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This article focuses on the characteristics of bullies. For further discussion of the behavior itself see [[bullying]]
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{{abuse}}
  
   
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A '''bully''' is an individual, thought to be emotionally dysfunctional, who [[torment|torments]] others through verbal [[harassment]], physical [[assault]], or other more subtle methods of [[coercion]].
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A '''bully''' is an individual, thought to be emotionally dysfunctional, who physically and [[psychologically intimidates]] others through verbal [[harassment]], physical [[assault]], or other more subtle methods of [[coercion]].
   
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Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are [[authoritarian]], combined with a strong need to control or [[dominance (ethology)|dominate]].<ref name=brodsky>''The Harassed Worker'', Brodsky, C. (1976), [[D.C. Heath and Company]], Lexington, Massachusetts.</ref> It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.<ref name="ashforth">''Petty tyranny in organizations'', Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)</ref> Some doctors have argued that a bully reflects the environment of his home, repeating the model he learned from his parents.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120905172434/www.nacion.com/2010-05-16/ElPais/FotoVideoDestacado/ElPais2369897.aspx ''Matonismo es la principal forma de violencia en el ‘cole’''], in [[La Nación (San José)|''La Nación'']], 16/05/2010, quotation: {{quotation|Orlando Urroz, subdirector del Hospital Nacional de Niños, explicó que el matonismo en los infantes es un reflejo del ambiente que viven en sus hogares. “El bullying no surge por generación espontánea, es un proceso de aprendizaje, de repetir los modelos de los padres”, detalló.}}</ref>
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== The behavior engaged in by bullies: bullying ==
  
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In colloquial speech, '''bullying''' is most often used to describe a form of [[harassment]] perpetrated by a [[child]] who is in some way more powerful than a weaker [[peer group|peer]].
  
   
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Further studies have shown that [[envy]] and [[resentment]] may be motives for bullying.<ref name=vari>''Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice'', Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.)(2003), Taylor & Francis, London.</ref> Research on the [[self-esteem]] of bullies has produced equivocal results.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pollastri AR, Cardemil EV, O'Donnell EH |title=Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |volume= 25|issue= 8|pages= 1489–502|year=2009 |month=December |pmid=20040706 |doi=10.1177/0886260509354579|last2=Cardemil}}</ref><ref name=bkn>{{Cite journal|first1=George M. |last1=Batsche |first2=Howard M. |last2=Knoff |year=1994 |title=Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools |journal=School Psychology Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=165–175 |url=http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/BULLIES_AND_THEIR_VICTIMS.doc}}</ref> While some bullies are [[arrogant]] and [[narcissistic]],<ref>[http://www.bullyonline.org/workbully/faq.htm Answers to frequently asked questions about workplace bullying]</ref> others can use bullying as a tool to conceal [[shame]] or [[anxiety]] or to boost self esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser him/herself feels empowered.<ref>[http://www.scribd.com/doc/7882659/Presentation-Bullying Presentation Bullying]</ref>
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Researchers accept generally that bullying contains three essential elements: “(1) the behavior is aggressive and negative; (2) the behavior is carried out repeatedly; and (3) the behavior occurs in a relationship where there is an imbalance of power between the parties involved.”[http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005310.pdf]
  
   
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Researchers have identified other risk factors such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patterson G |title=The bully as victim? |journal=Paediatric Nursing |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=27–30 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16372706}}</ref> and [[personality disorders]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kumpulainen K |title=Psychiatric conditions associated with bullying |journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=121–32 |year=2008 |pmid=18714551|doi=10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.121}}</ref> as well as quickness to [[anger]] and use of force, [[Behavioral addiction|addiction]] to [[Aggression|aggressive behaviors]], mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving [[self image]], and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.<ref name=vari2>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0143034397181001 |title=Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims |year=1997 |last1=Hazlerr |first1=R. J. |last2=Carney |first2=J. V. |last3=Green |first3=S. |last4=Powell |first4=R. |last5=Jolly |first5=L. S. |journal=School Psychology International |volume=18 |pages=5}}</ref> A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00145-1 |title=The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children |year=1998 |last1=Craig |first1=W.M.|journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=123–130}}</ref> In one recent study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.<ref name="Ferguson, 2011">{{cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Christopher J.|year=2011|title=Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents.|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|volume=40|issue=4|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220212209/http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Video%20Games%201%20Year.pdf}}</ref>
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Bullying is broken into two categories: 1) direct bullying, and 2) indirect bullying, also known as social or relational aggression.[http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2005/2005310.pdf] Direct bullying is the form most common to male bullies. Social/ relational/ indirect bullying is most common to female bullies and young children, and is characterized by forcing the victim into social isolation. This isolation is achieved through a wide variety of techniques, including: spreading gossip, refusing to socialize with the victim, bullying other people who wish todsafsdasdfasfasdfafd socialize with the victim, and criticizing the victim's manner of dress and other socially-significant markers (including the victim's race, religion, disability, etc).
  
   
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It is often suggested that bullying behavior has its origin in childhood. As a child who is inclined to act as a bully ages, his or her related behavior patterns will often also become more sophisticated. Schoolyard pranks and 'rough-housing' may develop into more subtle, yet equally effective adult-level activities such as administrative end-runs, well-planned and orchestrated attempts at [[character assassination]], or other less obvious, yet equally forceful forms of coercion.
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Bullying can occur in situations including in [[school]] or university, the [[workplace]], by neighbours, and between [[countries]] (See [[Jingoism]]). Whatever the situation, the power structure is typically evident between the bully and [[victim]]. It seems to those outside the relationship that the bully's power depends only upon the perception of the victim, with the victim being too [[intimidation|intimidated]] to put up effective resistance. However the victim usually has just cause to be afraid of the bully due to the threat and actually carrying out of physical/sexual violence, or loss of livelihood. Bullying (in addition to ignorance) is behind most claims of [[discrimination]] in the workplace.
  
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==See also==
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*[[Bystander behavior in bullying]]
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*[[Bystander intervention in bullying]]
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*[[Effects of bullying]]
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*[[Victims of bullying]]
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*[[Victimization]]
   
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==References==
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==Characteristics of bullies==
  
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<references/>
   
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Certain common traits have been postulated, in particular of males who bully others. Among these are a need to feel powerful and in control, pleasure at the suffering of others ''(see [[Sadism]]),'' lack of empathy for others and a pattern of blaming the victim. Upbringing is often blamed for the behavior, especially physical punishment and abuse at home, lack of parental warmth, and a culture of violence as a means of resolving problems. Bullies are often antisocial and disobedient, lack social skills and are often loners. [http://www.ctclearinghouse.org/Topics/topicView.asp?TopicID=57]
  
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Other researchers have identified a quickness to anger and the use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, a concern with preserving their self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions. (Hazler, R. J., Carney, J. V., Green, S., Powell, R., & Jolly, L. S. (1997). Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims. School Psychology International, 18, 3-12.)
  
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== Types of bullying ==
  
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Bullying is considered to be an obsessive and compulsive behavior, typically consisting of repeatedly acting, or saying things, so as to have power over another person. Bullies mainly use a combination of intimidation and humiliation to torment others. The following is some examples of bullying techniques:
 
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* Calling the victim [[insult|name]]s; accusing the victim of uselessness in all of his or her pursuits
  
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* Spreading [[gossip]] and rumours about the victim
  
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* Theft of minor belongings of the victim's
  
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* Demoting the victim without just cause
  
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* Making the victim do what he or she does not want to do, using threats to ensure that the victim follows orders
  
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* [[Cyberbullying]] through the use of various information technologies
  
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* Repeated physical assault on a person, be it to his or her body or property
  
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* Blackmail
  
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* Getting a victim into trouble with an authority figure, or incurring disciplinary action against the victim, for an indiscretion either not committed by the victim or for one that is exaggerated by the bully
  
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* Making derogatory remarks about a person's family, (particularly mother) about one's home, personal appearance, [[sexual orientation]], [[religion]], race, income level, or nationality
  
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== Locations of bullying ==
  
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Bullying can occur in schools, universities, families, between neighbours, and in workplaces.
  
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===Schools===
  
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In schools, bullying usually occurs in areas with minimal or no adult supervision. Common places include the school bus, cafeteria, hallways between classes, bathrooms, and the school-yard during recess.
  
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An extreme case of school-yard bullying is that of an eighth grader named [[Curtis Taylor]] at a middle school in Iowa who had been the victim of continuous bullying for three years, which included name-calling, being bashed into a locker, having chocolate milk poured down his sweatshirt and vandalism of his belongings. This drove him to [[suicide]] on [[March 21]], [[1993]].Some bully experts have termed this extreme reaction "[[bullycide]]".
  
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In the 1990s, the United States saw an epidemic of school shootings (of which the most notorious was the [[Columbine High School massacre]]). Many of the children behind these shootings claimed that they were the victims of bullies and that they resorted to [[violence]] only after the school administration repeatedly failed to intervene. In many of these cases, the victims of the shooters sued both the shooters' families and the schools.
 
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As a result of these trends, schools in many countries strongly discourage bullying, with programs designed to teach students cooperation, as well as training peer [[moderator]]s in [[intervention]] and [[dispute resolution]] techniques, as a form of [[peer support]].
  
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Since media coverage has exposed just how widespread bullying is, juries are more likely now to sympathize with victims. In recent years, many victims have been suing bullies directly for [[intentional infliction of emotional distress]], and including their school as a defendant under the principle of joint and several liability. American victims and their families have other legal recourse, such as suing a school or teacher for failure to adequately supervise, [[civil rights]] violations, racial or gender [[discrimination]] or [[harassment]], or other civil rights violations. Special education students who are victimized may sue a school or school board under the [[ADA]] or [[Section 504]].
  
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Bullying in schools (or other institutions of higher education) may also take the form of reduced grading, non-return of assignments, segregation of competent students by incompetent/non-performing teachers, for example, to protect the reputation of a college. This is so that their programmes and internal code of conduct are never questioned, and that parents (usually the ones paying the fees), are made to believe that their children are unable to cope with the course. Typically, these attitudes serve to create the unwritten policy of 'if you're stupid, you don't deserve feedback. if you're good, you don't need it.' Frequently, such institutions (usually in Asian countries) run a franchise programme with foreign (usually Western) institutions with the clause that foreign partners have no say in local grading or codes of conduct of staff involved on the local end. It serves to create a class of 'educated fools', people with degrees who have not learned to adapt to situations and create solutions by asking the right questions and solving problems.
  
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Bullying in school is often a result of earlier incidents in the bully's life. An awkward family situation or bullying from older children are often causes of such behavior. This way bullying strands from the fear of something different, which children are experts at picking out. You could have a child that has a perfect family, with no past incidents, that still turns into a bully because they spot something different. Anyone short, tall, red haired, foreign etc (basically different) can become victim of bullying from their peers.
  
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===Workplace===
  
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In the workplace, bullying is now one of the most contentious issues in the occupational health and safety arena.
  
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However, with respect to workplaces, there are few localities that are governed by legislation which specifically targets workplace bullying. This is because lawmakers fear that those rules could be used as leverage in other industrial or interpersonal matters. Therefore most bullying claims are conducted under discrimination laws. In the United Kingdom bullying in the workplace is against the law under The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
  
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===Cyberspace===
  
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Cyberbullying occurs in electronic space. It
 
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:"involves the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal Web sites, blogs, and defamatory online personal polling Web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others." - Bill Belsey
  
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===Familial===
  
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Bullying in the family is normally ignored by society unless it includes a form of [[physical abuse]] or [[sexual abuse]]. Once it does, outside parties such as the [[police]] and [[social services]] can get involved if the victim speaks up, or if the abuse has gone too far; the victim is in hospital or dead.
  
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===Neighborhood===
  
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Between neighbours, bullying normally takes the form of intimidation by nuisance behaviour, such as excessive noise to disturb sleep and normal living patterns, and reports to authorities such as the police for minor or made up incidents. The purpose of this form of behaviour is to make the victim so uncomfortable they move from their property. Not all nuisance behaviour is bullying: insensitivity can be an explanation.
  
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===Political===
  
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Bullying between countries occurs when a more powerful country such as a superpower decides to make a smaller one do its bidding. This is normally done with military force, the threat that aid and grants will not be given to the smaller country or the smaller country will not be allowed to join a trading organisation.
  
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===Military===
  
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Bullying in the military may occur when a superior persists in negative behavior toward his or her inferiors. Some argue that this behavior should be allowed because the military is not subject to normal civilian laws. Since military bullying is shielded from open investigation, subordinates may commit suicide out of lack of legal recourse. [[Deepcut Barracks]] in the UK is one example of the government refusing to conduct a full public enquiry to possible military bullying. In some countries, ritual [[hazing]] among recruits has been tolerated and even lauded as a "rite of passage" that builds character and toughness; while in others, systematic bullying of lower-ranking, young or physically slight recruits may in fact be encouraged by military policy, either tacitly or overtly (see ''[[dedovschina]]''). Also, the Russian armies usually have older/more experienced candidates abusing - kicking or punching - younger/less experienced soldiers.
  
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==Effects of bullying==
  
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Persistent bullying may have a number of effects on an individual, and in the environment where bullying takes place.
  
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Effects on the individual include:
  
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* Reactive Depression, a form of [[clinical depression]] caused by exogenous events
  
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* Post-traumatic stress disorder
  
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* [[Anxiety]]
  
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* Gastric problems
  
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* Unspecified aches and pains
  
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* Loss of [[self esteem]]
  
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* Relationship problems
  
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* Drug and alcohol abuse
  
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* Self-Injury/[[Self-harm]]
  
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* [[Suicide]] (also known as [[bullycide]])
  
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Effects on a school include:
  
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* High levels of [[truancy]]
  
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* High staff turnover
  
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* Disrespect for teachers
  
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* High level of absence for minor ailments
  
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* Weapon-carrying by children for protection
  
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* [[Legal action]]
  
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** Against the school or education authority
  
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** Against the bully's family
  
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Effects on the organisation such as a workplace:
  
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* Loss of [[morale]]
  
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* High level of sick leave absence for [[clinical depression|depression]], [[anxiety]] and [[backache]]
  
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* Decreased productivity and profit
 
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* High level of staff turnover
 
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* Loss of customers
  
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* Bad reputation in industry
 
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* Negative media attention
 
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* [[Lawsuit|Legal action]]
  
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** Against the organisation for personal injury
  
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** Against the organisation and individual bully under discrimination laws
  
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<!-- I'm commenting the following section out rather than delete it. See the talk page
  
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for a discussion of this section as possible original research. At the least,
  
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the section needs grammar/spelling clean-up and citation. Thanks, Throbblefoot
  
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==Ways to prevent/stop bullying and strategic methods==
  
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A multitude of methods can be deployed in order to deal with or stop the effects of this behaviour from affecting the individual being abused. However, much of this can be very unsuccessful and may need fairly ingenious and/or devious solutions which often change because of the bully getting to understand ways around this tactic.
  
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*'''Telling other people''' This is a situation in which the victim reports the incidents of abuse against them; however there are many problems with this method. There are often so many incidents that one cannot easily report a tremendous back-log of events they may have without people getting to the point of disbelief (for instance 1,460 cases of assault - roughly 3 times a day for approximately 12-15 months). Secondly, the person who is supposed to help can be a problem themselves due to incompetence and may refuse to listen.
  
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However, telling other people may help and telling authorities such as police forces, certain charities (including the NSPCC) or parents, head-master etc can be helpful (but it may be advisable for one to protect their identity by remaining anonymous when reporting). If one authority fails to take actions, there are procedures for complaint against that authority such as using inspectors or independent bodies for complaining.
  
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However, some people can be ineffective advice givers when speaking to them by saying things such as "Punch his lights out" or "Ignore it" (person denies any responsibility for tackling this issue).
  
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Certain web-sites may carry procedures on how to tackle this abuse, like this one for instance [Government of Canada advice and information http://www.gov.mb.ca/stopbullying/listen.html]. Some websites may have contacts that give advice to people also on what to do.
  
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*'''Fighting back''' This is something that can be a natural response (flight or flight) or a forced one. Although the abuser will often try to get the individual to fight back, possibly to intimidate them or to appear that they themselves are being victimised and are defending themselves from attack. Of course, one cannot allow themselves to be assaulted and means by reasonable force may be the only course of action to defend a person from injuries, this does not normally involve weapons. The use of self defence is a controversial issue and indeed in many situations, it may be appropriate; but like any battle, it can go pear shaped. Some fighting to can lead to some more severe injuries that seems to be present due to the fact that individuals are fighting so hard that they do not notice pain (common on the battle field) and can lead to horrific injuries. Although, the lack of pain can be useful as this allows the person to continue fighting without being repelled by pain.
  
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The use of weapons by both sides, leads to more horrific injuries in most cases.
  
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It is generally accepted that once under attack, that an individual can fight back to defend themselves as this is the only means to over-power the attacker once the fight has commenced. This is in the same way a cornered animal, will fight when threatened as its only means of escape is straight through you (if you corner it).
  
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Self defence courses are available and instructors are often keen to enable a person to learn self-defence but they often make clear, the consequences of abusing this tool by abusing others with your learned skills. Such self defence training is known as martial art. However, most people will not recommend that this is the way to tackle this issue.
  
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Usually, the larger and stronger the opponent is; the more likely they are to overcome you. But this is not always the case because you may have fought tactically (the general idea of martial art). Of course, one must take into consideration the fact that the enemy (particularly older people generally) can know more tactical methods of counter attacking.
  
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*'''Tactical management'''
  
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There are other ways that people can cope with this abuse also. For example, a person may decide that it is a good idea to take a dictaphone (small tape recorder) with them to show evidence of this bullying, but this is generally illegal in most countries (although most people would probably see it as being worth the cost).
  
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Other methods are things such as putting school work into a brief case rather than a school bag to prevent the offender from vandalising school work and paper-work. This however, may come with a price (i.e. the bully uses the brief-case as a weapon by taking it from you and hitting you with it). Such objects may also be deemed unacceptable in a school for safety reasons, although there is no evidence of that. Money may be stored in the brief-case, but this only works if they do not force you to open the case to give them the money.
  
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Other methods may be to lure them into a trap in which witnesses may be waiting. Witnesses may take pictures with mobile phone cameras or ordinary cameras as evidence and so forth.
  
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Walking about with other friends as protection may scare the bully into avoiding you.
  
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Make a record of the events as this may be able to be used to track down what is happening as evidence for making a complaint. Also record any actions from the people you talk to about this abuse, if there are reactions that you do not want such as being told off for complaining; write down who these people are and what they have done too.
  
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Finding other victims may also act as evidence. Ask them to back you up!
  
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Changing school or class-rooms are another way to avoid contact with these people.
  
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*'''Legal action'''
  
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Using your evidence, it may be possible to take legal action against the offender, possibly through sueing, claiming compensation, pressing charges, going to the media and so on. In the United Kingdom, such actions would be discussed with a legal adviser, solicitor or the citizens advice bureau.
  
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It is an offense to assault and hit people, sexually attack them, to use threatening behaviour, psychological abuse such as pestering and insulting, death threats, black-mail, defamation of character and so forth.
  
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People whom are responsible such as teachers can be fired for not doing their jobs if they are discovered to be allowing abuse to go on without it being investigated properly.
  
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-->
  
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==Fictional Bullies==
  
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* [[Slytherin]]s Draco Malfoy, Gregory Goyle and Vincent Crabbe from ''[[Harry Potter]]''
  
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* [[Gryffindor]]s Sirius Black, James Potter, Peter Pettigrew and Remus Lupin who formed a gang with the telling name ''Marauders'' from ''[[Harry Potter]]''
  
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* [[Gryffindor]]s Weasley-twins Fred and George from ''[[Harry Potter]]''
  
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* [[Eric Cartman]] from [[South Park]]
  
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* Derrick and "Onion" from [[Curtis (comic strip)]]
  
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* Bull Bushka from [[Funky Winkerbean]] (it would later be revealed in the strip that Bull grew up with an [[child abuse|abusive]] father)
  
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* Doyle Hargreves From [[Sling Blade]]
  
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* [[Nelson Muntz]], ''[[The Simpsons]]''
  
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* [[Ren Hoek]] from [[John K.]]'s famous ''[[Ren and Stimpy]]''.
  
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* [[Dwayne Myers]], ''[[Degrassi Junior High]]''
  
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* [[Angelica Pickles]] from [[Rugrats]]
  
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* The Gross Sisters, ''[[The Proud Family]]''
  
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* [[Iago]], though subtly, in [[Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] [[Othello]].
  
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* Mugsy from [[Johnny Bravo]]
  
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* [[A Clockwork Orange]]
  
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* [[Lord of the Flies]]
  
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* [[Judd Sergeant]], '' [[Survivor: Guatemala]]
  
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*[[Flats]] from [[SpongeBob SquarePants]]
  
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* Sperg and Mandy from [[The Grim Adventures Of Billy And Mandy]]
  
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* Kevin, Sarah, Rolf, Jimmy, Ed, Eddy, Nazz, Jonny, and the Kankers [[Ed, Edd n Eddy]]
  
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* [[Jarrod Graham]], '' [[Dawn house school (cyber bully]]
  
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* [[Anger Management]]
  
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* The gang from [[The Karate Kid]]
  
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* [[The Office]]
  
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* [[Malcolm in the middle]]
  
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* [[Biff Tannen]] from [[Back to the Future]]
  
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* George Liquor from [[Ren and Stimpy]]
  
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* [[Kate Sanders]] from [[Lizzie McGuire]]
  
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* [[Terrence Kazoo]] from [[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]
  
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* [[Donnie Turnbull]] from [[Robotboy]]
  
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* [[Roger Klotz]] from [[Doug]]
  
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* Finnigan from [[Star Trek]]
  
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* Angela Delvecchio from the [[Backyard Sports]] video game series
  
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* Loomer from [[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]].
  
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* [[Bobby Zilch]] from [[Psychonauts]].
  
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* Buster from Shining Time Station
  
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* Bulgy from Thomas & Friends
  
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* The Alpha Beta fraternity from [[Revenge of the Nerds]]
  
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* Cady,Regina, Gretchen, Karen, Janis, Damian from [[Mean Girls]]
  
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* Veronica, JD, Heather Chandler, Heather Duke, Heather McNamara from[[Heathers]]
  
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* Courtney from [[Jawbreaker]]
  
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* Dex Truggman from [[Jack & Bobby]]
  
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==Real Bullies==
  
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*[http://www.dell.com/ DELL INC] example [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/20/dell_sues_dell_man/ Dell sues Dell]
 
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==Books==
  
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* ''The Fight That Never Ends'' by Tim Brown
 
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* ''Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It '' by Andrea Adams
  
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* ''The Bully at Work: What You Can Do...''by Gary Namie and Ruth Namie
  
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* ''Bully in sight: How to predict, resist, challenge and combat workplace bullying'' by Tim Field
 
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* ''Bullycide, Death at Playtime'' by Neil Marr and Tim Field
  
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* [http://www.outofbullying.com ''A Journey Out of Bullying: From Despair to Hope''] by Patricia L. Scott
  
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* "Peer Abuse Know More! Bullying From A Psychological Perspective" By Elizabeth Bennett
  
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==See also==
 
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*''[[Bully (film)]]''
  
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*''[[Bully (game)]]''
  
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*''[[Odd Girl Out]]''
  
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*[[Teasing]]
  
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*[[Mobbing]]
  
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*[[Cyberbullying]]
  
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*[[Street Harassment]]
  
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==External links==
  
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http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/work-bully-support/ A group helping people who are being bullied in the workplace.
  
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* [http://www.bullying.co.uk Bullying Online] A UK charity
  
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* [http://www.bullyeq.com Bullying and emotional intelligence]
  
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* [http://www.acas.org.uk/ ACAS] Information on Bullying and Harassment at Work (go to "Our publications" and search for "Bullying")
  
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* [http://www.bullying.org www.bullying.org "Where you are NOT alone!"]
  
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* [http://www.education.unisa.edu.au/bullying Bullying in schools (Australia - schools)]
 
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* [http://www.dfes.gov.uk/bullying Bullying in schools (UK - schools)]
 
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* [http://www.jfo.org.uk Just Fight On!] (Bullying in workplaces)
  
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* [http://www.wrongplanet.net/asperger.html?name=Articles&pa=showpage&pid=4 How to Stop Bullies]
  
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* [http://www.peerabuse.info Peer Abuse Know More!]
  
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* [http://www.safecanada.ca/topic_e.asp?category=28 Canadian anti-bullying safety database]
  
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* [http://www.mystupidboss.com/msb/WorkplaceBullying.aspx Bullying in the workplace]
  
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[[Category:Abuse]]
  
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Latest revision as of 23:35, 21 July 2020

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Bullying
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Articles related to Abuse

Types of bullying

Forms of bullying

Aspects

Related concepts

This article focuses on the characteristics of bullies. For further discussion of the behavior itself see bullying

A bully is an individual, thought to be emotionally dysfunctional, who physically and psychologically intimidates others through verbal harassment, physical assault, or other more subtle methods of coercion.

Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[1] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[2] Some doctors have argued that a bully reflects the environment of his home, repeating the model he learned from his parents.[3]

Further studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[4] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[5][6] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[7] others can use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser him/herself feels empowered.[8]

Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[9] and personality disorders,[10] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[11] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[12] In one recent study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[13]

It is often suggested that bullying behavior has its origin in childhood. As a child who is inclined to act as a bully ages, his or her related behavior patterns will often also become more sophisticated. Schoolyard pranks and 'rough-housing' may develop into more subtle, yet equally effective adult-level activities such as administrative end-runs, well-planned and orchestrated attempts at character assassination, or other less obvious, yet equally forceful forms of coercion.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Harassed Worker, Brodsky, C. (1976), D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts.
  2. ↑ Petty tyranny in organizations, Ashforth, Blake, Human Relations, Vol. 47, No. 7, 755-778 (1994)
  3. ↑ Matonismo es la principal forma de violencia en el ‘cole’, in La Nación, 16/05/2010, quotation:

    Orlando Urroz, subdirector del Hospital Nacional de Niños, explicó que el matonismo en los infantes es un reflejo del ambiente que viven en sus hogares. “El bullying no surge por generación espontánea, es un proceso de aprendizaje, de repetir los modelos de los padres”, detalló.


  4. ↑ Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice, Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.)(2003), Taylor & Francis, London.
  5. ↑ Pollastri AR, Cardemil EV, O'Donnell EH (December 2009). Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25 (8): 1489–502.
  6. ↑ (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools. School Psychology Review 23 (2): 165–175.
  7. ↑ Answers to frequently asked questions about workplace bullying
  8. ↑ Presentation Bullying
  9. ↑ Patterson G (December 2005). The bully as victim?. Paediatric Nursing 17 (10): 27–30.
  10. ↑ Kumpulainen K (2008). Psychiatric conditions associated with bullying. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 20 (2): 121–32.
  11. ↑ (1997). Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims. School Psychology International 18: 5.
  12. ↑ (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children. Personality and Individual Differences 24 (1): 123–130.
  13. ↑ Ferguson, Christopher J. (2011). Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents.. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40 (4).


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