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Amineptine chemical structure
Amineptine

7-[(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-
cyclohepten-5-yl)amino]heptanoic acid

IUPAC name
CAS number
57574-09-1
ATC code

N06AA19

PubChem
34869
DrugBank
?
Chemical formula {{{chemical_formula}}}
Molecular weight 337.455 g/mol
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism Hepatic
Elimination half-life 48 mins (original drug)
2.5 hours (metabolites)[1]
Excretion Renal
Pregnancy category ?
Legal status United Nations: Schedule II
Canada: Schedule III
USA: Unscheduled
UK: Unscheduled
Routes of administration Oral

Amineptine (Maneon® (Italy), Survector® (Spain, Italy, Philippines) is an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect.

Introduced in France in 1978 by the pharmaceutical giant Servier[2] and marketed under the trade name Survector®, amineptine soon gained a reputation for abuse due to its short-lived, but pleasant, stimulant effect experienced by some patients. (This is to be distinguished from its antidepressant effect, which appears in approximately 7 days after commencing treatment.) This led to the Food and Drug Administration suspending the marketing authorisation for Survector® in 1999 and France withdrew it from the market, however several developing countries continued to produce it up until 2005.

Currently amineptine is off-patent and very difficult to obtain. Rare cases of hepatotoxicity, some serious, have been reported, but these were thought to be due to a genetic predisposition.

Therapeutic indications[]

Approved[]

Amineptine was approved in France for severe clinical depression of endogenous origin in 1978.[3]

Unapproved/Off-Label/Investigational[]

Parkinson's Disease, amotivational syndromes, ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

Mechanism of action[]

Side effects[]

Dermatological[]

Severe acne due to amineptine was first reported in 1988 by various authors—Grupper, Thioly-Bensoussan, Vexiau, Fiet, Puissant, Gourmel, Teillac, Levigne, to name a few—simultaneously[4][5][6][7][8] in the same issue of Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie and in the 12 March 1988 of The Lancet.[9] A year later, Dr Martin-Ortega and colleagues in Barcelona, Spain reported a case of "acneiform eruption" in a 54-year-old woman whose intake of amineptine was described as "excessive."[10] One year after that, Vexiau and colleagues reported six women, one of whom never admitted to using amineptine, getting severe acne concentrated in the face, back and thorax, the severity of which varied with the dosage.[11] Most of them were treated unsuccessfully with isotretinoin (Accutane®) for about 18 months; two of the three that discontinued amineptine experienced a reduction in cutaneous symptoms, with the least affected patient going into remission.[11]

This can be seen as a general side effect of central dopamine enhancement, due to the inhibitory effect of dopamine on prolactine, with the subsequent increase in testosterone output, leading in turn to the same potential for acne as is typical of pubescents.

Psychiatric[]

Psychomotor excitation can very rarely occur with this drug.[12]

  • Nervousness (very rare)
  • Irritability (very rare)
  • Insomnia (very rare)
  • Suicidal ideation (very rare) Seen in beginning of treatment. By lifting of psychomotor inhibition. Increase monitoring at the beginning of treatment.

Cardiovascular[]

Hepatic[]

Amineptine can very rarely cause hepatitis, of the cytolytic, cholestatic varieties.[13] Amineptine-induced hepatitis, which is sometimes preceded by a rash, is believed to be due to an allergic reaction.[14] It resolves upon discontinuation of the offending drug.[13] The risk of getting this may or may not be genetically determined.[15]

Additionally, amineptine is known to rarely elevate transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin.[16]

Mixed hepatitis, which is very rare, generally occurs between the 15th and 30th day of treatment. Often preceded by sometimes intense abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting or a rash, the jaundice is variable. Hepatitis is either of mixed type or with cholestatic prevalence. The evolution was, in all the cases, favorable to the discontinuation of the drug. The mechanism is discussed (immunoallergic and/or toxic).

    • Concours Med 1982; 104:5733-5734.

In circa 1994 Spain, there was a case associating acute pancreatitis and mixed hepatitis, after three weeks of treatment.[17]

Lazaros and colleagues at the Western Attica General Hospital in Athens, Greece reported two cases of drug induced hepatitis 18 and 15 days of treatment.[18]

One case of cytolytic hepatitis occurred after ingestion of only one tablet.[19]

Gastrointestinal[]

  • Acute pancreatitis (very rare) A case associating acute pancreatitis and mixed hepatitis after three weeks of treatment.[17]

Immunological[]

In 1989, Sgro and colleagues at the Centre de Pharmacovigilance in Dijon reported a case of anaphylactic shock in a woman who had been taking amineptine.[20]

Effects on the unborn child[]

  • Non-teratogenic in animals
  • Lacking information in humans

Abuse and Dependence[]

The risk of addiction is low, but it is there nonetheless. Between 1978 and 1988, there were 186 cases of amineptine addiction reported to the French Regional Centres of Pharmacovigilance; an analysis of 155 of those cases found that they were predominantly female, and that two-thirds of cases had known risk factors for addiction.[21] However, a 1981 study of known opiate addicts and schizophrenia patients found no drug addiction in any of the subjects.[22] In a 1990 study of eight amineptine dependence cases, the gradual withdrawal of amineptine could be achieved without problems in six people; in two others, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, and/or bulimia appeared.[23]

Precautions for use[]

Contraindications[]

References[]

AMINEPTINE CHLORHYDRATE. BIAM. URL accessed on 27 October, 2005.

Notes[]

  1. Lachatre G Riche C, Dumont D, Defrance R, Mocaer E, Nicot G (1989). Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amineptine and of its main metabolite in healthy young adults. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 3 (1): 19-26.
  2. Sittig, Marshall [June 1979] (1988-04-01). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, Park Ridge, New Jersey, United States American: William Andrew Publishing/Noyes Publications. ISBN 0-8155-1144-2. URL accessed 2005-10-29.
  3. Doctissimo (2005). SURVECTOR - Amineptine. URL accessed on 27 October, 2005.
  4. Grupper C (1988). [New iatrogenic acne: acne caused by amineptin (Survector)]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 115 (11): 1174-6. PMID 2977079. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  5. Thioly-Bensoussan D, Charpentier A, Triller R, Thioly F, Blanchet P, Tricoire N, Noury JY, Grupper C (1988). [Iatrogenic acne caused by amineptin (Survector). Apropos of 8 cases]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 115 (11): 1177-80. PMID 2977080. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  6. Vexiau P, Gourmel B, Husson C, Castot A, Rybojad M, Julien R, Fiet J, Puissant A, Cathelineau G (1988). [Severe lesions of acne type induced by chronic amineptin poisoning: apropos of 6 cases]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 115 (11): 1180-2. PMID 2977081. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  7. Teillac D, Weber MJ, Lowenstein W, de Prost Y (1988). [Acne caused by Survector]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 115 (11): 1183-4. PMID 2977082. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  8. Levigne V, Faisant M, Mourier C, Garcier F, Millon-Paitel M, Barthelemy H, Claudy A (1988). [Monstrous acne in the adult. Inducer role of Survector?] 115 (11): 1184-5. PMID 2977083. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  9. Vexiau P, Gourmel B, Julien R, Husson C, Fiet J, Puissant A, Dreux C, Cathelineau G (1988). Severe acne-like lesions caused by amineptine overdose. Lancet 1 (8585): 585. PMID 2894512. List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  10. Martin-Ortega E, Zamora E, Herrero C, Palou J (1989). [Acneiform eruption induced by amineptin (Survector)]. Medicina Cutanea Ibero-Latino-Americana 17 (6): 414-6. PMID 2534534. [Article in Spanish] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  11. 11.0 11.1 Vexiau P, Gourmel B, Castot A, Husson C, Rybojad M, Julien R, Fiet J, Hardy N, Puissant A, Cathelineau G (1990). Severe acne due to chronic amineptine overdose. Archives of Dermatological Research 282 (2): 103-7. PMID 2141246. List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  12. AMINEPTINE CHLORHYDRATE. BIAM. URL accessed on 27 October, 2005.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Bories P, Pomier-Layrargues G, Chotard JP, Citron D, Capron-Chivrac D, Capron JP, Michel H. (1980). [Amineptine-induced cholestatic hepatitis. 5 cases (author's transl)]. La Nouvelle Presse Medicale 9 (48): 3689-92. PMID 7454584. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  14. Pessayre D, Larrey D. (1988). Acute and chronic drug-induced hepatitis.. Bailliere's Clinical Gastroenterology 2 (2): 385-422. PMID 3044468. List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  15. Larrey D, Pageaux GP (1997). Genetic predisposition to drug-induced hepatotoxicity.. Journal of Hepatology 26 (Suppl 2): 12-21. PMID 9204405. List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  16. [No authors listed] (1999). [Drug-induced liver disorders. Questions for Professor Daniel Dhumeaux]. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 23 (8-9): 917-20. PMID 10533145. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  17. 17.0 17.1 Sebastian Domingo, J. J., M. A. Simon Marco and R. Uribarrena Echebarria (March 1994). Hepatic and pancreatic injury associated with amineptine therapy. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 18 (2): 168-9. PMID 8189020.
  18. Lazaros, GA, Stavrinos C, Papatheodoridis GV, Delladetsima JK, Toliopoulos A, Tassopoulos NC (July-August 1996). Amineptine induced liver injury. Report of two cases and brief review of the literature.. Hepato-gastroenterology 43 (10): 1015-9. PMID 8884331.
  19. Jonville, AP, Dutertre JP, Autret E (1992). [Immediate acute hepatic cytolysis after the administration of a single amineptin tablet]. Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique 16 (4): 368. PMID 1397859.
  20. Sgro C, Lacroix S, Waldner A, Lacroix M, Ferrut O, Bureau A. (Sep-Oct 1989). [Anaphylactic shock caused by amineptine. Report of a case]. La Revue de Medecine Interne 10 (5): 461-2. PMID 2488491. List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  21. Castot A, Benzaken C, Wagniart F, Efthymiou ML (1990). [Amineptin abuse. Analysis of 155 cases. An evaluation of the official cooperative survey of the Regional Centers of Pharmacovigilance]. Therapie 45 (5): 399-405. PMID 2260032. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  22. Deniker P, Loo H, Zarifian E, Peron P, Benyacoub A, Roux JM, Kamoun A (1981). [Amineptine and amotival syndrome (author's transl)]. L'Encephale 7 (1): 59-64. PMID 7227285. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  23. Bertschy G, Luxembourger I, Bizouard P, Vandel S, Allers G, Volmat R (1990). [Amineptin dependence. Detection of patients at risk. Report of 8 cases]. L'Encephale 16 (5): 405-9. PMID 2265603. [Article in French] List of Library Holdings Worldwide

See also[]


External links[]


Antidepressants (ATC N06A) edit
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) Harmaline, Iproclozide, Iproniazid, Isocarboxazid, Nialamide, Phenelzine, Selegiline, Toloxatone, Tranylcypromine
Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) Brofaromine, Moclobemide
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DARI) Amineptine, Phenmetrazine, Vanoxerine, Modafinil
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors Bupropion
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) or (NARI) Atomoxetine, Maprotiline, Reboxetine, Viloxazine
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) Duloxetine, Milnacipran, Venlafaxine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Alaproclate, Etoperidone, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Zimelidine
Selective serotonin reuptake enhancer (SSRE) Tianeptine
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Butriptyline, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Dibenzepin, Dothiepin, Doxepin, Imipramine, Iprindole, Lofepramine, Melitracen, Nortriptyline, Opipramol, Protriptyline, Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants Maprotiline, Mianserin, Nefazodone, Trazodone
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) Mirtazapine
pt:Amineptina
ru:Аминептин
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