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Animals · Animal ethology · Comparative psychology · Animal models · Outline · Index


Flock of sheep

Animal husbandry

Animals that live under human care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock and pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Keeping animals in human captivity and under human care can thus be distinguished between three primary categories according to the particular motives, objectives and conditions.

Categories[]

Animal husbandry[]

Keeping and breeding livestock domesticated for economic reasons in farms, stud farms and similar establishments.

Pet keeping[]

Keeping pets domesticated for personal reasons mostly at private homes.

Wild animal keeping[]

Keeping wild, non-domesticated animals in menageries, zoos, aquaria, marine mammal parks or dolphinariums and similar establishments for various reasons:

MixedBreedFace1 wb

Dogs and other pets are kept for personal companionship and outdoor activities

History[]

The domestication of animals is the oldest documented keeping of animals in captivity. The result was habituation of wild animal species to survive in the company of, or by the labor of, human beings. Domesticated species are those whose behaviour, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions under human control for multiple generations. Probably the earliest known domestic animal has been the dog, likely as early as 15000 BC among hunter-gatherers in several locations.

Throughout history not only domestic animals as pets and livestock were kept in captivity and under human care, but also wild animals. Some were failed domestication attempts. Also, in past times, primarily wealthy men, aristocrats and kings collected wild animals for various reasons. Contrary to domestication, the ferociousness and natural behaviour of the wild animals were preserved and exhibited. Today's zoos claim other reasons for keeping animals under human care: conservation, education and science.

Mexican wolf lounging

A critically endangered Mexican Gray Wolf is kept in captivity for breeding purposes.


Behavior of animals in captivity[]

Captive animals, especially those which are not domesticated, sometimes develop repetitive, apparently purposeless motor behaviors called stereotypical behaviors. These behaviors are thought to be caused by the animals' abnormal environment. Many who keep animals in captivity, especially in zoos and related institutions and in research institutions, attempt to prevent or decrease stereotypical behavior by introducing novel stimuli, known as environmental enrichment.

Aspects of captivity by species[]

Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity

See also[]

Animal Husbandry:

Pet Keeping:

  • Pet
  • European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals

Wild Animal Keeping:

  • Menagerie
  • Zoological garden
  • Aquarium
  • Marine mammal park
  • Dolphinarium
  • Cultural history

Cruelty to Animals and Animal Welfare:

See also[]

References[]

Books[]

  • Bayne, K., & Henrickson, R. (1994). Regulations and guidelines applicable to animals maintained in indoor seminaturalistic facilities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Besch, E. L., & Kollias, G. V., Jr. (1994). Physical, chemical, and behavioral factors in large low-density naturalistic animal facilities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Doherty, J. G., & Gibbons, E. F., Jr. (1994). Managing naturalistic animal environments in captivity. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Gibbons, E. F., Jr., Wyers, E. J., Waters, E., & Menzel, E. W., Jr. (1994). Naturalistic environments in captivity for animal behavior research. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Glickman, S. E., & Caldwell, G. S. (1994). Studying natural behavior in artificial environments: The problem of "salient elements." Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • O'Leary, K. D. (1994). Whither the naturalistic study of animals in captivity: A view from the chair. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Stoskopf, M. K., & Gibbons, E. F., Jr. (1994). Quantitative evaluation of the effects of environmental parameters on the physiology, behavior, and health of animals in naturalistic captive environments. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • West, M., & King, A. (1994). Research habits and research habitats: Better behavior through social chemistry. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Wyers, E. J. (1994). Comments on behavioral research in naturalistic settings. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Papers[]

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