Government policy making

Public policy is a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a problem. Public policy is expressed in the body of laws, regulations, decisions and actions of government. Policy analysis may be used to formulate public policy and to evaluate its effectiveness. Many public policy analysts earn MPP's and MPA's in public policy schools, while others earn specialized degrees, such as an M.Ed for specializing in educational policy or an MSW for specializing in social welfare policy.

Various definitions
According to William Jenkins in Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective (1978), a Public Policy is ‘a set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where those decisions should, in principle, be within the power of those actors to achieve’. Thus, Jenkins understands Public Policy making to be a process, and not simply a choice.

According to Thomas A. Birkland in An Introduction to the Policy Process (2001), there is a lack of a consensus on the definition of public policy. Birkland outlines a few definitions of public policy (Table 1.3 on p. 21):
 * Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "The term public policy always refers to the actions of government and the intentions that determine those actions.
 * Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "Public policy is the outcome of the struggle in government over who gets what".
 * Thomas Dye: Public policy is "Whatever governments choose to do or not do".
 * Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F. Malone: "Public policy consists of political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals".
 * B. Guy Peters: "Stated most simply, public policy is the sum of government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens".

Birkland indicates that the elements common to all definitions of public policy are as follows (p. 20):
 * The policy is made in the name of the "public".
 * Policy is generally made or initiated by government.
 * Policy is interpreted and implemented by public and private actors.
 * Policy is what the government intends to do.
 * Policy is what the government chooses not to do.

History of public policy
According to Birkland:
 * While the study of politics has a long history, the systematic study of public policy, on the other hand, can be said to be a twentieth century creation. It dates, according to Daniel McCool, to 1922, when political scientist Charles Merriam sought to connect the theory and practices of politics to understanding the actual activities of government, that is public policy." (p.4) (see McCool, Daniel C. Public Policy Theories, Models, and Concepts: An Anthology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995.)

Types of public policy

 * Crime policy
 * Domestic policy
 * Education policy
 * Energy policy
 * Foreign policy
 * Healthcare policy
 * National defense policy
 * Public policy (law)
 * Social policy
 * Social welfare policy