Gnathostomata

Gnathostomata are  the jawed vertebrates. The term derives from Greek γνάθος (gnathos) "jaw" + στόμα (stoma) "mouth". Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes also have teeth, paired appendages, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheathes of neurons. Another is an adaptive immune system that uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.

New fossil finds suggests thelodonts as the closest relatives of the Gnathostomata.

It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively — the buccal pump mechanism. The mouth could then grow bigger and wider, making it possible to capture larger prey. This close and open mechanism would with time become stronger and tougher, being transformed into real jaws.

Placoderms used sharp bony plates as teeth instead, and newer research indicates the jaws in placoderms evolved independently of those in the other Gnathostomata.

Late Ordovician-aged microfossils of what have been identified as scales of either acanthodians or "shark-like fishes," may mark Gnathostomata's first appearance in the fossil record. Undeniably unambiguous gnathostome fossils, mostly of primitive acanthodians, begin appearing by the early Silurian, and become abundant by the start of the Devonian.

Classification
The group is traditionally a superclass, broken into three top-level groupings: Chondrichthyes, or the cartilaginous fish; Placodermi, an extinct clade of armored fish; and Teleostomi, which includes the familiar classes of bony fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Some classification systems have used the term Amphirhina. It is a sister group of the jawless craniates Agnatha.

Taxonomy

 * Subphylum Vertebrata
 * Infraphylum Gnathostomata
 * Class Placodermi — extinct (armored gnathostomes)
 * Microphylum Eugnathostomata (true jawed vertebrates)
 * Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
 * (unranked) Teleostomi (Acanthodii & Osteichthyes)
 * Class Acanthodii — extinct ("spiny sharks")
 * Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)
 * Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
 * Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
 * Superclass Tetrapoda
 * Class Amphibia (amphibians)
 * (unranked) Amniota (amniotic egg)
 * Class Sauropsida (reptiles or sauropsids)
 * Class Aves (birds)
 * Class Synapsida
 * Class Mammalia (mammals)