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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful psychedelic tryptamine. It is found in a wide variety of plant and psychoactive toad species and, like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin (5-HO-DMT), it has been used as an entheogen by South American shamans for thousands of years.
Chemistry[]
5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in 1936, and in 1959 it was isolated as one of the psychoactive ingredients of Anadenanthera peregrina seeds used in preparing Yopo snuff. It was once believed to be a major component of the psychoactive effects of the snuff. It occurs in many organisms that contain bufotenin (5-OH-DMT), and is the O-methyl analogue of that compound. It is metabolized mainly by CYP2D6.[1]
History[]
Traditionally 5-MeO-DMT has been used in psychedelic snuff made from virola bark resin, and may be a trace constituent of ayahuasca when plants such as Diplopterys cabrerana are used as an admixture. 5-MeO-DMT is also found in the venom of the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius), although there is no direct evidence this was used as a hallucinogen until recent times.
Pharmacology[]
5-MeO-DMT is a methoxy analogue of DMT. Its pharmacological action is mainly through serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Specifically, this molecule shows high affinity for the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A subtypes.[2] Additional mechanisms of action such as inhibition of monoamine reuptake may be involved also.[3]
Use and effects[]
Bufo alvarius, which has 5-MeO-DMT in its venom and skin.
When used as a drug in its purified form, 5-MeO-DMT is smoked, insufflated, or injected and is active at a dose of as little as 2 mg. 5-MeO-DMT is also active orally, when taken with a MAOI, but according to numerous reports, the combination with MAOI is extremely unpleasant and has a strong body load. Additional mechanisms of action such as inhibition of MAOI may be involved also; According to the researcher Jonathan Ott, 5-MeO-DMT is active orally with doses over 30 mg without aid of an MAOI.
The onset of effects occurs within seconds after smoking/injecting, or minutes after insufflating, and the experience is sometimes described as similar to a near-death experience. Peak effects last for approximately 5–10 minutes when smoked. When insufflated, the peak effects are considerably less intense, but last for 15–25 minutes on average.
Although similar in many respects to its close relatives DMT and bufotenin (5-OH-DMT), the effects are typically not as visual. Some users report experiencing no visual effects from it even at very high doses.[4]
Some report the effects to be unpleasant causing nausea and the feeling of being "sat on by an elephant".[5]
Erowid lists the following effects for smoked 5-MeO-DMT:[4]
Positive[]
- immersive experiences
- powerful "rushing" sensation
- radical perspective shifting
- profound life-changing spiritual experiences
- some people experience erotic / sensual enhancement
- occasional euphoria
- internal visions (actual visual effects not as common)
Neutral[]
- short duration
- change in perception of time
- experience of "the void"
- lack of memory of experience
- muscle jerking, twitching, abnormal vocalizations
- unconsciousness / nonresponsiveness lasting 5–20 minutes
- dissociation
Negative[]
- overly intense experiences, Fear, Dysphoria, Panic
- nausea[5]
- sense of pressure in the body[5]
- difficulty integrating experiences
- fast onset and intensity can lead to problems if not prepared (dropped pipe, knocking things over, falling & hitting head, etc.)
Legality[]
International Law[]
Denmark[]
As of December 1, 2004, 5-MeO-DMT is legally restricted to "medical or scientific purposes". See EMCDDA.
Germany[]
Schedule I / Highest level of control, unable to be prescribed, manufactured, or possessed as of Sep, 1999. (listed as [2-(5-Methoxyindol-3-yl)ethyl]dimethylazan)[6]
Greece[]
5-MeO-DMT became a controlled substance in Greece on February 18, 2003 [EU Legal Database].
New Zealand[]
5-MeO-DMT is Schedule I (Class A) in New Zealand.
Sweden[]
Controlled in Sweden as of October 1, 2004 (see notisum.se)
Switzerland[]
5-MeO-DMT is Schedule I in Switzerland. [unconfirmed]
Romania[]
5-MeO-DMT is illegal in Romania since February 2010.
US Federal Law[]
On August 21, 2009, the Drug Enforcement Administration issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to initiate placing 5-MeO-DMT into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (the most restrictive category).[7] Comment DEA-2009-0008-0007.1 requested a 180 day extension of the period for public comment and requests for hearings, objected to the proposed rule on multiple grounds including Constitutional issues, identified the submitter as a person who would be "adversely affected and aggrieved by the proposed ruling" and requested an exemption for religious use if DEA did place 5-MeO-DMT in Schedule I "as an attempt to define and clarify some legal issues."[8]
On September 29 and 30, 2009, the DEA posted the Supporting & Related Materials for the NPRM while retaining the September 21, 2009 Due date for comments.[9]
On October 28, 2009 DEA reopened the period for public comment because it had not posted two Supporting & Related Materials documents online during the original period for public comment. Documents and comments were split between Docket ID: DEA-2009-0008 and Docket ID: DEA-2009-0013 in a manner which creates difficulty and in viewing all documents and determining where and how to submit comments online. The two Supporting & Related Materials documents were not posted to Docket ID: DEA-2009-0013 until November 3, 2009 but the 30 day period for public comment was not changed from November 27, 2009.[10]
5-MeO-DMT has been added to Schedule I, effective January 19, 2011. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (sell, trade or give) without a DEA license.[11]
US State Law[]
Nebraska[]
Schedule I[12]
Oklahoma[]
Schedule I[13]
S. Dakota[]
Schedule I[14]
See also[]
- 4-MeO-DMT
- 5-MeO-AMT
- 5-MeO-DIPT
- 5-EtO-DMT
- Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT)
- Dimemebfe
- List of entheogens
References[]
- ↑ Shen HW, Jiang XL, Winter JC, Yu AM. Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions. Current Drug Metabolism. 2010 Oct;11(8):659-66. PMID 20942780
- ↑ (2006). The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology 189 (3): 319–329.
- ↑ Nagai F, Nonaka R, Satoh Hisashi Kamimura K (March 2007). The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain. European Journal of Pharmacology 559 (2-3): 132–7.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Erowid. Effects.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Psychedelic Chemistry by Michael Valentine Smith, Page 40, ISBN 0-915179-10-5 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Psychedelic Chemistry Page 40" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ see Deutsche BtMG or http://www.silicium-sensei.de/projecte/drugs/news/news.html
- ↑ DEA-2009-0008. Placement of 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act by DEA, August 2009.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDEA-2009-0008-0007.1 - ↑ DEA-2009-0008.
- ↑ DEA-2009-0013.
- ↑ DEA_FRDOC_0001-0076.
- ↑ (2005). Statutes Relating to Pharmacy. (PDF) Nebraska Health and Human Services System. URL accessed on 2008-07-04.
- ↑ Section 2-204 - Schedule I.
- ↑ SB 25 revise the schedule of certain controlled....
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