients: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 43(10) Oct 1992, 1033-1035.
• Storch, D. D. (1993). First year of Maryland's new CRP statute in one state hospital: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 21(3) 1993, 277-280.
• Stromberg, C. D., & Stone, A. A. (1983). Statute: A model state law on civil commitment of the mentally ill: Harvard Journal on Legislation Vol 20(2) Sum 1983, 275-396.
• Strong, H. R. (1983). Civil commitment: A review of traditional arrangements in the provision of involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 28(4) Jun 1983, 307-313.
• Sutter, J. B. (1982). Involuntary civil commitment legislation: The effects of increasingly stringent criteria: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Suzuki, A. (2005). Were Asylums Men's Places?: Male Excess in the Asylum Population in Japan in the Early Twentieth Century. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
• Swain, P. A. (2000). Admitted and detained--Community members and mental health review boards: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 7(1) 2000, 79-88.
• Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Wagner, H. R., Burns, B. J., Hiday, V. A., & Borum, R. (1999). Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce hospital recidivism?: Findings from a randomized trial with severely mentally ill individuals: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 156(12) Dec 1999, 1968-1975.
• Swartz, M. S., Swanson, J. W., Wagner, H. R., Burns, B. J., Hiday, V. A., & Borum, R. (2001). Dr. Swartz and colleagues reply: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 158(4) Apr 2001, 655-656.
• Swartz, S. (1995). Colonizing the insane: Causes of insanity in the Cape, 1891-1920: History of the Human Sciences Vol 8(4) Nov 1995, 39-57.
• Swift, G., Nasir, M., Sheehan, J. D., & Casey, P. R. (2001). Junior doctors' experience and knowledge of procedures in compulsory psychiatric admissions in Ireland: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Vol 18(1) Mar 2001, 21-23.
• Sydeman, S. J., Cascardi, M., Poythress, N. G., & Ritterband, L. M. (1997). Procedural justice in the context of civil commitment: A critique of Tyler's analysis: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law Vol 3(1) Mar 1997, 207-221.
• Szasz, T. (1977). Psychiatric slavery. New York, NY: Free Press.
• Szasz, T. (1989). Suicide and psychiatric coercion: Journal of Humanistic Psychology Vol 29(3) Sum 1989, 380-384.
• Szasz, T. (1990). Law and psychiatry: The problems that will not go away: Journal of Mind and Behavior Vol 11(3-4) Sum-Fal 1990, 557-563.
• Szasz, T. (1991). Noncoercive psychiatry: An oxymoron: Reflections on Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry: Journal of Humanistic Psychology Vol 31(2) Spr 1991, 117-125.
• Szasz, T. (2005). Should psychologists be coercive agents of the state? : Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social Vol 24(2) Sum 2005, 77-79.
• Szasz, T. S. (1972). Voluntary mental hospitalization: An unacknowledged practice of medical fraud: New England Journal of Medicine Vol 287(6) Aug 1972, 277-278.
• Szasz, T. S. (1973). The age of madness: The history of involuntary mental hospitalization presented in selected texts. Oxford, England: Anchor.
• Szasz, T. S. (1974). Psychiatry: A clear and present danger: MH Vol 58(2) Spr 1974, 17-20.
• Szasz, T. S. (1975). Medicine and madness: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 3(2) Sum 1975, 215-222.
• Szmukler, G., & Hotopf, M. (2001). Effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 158(4) Apr 2001, 653-654.
• Szmukler, G. I. (1981). Compulsory admissions in a London borough: II. Circumstances surrounding admission: Service implications: Psychological Medicine Vol 11(4) Nov 1981, 825-838.
• Szmukler, G. I., Bird, A. S., & Button, E. J. (1981). Compulsory admissions in a London borough: I. Social and clinical features and a follow-up: Psychological Medicine Vol 11(3) Aug 1981, 617-636.
• Takeshima, T., Tachimori, H., & Miyake, Y. (2004). The Actual Conditions of Involuntary Hospitalization Systems: Investigation into the designation of examination by prefectural governor: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 46(6) Jun 2004, 571-577.
• Tan, J., & Elphick, M. (2002). Competency and use of the Mental Health Act--A matrix to aid decision-making: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 26(3) Mar 2002, 104-106.
• Taxman, F. S., & Messina, N. P. (2002). Civil commitment: A coerced treatment model. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
• Tepper, A. M., & Elwork, A. (1984). Competence to consent to treatment as a psycholegal construct: Law and Human Behavior Vol 8(3-4) Dec 1984, 205-223.
• Tershakovec, A. (1964). An observation concerning changing attitudes toward mental illness: American Journal of Psychiatry 121(4) 1964, 353-357.
• Thomas, J. S., & Herbert, P. B. (2005). Commitment Pursuant to Insanity Acquittal: "Clear and Convincing" Burden of Proof on an Insanity Acquittee at a Commitment Hearing Is Constitutional: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 33(4) Dec 2005, 558-561.
• Thompson, J. S. (1986). Decision making in civil commitment: Dissertation Abstracts International.
• Thompson, J. S., & Ager, J. W. (1988). An experimental analysis of the civil commitment recommendations of psychologists and psychiatrists: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 6(1) Win 1988, 119-129.
• Thronton, D. (2001). Civil commitment of dangerous, personality-disordered offenders--Developing a model. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
• Toews, J., El-Guebaly, N., Leckie, A., & Harper, D. (1984). Patients' attitudes at the time of their commitment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 29(7) Nov 1984, 590-595.
• Toews, J., El-Guebaly, N., Leckie, A., & Harper, D. (1986). Change with time in patients' reactions to committal: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 31(5) Jun 1986, 413-415.
• Toews, J., Prabhu, V., & El-Guebaly, N. (1980). Commitment of the mentally ill: Current issues: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 25(8) Dec 1980, 611-618.
• Toews, J. A., el-Guebaly, N., & Leckie, A. (1981). Patients' reactions to their commitment: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 26(4) Jun 1981, 251-254.
• Tomelleri, C. J., Lakshminarayanan, N., & Herjanic, M. (1977). Who are the "committed"? : Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 165(4) Oct 1977, 288-293.
• Travers, R. F., & Brabbins, C. J. (1993). Court diversion: British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 163 Sep 1993, 412-413.
• Treffert, D. A. (1975). The practical limits of patients' rights: Psychiatric Annals Vol 5(4) Apr 1975, 158-161.
• Treffert, D. A. (1985). The obviously ill patient in need of treatment: A fourth standard for civil commitment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(3) Mar 1985, 259-264.
• Tremblay, P. F., King, P. R., & Baines, G. R. (1994). Clinical and demographic characteristics of voluntary and involuntary psychiatry inpatients: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 39(5) Jun 1994, 297-299.
• Turkheimer, E., & Parry, C. D. (1992). Why the gap? Practice and policy in civil commitment hearings: American Psychologist Vol 47(5) May 1992, 646-655.
• Turner, T. J. (1980). Consent to psychiatric treatment in Ontario 1979: Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa Vol 5(2) Jun 1980, 82-85.
• Urata, J., Seto, H., & Tachimori, H. (2004). Involuntary Admission Ordered by Prefectural Governor and Follow-up Care after Discharge: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 46(6) Jun 2004, 599-605.
• Urrutia, G., Morrissey, J. A., & Matthews, J. G. (1987). Commitment patients in a private psychiatric hospital: A pilot program in Tennessee: Psychiatric Hospital Vol 18(3) Sum 1987, 115-119.
• Valpey, D. D. (1982). The psychological impact of 18 years in a board and care home: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 10(1) Jan 1982, 95-97.
• Van Blokland, A. J., & Wassenberg, J. H. (1989). From pitfall to safety net: The family as a positive factor in the forensic psychiatric clinic: Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie Vol 15(4) Jul 1989, 223-233.
• Van der Post, L., Peen, J., Schoevers, R. A., & Dekker, J. (2004). Psychiatric treatment after a civil commitment: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 46(4) 2004, 209-217.
• Van Duizend, R., McGraw, B. D., & Keilitz, I. (1984). An overview of state involuntary civil commitment statutes: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 8(3) May-Jun 1984, 328-335.
• Van Lysebetten, T., & Igodt, P. (2000). Compulsory psychiatric admission: A comparison of English and Belgian legislation: Psychiatric Bulletin Vol 24(2) Feb 2000, 66-68.
• Van Marle, H. J. (1986). Care and motivation for treatment in the Dutch TBR-system: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 28(4) 1986, 244-253.
• van Panhuis, P. J. A., & Dingemans, P. M. (2000). Assessment of dangerousness and best interest: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 42(6) 2000, 381-387.
• Van Putten, R. A., Santiago, J. M., & Berren, M. R. (1988). Involuntary outpatient commitment in Arizona: A retrospective study: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(9) Sep 1988, 953-958.
• van Rooij, M. F., Vleugels, C. M., Kortmann, F. A., ten Have, H. A., & van Wijmen, F. C. (2001). Involuntary admissions and addiction: Research into the application of the Dutch law for involuntary psychiatric admissions: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 43(4) 2001, 265-270.
• Vegt, M., & Van der Velden, M. (1989). Involuntary admission in the city of the Hague: A dossier inquiry for the period of 1982-1986: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 31(1) 1989, 5-14.
• Vegt, M., & Van der Velden, M. (1989). Involuntary admission in the city of the Hague: A dossier inquiry for the period of 1982superscript 1986: Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie Vol 31(1) 1989, 5-14.
• Verdun-Jones, S. N. (1986). The dawn of a "new legalism" in Australia? The New South Wales Mental Health Act, 1983 and related legislation: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 8(1) 1986, 95-118.
• Verdun-Jones, S. N. (1989). Sentencing the partly mad and the partly bad: The case of the hospital order in England and Wales: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 12(1) 1989, 1-27.
• Vess, J. (2005). Preventive detention versus civil commitment: alternative policies for public protection in New Zealand and California: Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Vol 12(2) 2005, 357-366.
• Vestergaard, J. (1984). The Danish Mental Health Act of 1938: "Progressive" psychiatric paternalism revised: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 7(3-4) 1984, 441-453.
• Vitacco, M. J., & Packer, I. K. (2003). Civil Commitment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 31(2) 2003, 264-266.
• Wagner, B. (1989). Are psychiatric therapeutic methods "right"? For effective legal protection in the choice of a compulsory treatment. Part One: Recht & Psychiatrie Vol 7(2) 1989, 49-56.
• Waithe, M. E. (1983). Why Mill was for paternalism: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 6(1) 1983, 101-111.
• Walcott, D. M. (2000). Sexually violent predator commitment successfully challenged on basis of conditions of confinement and treatment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 28(2) 2000, 244-245.
• Walcott, D. M., & Beck, J. C. (2000). Dangerous severe personality disorder: Extension of the use of civil commitment in the United Kingdom: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 28(4) 2000, 469-475.
• Walding, J. K. (1990). What ever happened to Parham and Institutionalized Juveniles: Do minors have procedural rights in the civil commitment area? : Law & Psychology Review Vol 14 Spr 1990, 281-302.
• Wallach, S. (1976). A constitutional right to treatment: Past, present, and future: Professional Psychology Vol 7(4) Nov 1976, 453-467.
• Wanck, B. (1984). Two decades of involuntary hospitalization legislation: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 141(1) Jan 1984, 33-38.
• Wang, E. (2005). Sexually Violent Predators: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 33(3) 2005, 403-405.
• Warren, M. G., & Moon, R. R. (1994). Dixon: In the absence of political will, carry a big stick: Law & Psychology Review Vol 18 Spr 1994, 329-359.
• Watkins, N. J., & Roth, B. A. (1976). Kremens v. Bartley: The case for the state: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 27(10) Oct 1976, 706-708.
• Webster, C. D., Phillips, M. S., & Stermac, L. (1985). Persons held on Warrants of the Lieutenant Governor in Canada: Canada's Mental Health Vol 33(3) Sep 1985, 28-32.
• Weihofen, H. (1963). Hospitalization: Deutsch, Albert (Ed); Fishman, Helen (Ed).
• Weinberger, L. E., & Botello, T. (1999). An examination of California's civil commitment laws and national future trends. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Weinberger, L. E., Sreenivasan, S., & Markowitz, E. (1998). Extended civil commitment for dangerous psychiatric patients: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 26(1) 1998, 75-87.
• Weiner, B. A. (1982). Supreme Court decisions on mental health: A review: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 33(6) Jun 1982, 461-464.
• Weinstein, N. (1979). Liberty and mental health: A philosophical conflict: Adolescent Psychiatry Vol 7 1979, 433-443.
• Weinstock, R. (1999). Competence in adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Analytic Press.
• Weisstub, D. N. (1977). Involuntary commitment: The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des psychiatres du Canada Vol 22(4) Jun 1977, 177-179.
• Welch, S. (1977). O'Connor v Donaldson: A defacto right to treatment? : Law & Psychology Review Vol 3 Fal 1977, 99-106.
• Werth, J. L., Jr. (2001). U.S. involuntary mental health commitment statutes: Requirements for persons perceived to be a potential harm to self: Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior Vol 31(3) Fal 2001, 348-357.
• Westrin, C. G. (1997). Compulsory psychiatric care: An arena for conflicts and research: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 51(Suppl 39) 1997, 57-61, 73-95.
• Wettstein, R. M. (1987). Ethics and involuntary treatment: Administration in Mental Health Vol 15(2) Win 1987, 110-119.
• Wexler, D. B. (1974). Mental health law and the movement toward voluntary treatment: California Law Review Vol 62(3) May 1974, 671-1068.
• Wexler, D. B. (1985). APA's model law: A commitment code by and for psychiatrists: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(9) Sep 1985, 981-983.
• Wexler, D. B. (1985). Right to appeal commitment: Mental & Physical Disability Law Reporter Vol 9(6) Nov-Dec 1985, 410.
• Wexler, D. B. (1986). Grave disability and family therapy: The therapeutic potential of civil libertarian commitment codes: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 9(1) 1986, 39-56.
• Wexler, D. B. (1988). Reforming the law in action through empirically grounded civil commitment guidelines: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 39(4) Apr 1988, 402-405.
• Wexler, D. B., & et al. (1971). The administration of psychiatric justice: Theory and practice in Arizona: Arizona Law Review Vol 13(1) 1971, 1-259.
• Weyer, R. A. (1994). A sociological analysis of changing trends in mental health legislation: A case study of New Jersey's new involuntary Civil Commitment Law. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
• White, M. D., & White, C. A. (1981). Involuntarily committed patients' constitutional right to refuse treatment: A challenge to psychology: American Psychologist Vol 36(9) Sep 1981, 953-962.
• White, M. D., White, C. A., Cournos, F., McKinnon, K., Stanley, B., Storch, D. D., et al. (1993). Therapeutic issue I: Involuntary treatment and involuntary medication. Madison, WI, England: Brown & Benchmark/Wm C Brown Publ.
• Wilk, R. J. (1988). Implications of involuntary outpatient commitment for community mental health agencies: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Vol 58(4) Oct 1988, 580-591.
• Wilk, R. J. (1988). Involuntary outpatient commitment of the mentally ill: Social Work Vol 33(2) Mar-Apr 1988, 133-137.
• Wilk, R. J. (1994). Are the rights of people with mental illness still important? : Social Work Vol 39(2) Mar 1994, 167-175.
• Williams, J. G., Hall, J. E., & O'Hara, M. B. (1991). Treatment effects of separate commitment laws for mental illness and chemical dependency: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 42(4) Apr 1991, 420-422.
• Williams, W., Thornby, J., & Sandlin, P. D. (1989). Perceptions of prehospital dangerous behavior by psychiatric inpatients and their families: Journal of Psychiatry & Law Vol 17(1) Spr 1989, 21-37.
• Wilson, B. (1974). A quest for justice: My confinement in two institutions. Oxford, England: Exposition.
• Windholz, G. (1985). Psychiatric commitments of religious dissenters in Tsarist and Soviet Russia: Two case studies: Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes Vol 48(4) Nov 1985, 329-340.
• Windholz, G. (1987). The explicitly stated rationale for the involuntary commitment of the mentally ill given by the nineteenth-century German-speaking psychiatrists: Psychological Medicine Vol 17(2) May 1987, 291-295.
• Winick, B. J. (1991). Voluntary hospitalization after Zinermon v Burch: Psychiatric Annals Vol 21(10) Oct 1991, 584-589.
• Winick, B. J. (2001). The civil commitment hearing: Applying the law therapeutically. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Wise, T. N., & Berlin, R. M. (1987). Involuntary hospitalization: An issue for the consultation-liaison psychiatrist: General Hospital Psychiatry Vol 9(1) Jan 1987, 40-44.
• Wohl, J., & Palmer, A. B. (1973). Behavioral correlates of commitment: An abortive study: Psychological Reports Vol 33(3) Dec 1973, 707-711.
• Wolfman, S. (2006). Commentary: A Judiciary Point of View: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 43(3) 2006, 155-158.
• Wollert, R. (2001). An analysis of the argument that clinicians under-predict sexual violence in civil commitment cases: Commentary: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 19(1) 2001, 171-184.
• Wood, K. A. (1988). Commitment code revision's effect on psychologists' and psychiatrists' decision to hospitalize: Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Vol 19(1) Feb 1988, 58-62.
• Wood, W. D., & Swanson, D. A. (1985). Use of outpatient treatment during civil commitment: Law and practice in Nebraska: Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol 41(5) Sep 1985, 723-728.
• Work, B. (1986). Involuntary treatment: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 37(2) Feb 1986, 184.
• Yesavage, J. A., Werner, P. D., Becker, J. M., & Mills, M. J. (1982). The context of involuntary commitment on the basis of danger to others: A study of the use of the California 14-day certificate: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Vol 170(10) Oct 1982, 622-627.
• Yesavage, J. A., Werner, P. D., Becker, J. M., & Mills, M. J. (1982). Short-term civil commitment and the violent patient: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 139(9) Sep 1982, 1145-1149.
• Yip, S.-h. (2004). Social Workers' and Physicians' Experiences with Review Panels in British Columbia: Social Work in Mental Health Vol 2(1) 2004, 71-89.
• Yoshizumi, A., Seto, H., & Fuzibayashi, T. (2004). Crisis Intervention and Psychiatry: Focusing on the medical examination for involuntary hospitalization ordered by prefectural governor: Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) Vol 46(6) Jun 2004, 591-598.
• Young, J. L., Mills, M. J., & Sack, R. L. (1987). Civil commitment by conservatorship: The workings of California's law: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 15(2) 1987, 127-139.
• Young, J. T., Bloom, J. D., Faulkner, L. R., Rogers, J. L., & et al. (1987). Treatment refusal among forensic inpatients: Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 15(1) 1987, 5-13.
• Young, S. A., Frierson, R. L., Dwyer, G., & Shah, A. (2002). Commitment versus confinement: Therapeutic passes in the management of insanity acquittees: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 30(4) 2002, 563-567.
• Zahradnik, M. (1979). Psychotherapeutic aspects of forced hospitalization: Cesko-Slovenska Psychiatrie Vol 75(2) 1979, 135-139.
• Zakowska-Dabrowska, T., & Chlopocka-Wozniak, M. (1976). Escapes from the psychiatric wards: Psychiatria Polska Vol 10(1) 1976, 51-56.
• Zaplac, T. K. (2000). Parents' reactions to two Pennsylvania commitment laws for minors: A procedural justice analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
• Zeiler, J. (1986). Recalcitrant domestication: On the use and harm of treatment support: Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Vol 34(3) 1986, 271-279.
• Zeiss, R. A., Tanke, E. D., Fenn, H. H., & Yesavage, J. A. (1996). Dangerousness commitments: Indices of future violence potential? : Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 24(2) 1996, 247-253.
• Zemishlany, Z., & Melamed, Y. (2006). Authors' Response: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 43(3) 2006, 158.
• Zemishlany, Z., & Melamed, Y. (2006). The Impossible Dialogue between Psychiatry and the Judicial System: A Language Problem: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences Vol 43(3) 2006, 150-158.
• Zito, J. M., Lentz, S. L., Routt, W. W., & Olson, G. W. (1984). The Treatment Review Panel: A solution to treatment refusal? : Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Vol 12(4) 1984, 349-358.
• Zonana, H. V., Bonnie, R. J., & Hoge, S. K. (2003). In the wake of Hendricks: The treatment and restraint of sexually dangerous offenders viewed from the perspective of American psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Zucker, A., & Annarino, L. (1986). Department of law and ethics: Death Studies Vol 10(3) May-Jun 1986, 301-304.
• Zusman, J. (1985). APA's model commitment law and the need for better mental health services: Hospital & Community Psychiatry Vol 36(9) Sep 1985, 978-980.
• Zwerling, I. M., Conte, H. R., Plutchik, R., & Karasu, T. B. (1978). "No-commitment week": A feasibility study: American Journal of Psychiatry Vol 135(10) Oct 1978, 1198-1201.

External links

• National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse
• The views of Lawrence Stevens, J.D. who opposes involuntary commitment
• Victorian legislation and parliamentary documents (Australia) - search using "mental health act" for the latest version of the act
• Mental health review board site (Victoria, Australia) - the official site of the MHRB
• Keys to Commitment (A Guide for Family Members) by Robert J. Kaplan, J.D.
• State-by-state chart of U.S. commitment laws
• Psychiatric Imprisonment in Oregon
• Rogers Law, concerning involuntary treatment/commitment in Massachusetts
• Comprehensive Journal Article Discussing Civil Commitment Law and Reform Regarding Sex Offenders
• National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives
• AlterNet: Movie Mix: Must-See Indy Film Exposes Cruel Teen Correction Programs. URL accessed on 2007-07-08.
• Baker Act Reporting Center (related to Florida's Civil Commitment Statute)