Stereotyped attitudes

Stereotypes are considered to be a group concept, held by one social group about another. They are often used in a negative or prejudicial sense and are frequently used to justify certain discriminatory behaviours. More benignly, they may express sometimes-accurate folk wisdom about social reality.

Often a stereotype is a negative caricature or inversion of some positive characteristic possessed by members of a group, exaggerated to the point where it becomes repulsive or ridiculous.

Stereotype production is based on:
 * Simplification
 * Exaggeration or distortion
 * Generalization
 * Presentation of cultural attributes as being 'natural'.

Stereotypes are seen by many as undesirable beliefs which can be altered through education and/or familiarization. However, stereotypes need not be confined to negative characterizations about individuals or groups, and can thus have positive characterizations.

There are also genuinely positive stereotypes about groups. Some groups have, as a deliberate political strategy, tried to evolve new genuine positive stereotypes for themselves.

Stereotypes of groups by other groups
Common stereotypes include a variety of allegations about groups based around: race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, nationality, or religious belief; also profession and social class (see social stereotype).

Stereotypes within groups
A variety of stereotypes usually exist within major social groups, and relate to the variety of identified sub-groups that exist within their own group. For instance, western urban lesbian sub-culture has strong sub-group stereotypes about: butch and femme lesbians; bisexuals; granola dykes; and many other sub-groups within the lesbian subculture.

Stereotypes in culture
Stereotypes are common in the world of drama, where the term is often used as a form of dramatic shorthand for "stock character". In literature and art, stereotypes are clich&eacute;d or predictable characters or situations. For example, the stereotypical devil is a red, impish character with horns and a pitchfork (actually a trident), whilst the stereotypical salesman is a slickly-dressed, fast-talking individual who cannot usually be trusted. The Italian Commedia Dell'arte was known for its stock characters and stock situations, which could be considered drama stereotypes. Throughout history, storytellers have drawn from stereotypical characters and situations, in order to quickly connect the audience with new tales. Sometimes such stereotypes can be very complex and sophisticated, such as Shakespeare's Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.

The instantly recognisable nature of stereotypes mean that they are very useful in producing effective advertising and situation comedy. Media stereotypes change and evolve over time - for instance, we now instantly recognise only a few of the stereotyped characters shown to us in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, and the stereotypical 1970s effeminate gay man depicted by John Inman in Are You Being Served? is rarely seen in the media today and may even completely baffle young viewers in future decades.

The teen sitcom, Saved By The Bell features a typical group of high school stereotypes such as a bully, a jock, a nerd, a cheerleader, a rich girl and a smart girl.

Etymology
The word stereotype was invented by Firmin Didot in the world of printing; it was originally a duplicate impression of an original typographical element, used for printing instead of the original. Over time, this became a metaphor for any set of ideas repeated identically, en bloc, with minor changes. In fact, clich&eacute; and stereotype were both originally printers' words, and in their literal printers' meanings were synonymous. Specifically, clich&eacute; was an onomatopoetic word for the sound that was made during the stereotyping process when the matrix hit molten metal.

Lists

 * List of stereotypical characters in the world of drama
 * List of common phrases based on stereotypes