Albert Ellis



Albert Ellis (born September 27, 1913) is an American cognitive-behavioral therapist who in 1955 developed rational-emotive therapy, an approach to psychotherapy holding that inappropriate negative emotions arise not from events themselves, but rather from people's irrational interpretations of these events (the ABC theory of emotions). Ellis founded and recently functioned as the president emeritus of the New York City-based Albert Ellis Institute until its board removed him from all official functions in September 2005. Ellis currently works independently of his former institute while endeavoring to regain his position.

Early life
Ellis was born to a Jewish family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the eldest of three children, with a brother two years younger and a sister who was four years younger. Ellis's father was a businessman who experienced minimal success at a succession of business ventures; he showed only a modicum of affection to his children and was often away from home on business trips during their early childhood. In his autobiography, Ellis characterized his mother as a self-absorbed woman with a bipolar disorder affect. At times, according to Ellis, she was a "bustling chatterbox who never listened." She would expound on her strong opinions on most subjects but rarely provided a factual basis for these views. Like his father, Ellis' mother was emotionally distant from her children. Ellis recounted that she typically was sleeping when he left for school and was usually not at home when he returned. Instead of reporting feeling bitter, he took on the responsibility of caring for his siblings. He purchased an alarm clock with his own money and woke and dressed his younger brother and sister. When the Great Depression struck, all three children sought work to assist the family.

Ellis was sickly as a child and suffered numerous health problems through his youth. At the age of five he was hospitalized with a kidney disease. He was also hospitalized with tonsillitis, which led to a severe streptococcal infection requiring emergency surgery. He reported that he had eight hospitalizations between the ages of five and seven. One of these lasted nearly a year. His parents provided little or no emotional support for him during these years, rarely visiting or consoling him. Ellis stated that he learned to confront his adversities as he had "developed a growing indifference to that dereliction."

Education and early career
Ellis entered the field of clinical psychology after first earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in business from the City University of New York. He began a brief career in business, followed by one as a writer. These endeavors took place during the Great Depression that began in 1929, and Ellis found that business was poor and had no success in publishing his fiction. Finding that he could write non-fiction well, Ellis researched and wrote on human sexuality. His lay counseling in this subject convinced him to seek a new career in clinical psychology.

In 1942, Ellis began his studies for a Ph.D. in clinical psychology at Columbia University, which trained psychologists mostly in psychoanalysis.

He completed his Master of Arts in clinical psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in June 1943, and started a part-time private practice while still working on his Ph.D degree–possible because there was no licensing of psychologists in New York at that time. Ellis began publishing articles even before receiving his Ph.D.; in 1946 he wrote a critique of many widely-used pencil-and-paper personality tests that ultimately were not valid. He concluded that only the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory met the standards of a research-based instrument.

Development of rational-emotive therapy
After the completion of his doctorate, Ellis sought additional training in psychoanalysis. Like most psychologists of that time, he was interested in the theories of Sigmund Freud. Shortly after receiving his Ph.D in 1947, Ellis began a personal analysis and program of supervision with Richard Hulbeck (whose own analyst had been Hermann Rorschach, a leading training analyst at the Karen Horney Institute.) Karen Horney would be the single greatest influence in Ellis's thinking, although the writings of Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm and Harry Stack Sullivan also played a role in shaping his psychological models. Ellis credits Alfred Korzybski and his book, Science and Sanity, for starting him on the philosophical path for founding rational-emotive therapy.

Deeply influenced by his experience, reading, and unscientific nature of psychoanalysis by January of 1953 his break with psychoanalysis was complete and he commenced calling himself a rational therapist. Ellis was now advocating a new more active and directive type of psychotherapy. By 1955 he dubbed his new approach Rational Therapy (RT) and it required that the therapist help the client understand and act on the understanding that his personal philosophy contains beliefs that lead to his own emotional pain. This new approach stressed actively working to change his client’s self-defeating beliefs and behaviors by demonstrating their irrationality and rigidity. The next year Ellis began teaching his new technique to other therapists and by 1957 he formally set forth the first cognitive behavioral psychotherapy by proposing that therapists help people adjust their thinking and behavior as the treatment for neuroses. Two years later Ellis published the book How to Live with a Neurotic which elaborated on his new method. The next year Ellis presented a paper on his new approach at the American Psychological Association convention in Chicago. There was mild interest, but few recognized that the paradigm that in a generation would become the zeitgeist had been set forth. Recall, that at that time the prevailing interest in experimental psychological was behaviorism and in clinical psychology it was the psychoanalytic schools of notables such as Freud, Jung, Adler, and Perls. Despite the fact that Ellis’ approach emphasized cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods, his strong cognitive emphasis provoked almost everyone with the possible exception of the followers of Alfred Adler. Consequently, he was often received with hostility at professional conferences and in print. Interestingly, on several occasions, at symposia at APA conventions, Fritz Perls the founder of Gestalt therapy would refer sarcastically to Ellis’ "rationality," while completely ignoring the experiential and behavioral components of RET.

Despite the slow adoption of his approach, Ellis founded his own institute. The Institute for Rational Living was founded a not-for-profit organization in 1959. By 1968 it was chartered by the New York State Board of Regents as a training institute and psychological clinic. This was no trivial feat as New York State had a Mental Hygiene Act which mandated psychiatric management of mental health clinics. Ellis had broken ground by founding an institute purely based on psychological control and principles. Ellis claims in several of his published books that the work of popular self-help personalities Wayne Dyer and David D. Burns is based largely on Rebt. Currently, Ellis is trying to remain active at his institute at age 92. Despite a dispute with the board of his own institute that has functionally limited his ability to provide services, he continues to write and is completing his first college text book with co-authors Dr. Mike Abrams and Dr. Lidia Abrams. He also is being assisted in his campaign for reinstatement by Jim Byrne at ABC Coaching and Counselling Services, in Hebden Bridge, UK.

Published works

 * A Guide to Rational Living; Wilshire Book Company. 1975 - ISBN 0879800429
 * How to Live With a Neurotic; Wilshire Book Company. 1979 - ISBN 0879804041
 * When AA Doesn't Work For You : Rational Steps to Quitting Alcohol; Barricade Books. 1992 - ISBN 0942637534
 * The Art and Science of Rational Eating; with Mike Abrams Ph.D. and Lidia Abrams Ph.D.; Barricade Books. 1992 - ISBN 0942637607
 * How to Cope with a Fatal Illness; with Mike Abrams Ph.D.; Barricade Books. 1994 - ISBN 1569800057
 * How to Keep People from Pushing Your Buttons; with Arthur Lange. Citadel Press. 1995 - ISBN 0806516704
 * Alcohol : How to Give It Up and Be Glad You Did; with Philip Tate Ph.D. See Sharp Press. 1996 - ISBN 1884365108
 * How to Control Your Anger Before It Controls You; with Raymond Chip Tafrate. Citadel Press. 1998 - ISBN 0806520108
 * The Secret of Overcoming Verbal Abuse: Getting Off the Emotional Roller Coaster and Regaining Control of Your Life; with Marcia Grad Powers. Wilshire Book Company. 2000 - ISBN 0879804459
 * Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors: New Directions for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; Prometheus Books. 2001 - ISBN 1573928798
 * Overcoming Procrastination: Or How to Think and Act Rationally in Spite of Life's Inevitable Hassles; with William J. Knaus.
 * Feeling Better, Getting Better, Staying Better : Profound Self-Help Therapy For Your Emotions; Impact Publishers. 2001 - ISBN 1886230358
 * The Road to Tolerance: The Philosophy of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy; Prometheus Books. 2004 - ISBN 1-59102-237-1
 * The Myth of Self-Esteem; Prometheus Books. 2005 - ISBN 1-59102-354-8

Reference

 * Ellis, Dr. Albert, Dr. Mike Abrams, and Dr. Lidia Abrams. Theories of Personality. New York: Sage Press, 2006 (in press).