US Army Beta Test

The US Army Beta Test was developed firstly by Roger Thomas Lennon in 1917 as an intelligence measure for assessing US army recruits who were illiterate.

Arthur Sinton Otis developed it further to improve cost and time efficiency. The results were published in 1921 and included the relative performance of recruits of different national origins.

The Army Alpha was a version of the test developed for use with those who were more literate.