Coprophagia

Coprophagia is the consumption of feces, from the Greek copros (feces) and phagein (eat). Many animal species have evolved to practice coprophagia; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions. Only in rare cases is it practiced by humans.

Evolved coprophagia


Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals; these feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food. (Herbivore digestive systems are especially inefficient.) The most famous dung-eating insect is dung-beetle and the most ubiquitous being the fly.

Pigs are most commonly associated with eating not only their own feces, but those of other animals and humans. In parts of the third world, where villager dwellers excrete in the open, pigs are known to eat this excretia.

Rabbits, cavies (guinea pigs) and related species do not have the complicated ruminant digestive system. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft caecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not re-eaten.

Young elephants eat the feces of their mother to obtain the necessary bacteria for the proper digestion of the vegetation found on the savannah. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria. Without them, these elephants would be unable to get any nutritional value from plants.

Gorillas eat their own feces and the feces of other gorillas.

Hamsters eat their own droppings; this is thought to be a source of vitamins B and K, produced by bacteria in the gut. Apes have been observed eating horse droppings for the salt. Monkeys have been observed to eat elephant droppings.

Theories on Dogs
Coprophagia is a behavior sometimes observed by dog owners. Hofmeister, Cumming, and Dhein (2001) wrote that this behavior in dogs has not been well-researched, and are currently preparing a study. In a preliminary paper, they write that there are various theories for this, although none have been proven:
 * To get attention from their owners.
 * From anxiety, stress, or having been punished for bad behaviors.
 * From boredom.
 * In an attempt to clean up in crowded conditions.
 * When dogs observe their owners picking up feces, and imitate this behavior (allelomimetic behavior). This is highly improbable because the behaviour has also been observed in environments where owners never picked up the dog's (or other) feces.
 * Because puppies taste everything and discover that feces are edible and, perhaps, tasty, especially when fed a high fat content diet.
 * Because dogs are, by nature, scavengers, and this is within the range of scavenger behavior.
 * To prevent the scent from attracting predators, especially mother dogs eating their offspring's feces.
 * Because the texture and temperature of fresh feces approximates that of regurgitated food, which is how canine mothers in the wild would provide solid food.
 * Because of the protein content of the feces (particularly cat feces), or over-feeding, leading to large concentrations of undigested matter in the feces.
 * Due to assorted health problems, including:
 * Pancreatitis
 * Intestinal infections
 * Food allergies, creating mal-absorption
 * Because they are hungry, such as when eating routines are changed, food is withheld, or nutrients are not properly absorbed.
 * As a dieting technique
 * Carnivores may sometimes eat the feces of their prey to ingest and exude scents which camouflage their own.

Some vets recommend putting meat tenderizer in dogfood, since this makes the feces taste excessively bad to dogs. Several companies produce food additives that can also be added to the animal's food to make feces taste bad.

Humans
Coprophagia is extremely uncommon in humans. It is generally thought to be the result of the paraphilia known as coprophilia, although it is only diagnosable in extreme cases where it disturbs one's functioning. From the medical literature, coprophagia has been observed in a small number of patients with dementia, schizophrenia and depression. Consuming other people's feces carries the risk of contracting diseases spread through fecal matter, such as hepatitis. Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, pneumonia, and influenza vaccinations are generally recommended for those who engage in this practice. Consuming one's own feces potentially involves risk, as the bowel bacteria and eggs of parasitic worms are not safe to ingest. Similar risk can apply to related sexual practices, such as anilingus or inserting an object into the mouth that has recently been in the anus (see ass to mouth). The practice of coprophagia in humans is also depicted in a handful of motion pictures. For examples see section Coprophagia in motion pictures below.

Lewin (2001) reports that "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis) was confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II."

Coprophagia in motion pictures
Of course, there are only a small handful of films where the procedure of eating real human feces, is shown in pictures, but they do exist. One of the most well known films - besides often rated as one of the most disgusting and brutal films ever made in film history - is Pier Paolo Pasolini's Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma where the human feces were actually a mix of black chocolate and marmalade.


 * In Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, Fat Bastard's feces is being studied by Basil Exposition, and Austin mistakenly thinks it is coffee, smells it and soon after takes a drink, commenting that "it's a bit nutty".


 * In Jackass: Number Two, Dave England is offered $200 to actually consume horse feces. After gagging multiple times, he washes it down with a beer.

Other notable films (mostly comedy films too, which, however, do not involve human feces) include
 * In American Wedding (American Pie 3), Steve Stifler eats dog feces in an attempt to hide a wedding ring in the droppings from the mother of the bride.
 * When Cesar investigates the nonsense the mouse causes in the movie Mouse Hunt, he eats mouse feces to evaluate them; just to discover calcium deficiencies in the mouse's system.
 * In Pink Flamingos, The drag queen Divine (Glen Milstead) chews up and swallows real dog feces.
 * In Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, the main character, Ron Burgundy, eats a piece of cat feces, served to him in replacement of a steak by a restaurant because he spoke crudely about San Diego.
 * In South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Eric Cartman's mom is seen on the internet in a German coprophagia porn film, where she is consuming a German man's feces. In the German version of the film she eats an English man's feces.
 * In Vase de Noces (1974) the farmer is shown making tea out of his own feces and urine.

Coprophagia in literature

 * In Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs, there is an insane coprophage.
 * In Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow there is another case of coprophagia.
 * In The 120 Days of Sodom by the Marquis de Sade, many of the characters practice coprophagia.