Procrastination

Procrastination or "task aversion" is the irrational delay of an intended course of action, even while expecting to be worse off for the delay (compare temporisation). The procrastinator deviates from the task, usually in favor of another more enjoyable (or less unenjoyable) activity. This behavior is pervasive throughout society - everyone procrastinates to some degree - but some people are so chronically affected as to be severely debilitated.

Procrastination is typically caused by the association of pain or discomfort with the prospective course of action; that is: stress. This may be physical (such as that experienced during hard labor or vigorous exercise) or psychological (such as in the form of frustration or anxiety). The task or the situation requiring the task may be perceived as dangerous, painful, overwhelming, difficult, tedious, uncomfortable, or boring; basically, unenjoyable; that is: stressful. Once habitualized, procrastination can be triggered at any time. Procrastination can also be a symptom of a serious psychiatric disorder such as depression or ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), and may be greatly reduced when the underlying condition is properly treated.

Traditionally, in the field of psychology, procrastination has been associated with perfectionism (a tendency to negatively evaluate one's own performance). However, research indicates that perfectionists are not any more likely to procrastinate, though they feel worse about it when they put things off.

The word procrastination comes from Latin, Pro, "in favour of", and Cras, "tomorrow".

Consequences of procrastination, with examples
Some of the problems that procrastination can cause are:


 * Lost opportunities: for example, somebody else buys the car the procrastinator wanted because he put off making a simple phone call. Or somebody else patents an invention the procrastinator thought of first, because he never got around to patenting it himself.


 * Tardiness: being late to meetings, showing up late at special events, and being late to pick up a date. Missing the beginning of the movie at the theater, and getting bad seats, because the procrastinator did not leave the house on time.


 * Missed deadlines: from failing a school assignment by not turning it in on time to missing a flight at the airport because the procrastinator talked on the phone too long.


 * Irresponsibility towards others: like failing to keep promises because they kept getting put off until later. Or causing others to be late for their commitments because the procrastinator didn't pick them up on time.


 * Lack of preparedness: such as when the basement floods unnecessarily because the procrastinator kept putting off installing a sump pump.


 * Poor performance: failing an exam, because the student waited until the night before the test to begin studying.


 * Career troubles: repeatedly missing deadlines on projects at work, making promotion unlikely and potentially leading to getting demoted or fired.


 * Unnecessary expenses: like having to pay late fees because the procrastinator didn't pay the bills on time even though he or she had the money. Or having a huge liability from an automobile accident because the person at fault wasn't covered because he put off paying his insurance bill.


 * Financial difficulties: such as the inability to pay the bills due to putting off generating new sales or finding new customers for the business.


 * Medical problems: like having to make a painful visit to the dentist to have cavities filled or teeth pulled because the patient kept putting off brushing his teeth. Or having a heart attack because the victim kept delaying the start of his personal health program.


 * Diminished quality of life: like when a spouse ends the marriage because his or her partner put off getting a better paying job as promised.

Characteristics of procrastination
Procrastination can be seen as both a behavior and the lack of a behavior. The behavior is the act of turning away and doing something else in place of what the procrastinator should be doing. The lacking behavior is of course the task or activity that the procrastinator should be working on, such as homework. There are three ways to procrastinate: skip it, do it last, and escape.


 * 1) Skipping it: here, even though the task is foregone forever, it is the program that is being put off. When a person skips brushing his teeth, he is putting off his whole "keep the teeth clean so they won't get cavities" program.  It's like he is saying "I'll start brushing my teeth tomorrow."
 * 2) Doing it last: easy tasks tend to be done first. When there's a big job to do, and a long list of things to accomplish in order for that job to be completed, the tendency is to work on the simplest tasks.  As long as the items on the list are getting done, the job feels like it is being completed, and the procrastinator lulls him or herself into a false sense of security.  This approach becomes a problem when all the easy chores are done but there isn't enough time left to complete the hardest tasks because they were put off until last!
 * 3) Escape: the procrastinator instead does something he enjoys doing, choosing short-term gratification over long-term gain, at the cost of the benefits he would receive from doing the task he put off. This takes his mind off the (stressful) task he should be doing, or the situation he should be dealing with.  This can lead to a pattern of addiction, where the more the procrastinator escapes, the more guilty he feels about not doing what he is supposed to be doing, creating more stress to escape from, leading him to continue the alternate activity so he doesn't have to think about it.

But procrastination isn't necessarily the mere lack of doing something, it is something that is causing the procrastinator not to do it. In this sense procrastination isn't the behaviors done or not done, but is a behavior unto itself. As a distinct behavior, procrastination can be characterized in several ways...

Procrastination as poor judgement
At the core of procrastination is a faulty decision. Either the decision is made not to do something that should be done, or the decision is made to do something else. Since that is the wrong decision, and the person is aware of it but follows it anyway, that is poor judgement. If the person makes the decision out of course with no thought to the outcome, then he is acting without thinking, and that too is poor judgement.


 * Poor judgement and laziness


 * Rest and relaxation is important to maintain health and to occasionally distance oneself from one's work so it can be seen more clearly or from a different perspective. But relaxation can be taken too far, and when it is, it's called laziness.  When resting beyond the need to maintain health interferes with responsibilities or life dreams, that is another example of poor judgement. There is much debate as to whether a value judgement such as laziness can be attributed to the procrastinator, since in many cases the procrastinator wishes to be active and productive but is held back by his or her own inability to follow through.


 * Poor judgement and leisure


 * While leisure and recreation go hand-in-hand with rest and relaxation, and can provide therapeutic refreshment of body and mind, it becomes too much of a good thing when it interferes with what a person should be doing. Playing is useful for learning and can provide exposure to new things, and is an important component of open-mindedness, but when it is engaged in to the detriment of things needing to get done, it is yet another manifestation of poor judgement.  The procrastinator has chosen doing what he wants to do over what he has to do, which is a recipe for disaster.  Work comes before play, and makes play possible.  But leisure doesn't have to be sacrificed completely: there's a section about scheduling fun breaks below.

Procrastination as being distracted
When something isn't enjoyable, it is very easy to get distracted away from it. Then the procrastinator has something other than himself to blame. The more susceptible a person is to distraction, the more prone he is to procrastinate.

If a person allows himself to be distracted, and the distraction is not warranted (that is, it isn't more important than what he was doing), then he has implicitly made the decision to procrastinate: he has chosen to do something other than what he intended to do.

The less thought that goes into these choices, the harder they are to catch. The more distracting elements (people, toys, etc.) there are in a person's immediate environment, the more opportunity there is for these choices to occur.

Procrastination as a phobia
An irrational aversion to something is a phobia. Not only can phobias cause procrastination, a phobia can be a component of procrastination itself and therefore go unnoticed as a phobia. A strong and irrational aversion to something is usually a sign of a phobia.

Procrastination as bad habit
When the decision to avoid a task is repeated automatically--even when it is the wrong decision--making the wrong decision becomes habit; the decision maker has acquired a habit of making bad decisions. Keep in mind that a decision is implicit to every action taken, even if the person taking the action did not consciously decide anything.

Since habits are repetitive in nature, a habit cannot usually be overridden by a single decision: it takes a new habit to do this. A simple decision could easily be overwhelmed by the force of habit and therefore may need to be implemented as a habit itself before it can compete effectively with the old habit. They don't say "old habits die hard" for nothing.

Procrastination as a complex
Unfortunately, procrastination isn't simply a habit, it is a complex pattern of recurring behaviors including emotions, thoughts, and actions. Many of these are habitual, and in order to get rid of them, each one needs to be replaced, circumvented, or deactivated by new habits; though not necessarily on a one-to-one ratio: sometimes a single habit can replace several others.

Procrastination as a symptom
Procrastination can be the result of a more serious underlying condition such as depression or ADHD. See below.

Causes of procrastination
Procrastination is always based on a dysfunctional worldview, such as that "short term relief or pleasure is better than sacrifice for long-term rewards," along with irrational disregard for negative consequences. The procrastinator fails to engage in the appropriate course of action either due to a distraction of some sort or an inadequacy in his own behavior. Various distractions and incompetencies that can cause procrastination include, but are not limited to:


 * Addiction
 * Anxiety and fear
 * Arrogance, pride
 * Aversion
 * Bad habits
 * Discouragement
 * Disorganization
 * Distraction
 * Family problems
 * Fear of failure
 * Feeling overwhelmed
 * Frustration
 * Illconceived goals and unconscious motives
 * Lack of time management skills
 * Indecision
 * Lack of awareness
 * Lack of morals
 * Low ambition
 * Low frustration tolerance
 * Low self-esteem
 * Low tolerance to stress
 * Objective conflict
 * Poor self-control skills
 * Poor study skills
 * Perception of difficulty
 * Poor attitude
 * Rebellion
 * Resentment
 * Self-centeredness
 * Uncertainty
 * Self-deception

Expectancy-Value Theory

 * Laziness pays off today, work only tomorrow.

In motivational psychology, a mathematical formula can be used to determine what task should be pursued first. According to this model, we complete first those tasks which have the highest "usefulness"-value. This model is able to explain why we would rather be watching our favorite television program than writing the soon to be due term paper from your hardest college class, and it says that everybody is procrastinating, although each of us to differing degrees.

$$U=\frac{P\times V}{D}$$

where


 * U = the usefulness of the task.
 * P = Probability of profiting from the task
 * V = Value of the profit gained from the task
 * D = Delay between doing the task and receiving the reward for it

This formula is saying that:
 * we prefer immediate rewards over delayed benefits
 * we prefer bigger rewards over smaller prizes
 * we prefer sure rewards over rewards that are only probable

The important question now is: Under what circumstances would someone put off his work? If the increase in U would be significant (e.g. when P, V or both values are high), every procrastinator stops procrastinating. By introducing an additional factor to the equation (S, the sensivity of the subject toward the delay between action and reward), the behaviour of different people could be compared.

Eliminating procrastination
One would think that the solution to procrastination (not doing it) is its exact opposite: doing it! That the cure is doing the very thing it is that is being avoided.

Well it is, and then some. Since procrastination is the cause of not doing (rather than merely the lack of action), simply doing that which is being procrastinated may not be psychologically possible while the mental obstacle or technical problem causing the procrastination is in place. Also, as explained above, procrastination can be a powerful psychological force in its own right. Therefore, the procrastinator needs to get over, go around, or somehow plow through these mental barriers in order to get on with it. This is dependent upon the very nature of procrastination itself...

In essence, procrastination is a form of incompetence. To cure it is to eliminate it. Since incompetence is the opposite or lack of competence, the only way to eliminate it is to replace it with competence.

Personal competence is comprised of five elements: emotional strength, well-directed thought, time-management skills, control over habits, and task completion abilities. Therefore, most strategies for overcoming procrastination are based on improving these five skill areas, and involve: improving emotional control and adjusting one's underlying attitude, focusing attention and thinking rationally, learning executive (self-management) procedures like planning and scheduling, learning habit-changing methods, and acquiring better task completion and problem solving skills.

Increasing emotional control
To the extent that procrastination is an emotional problem, acquiring control over emotions brings the problem under control. Emotions are invoked by perception, which in turn is dependent on attitude, stress tolerance, and moods (which are themselves emotions). Therefore, by rebuilding or improving these foundations, emotional strength can be increased to handle the problems and opportunities encountered everyday, emotional or otherwise. There are both psychological and physiological methods of doing this.

Attitude adjustment
Personal attitude is the foundation of an individual's emotions. If a person believes that the world is out to get him and that he has been dealt a losing hand in life, he's likely to walk around with a frown on his face feeling sorry for himself or being mad at everyone else, saying things like "why try anything at all, it won't matter anyways". But, on the other hand, if he believes he has a great many things to be thankful for, that the world is a great place, and opportunity abounds, then he is more likely to work hard and greet everyone with a smile just because he feels good about himself and them too.

Attitude isn't a static set of personal beliefs that a person is stuck with for the rest of his life. Attitude is an approach: at anytime, anyone can decide to look on the bright side of things, or not. The former engenders hope, enthusiasm, and joy, while the latter invites fear, loathing and misery. The choice on how to perceive the world is up to each person. Below are some of the perceptions of which a positive attitude may be comprised...


 * A positive mental attitude inspires ongoing action, especially when it includes a strong work ethic. Adopting an uplifting personal philosophy can provide the basis for such an attitude, especially when it emphasizes the importance of virtues. This usually entails pondering the meaning of life to determine what is important in life, and what approach to take.  A positive outlook on life engenders positive emotion in life, which in turn inspires action.
 * Dream envisioning is daring to imagine the desired future. The stronger it is (through repetition) and the more detailed its outcome is, the more compelling the dream becomes as a road map for action.  Making dreams come true is what success is all about, and a well-envisioned dream which remains "in view" at all times is one of the most powerful motivators there is.  That's why visionaries are called visionaries.  To live a life's dream is to think about it all the time, to continually think about everything in terms of that dream.
 * Determining self-worth on one's own rather than by the opinions of others makes for a more stable emotional base. Psychologists are divided between endorsing unconditional self-love, personal potential, and earned self-worth as the best approach through which to evaluate one's self-worthiness.  With unconditional self-love personal value is inherent: the individual holds himself in highest regard regardless of his actions, which is believed to provide the best environment to nurture the psyche for personal growth ("I am great because I exist").  When personal potential is the benchmark, it is one's personal skills and traits which matter, which focuses value on one's personal inventory (including ambition and willpower) in preparation for accomplishment ("I am capable of great things therefore I am worthy" and "I can accomplish anything I put my mind to, therefore I am worthy").  While in the earned self-worth model, self-worth is used as part of a reward structure:  one must do great deeds if he is to see himself as great ("I have done great things therefore I am worthy").  But all three of these approaches to self-imaging work better than caving in to the criticisms of others.
 * Maintaining a positive mental voice means refraining from self-criticism, keeping critiques directed upon actions and strategies rather than one's person, and replacing self-putdowns with uplifting self-encouragement. The main character in the children's tale The Little Engine that Could provides a perfect example of this approach. While everyone else told him that he would never make it up the mountain track, the Little Engine kept telling himself "I think I can, I think I can", even in the face of overwhelming odds, until his belief in himself carried him through.  Then, on his way down the other side of the mountain he shouted in victory "I knew I could, I knew I could, I knew I could!"  Now that's attitude in motion!
 * Rebounding after a defeat, like getting back in the saddle after falling off the horse, is usually better than giving up and not trying anything that big again. Volitional depression, a fancy term for discouragement, is where a person, after a big failure (like losing a fortune on the stock market, a divorce, going bankrupt, or a failed start-up company) retreats into himself or into an addiction (like drugs, becoming obsessed with the internet, collecting things, or engaging in sex as often as possible) instead of taking on another big project to go after success yet again.  The resilience to get back up after a failure and go for "it" again is much more conducive to success, and as a character trait is diametrically opposed to procrastination.  The average successful entrepreneur fails six times before making it big.  Keeping this in mind makes getting started again a lot easier, because it is a reminder that interim failure is temporary and is just part of the learning process of achievement -- winners keep going.
 * Counting blessings - One aspect of ‘looking on the bright side’ is inventorying opportunities, skills, and strengths, rather than bemoaning problems, inadequacies, and weaknesses. Seeing a situation as a ‘glass half full’ rather than a ‘glass half empty’, is the more inspiring approach. It is easy to take everpresent things for granted, while complaining about things that are missing. Remember the saying “I felt really bad that I had no shoes, until I met a man who had no feet!”  Appreciating those things that are usually taken for granted makes for a much better starting point than feeling sorry for onself, plus it increases awareness of what resources there are to work with.


 * Building on strengths - Make a list of all the things you already master. Ask yourself how you got to be an expert in doing these things - and then, try to explain the differences between your "can't-dos" and "can-dos". To what feelings and circumstances are they attached? You may be able to apply the same approaches you used on acquiring your current skills to attain the new skills you need.
 * Building self-confidence - The only one source of self-confidence is enjoying success. But, the problem is that often you can only succeed against other people, e.g. by having equal or better marks than others. The problem is that you did procrastinate for such a long time that you are like a child which is learning to walk - but having put off the walking courses, it can only succeed when compared against a much younger baby. Stop comparing yourself with others - set your own goals! Get to know other people who find themselves in a like situation; you can learn from them that they did not fare better by comparing themselves with successful people.
 * Being progressive helps to put down your old feelings and habits. Remove old things from your room or apartment - they are associated with your old personality. If you possess something that vigorously reminds you of a sad, unlucky era - then get rid of it.

Another way to beat procrastination is by leading a healthy lifestyle. An unhealthy lifestyle makes a person much more susceptible to stress, which leads to feelings of being overwhelmed, which can lead to procrastination. By making a few adjustments to his lifestyle, like how much he exercises, a person can greatly increase how much stress they can handle...

Increasing stress tolerance
Some people are more susceptible to stress than others. In other words, those others are more tolerable to stress than those susceptible. The greater your tolerance, the more stress it takes to get you down. Stress falling below one's tolerance threshold is "no big deal", and is easy to deal with. What many don't realize is that this tolerance level is adjustable -- it can be strengthened...


 * Vigorous cardiovascular exercise increases resistance to stress, boosts the immune system, and improves oxygen supply to the brain and general mental performance (including intellectual performance, ability to focus, memory, etc.). Such exercise include walking, speed walking, running, swimming, biking, hiking, and aerobics.
 * Good nutrition, including nutrient supplementation, improves cognitive performance, boosts the immune system, and provides the brain with the precursors necessary for it to make the stress-coping neurotransmitters it needs. Abstaining from poor nutrition, such as by cutting down on sweets and sugar drinks, reduces hyperactivity, difficulty focusing, and obesity (which hampers the immune system, general performance, and proclivity to exercise).
 * Relaxation methods such as fractional relaxation, progressional relaxation, trance induction, and meditation reduce the effects of stress: tension and anxiety. The ability to remain calm and worry-free in the face of stressful situational factors is called self-composure. The ability to stay tension-free during a stressful situation, including using only as much energy and muscle tension required to complete motions, is called relaxed poise.  Combined together, these skills are called grace under pressure.

Enhancing mood control
Emotions, including moods, drive behavior. But our moods are our responsibility, and concerning each of them we can choose to feel that way or not. We can feel like throwing a tantrum and putting things off, or we can feel like doing something useful...


 * Being alert to one's own moods is preferable to not paying attention to what one is feeling (and consequentially to what one is doing because of these moods). The first step to changing a mood is to be aware of it.  Here is a simple ABC of bad moods to keep a look out for: angry, bored, cranky, dreadful, frustrated, grumpy, hurt, ill-tempered, justified, kicked, lazy, mean, nosy, obsolete, feeling like putting it off until later, feeling like quitting, robbed, selfish, tired, used, vexed, whipped, feeling like yelling at someone, zeroed in on (or zeroed out).  When you spot one, you can catch yourself, and change your emotional approach: your mood.
 * Positive filter -


 * Changing expression (such as one's facial expression) can change a person's mood. When you feel good, you smile.  Conversely, and very useful for lifting one's own spirits is the fact that smiling (on purpose) generally makes people feel good.  And smiles are contagious, so others can catch them from you, and in turn, you can catch "smilitis" back from them.  It's a synergistic arrangement.  And when we're feeling good, we are much more likely to feel like getting started.
 * Adjusting taste is changing how you feel about something, like learning to love what you hate. This is accomplished by changing how you think about it: dwelling on the benefits and good traits of an activity may lead to actually liking it.  Finding fun ways to do it, like turning it into a game, may also make it more enjoyable.
 * Self-psyching, or "psyching yourself up", is the self-administered pep-talk. You are your own coach delivering the motivational speech before the big game.
 * Managing fear - One way to overcome fear is to face it. Usually, the more exposure one has to a stressful stimuli, the more used to it he gets.  This is called desensitization.

Improving thinking
If you've ever wondered "What was I thinking?!" after doing something really stupid (like putting off a very important project to the last minute, or playing when you should have been studying), maybe you weren't thinking at all. Or maybe your reasons weren't very good, because you didn't put enough thought into them. These problems bely a lack of concentration. The solution to distractions and opportunities competing for attention involves improving concentration and how one concentrates: acquiring better focusing and decision-making abilities. Here also, there are psychological and physiological approaches.

Paying attention

 * Improving attention span can be as easy as taking nutrient supplements called nootropics. Below are a few nutrients which generally increase a person's ability to concentrate (and enhance cognition in other ways as well, such as improving reasoning capacity and memory), and which are available for sale at nutrition shops, drug stores and online, and are often available at grocery stores:
 * DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) - originally available as a prescription drug called Deaner, used for helping hyperactive children concentrate, DMAE is now available as a nutrient over the counter.
 * Choline - the precursor to acetylcholine, one of the brain's primary neurotransmitters essential for higher cognitive processes including reasoning and memory.
 * Vitamin B-5 - used as a cofactor in the brain's production of acetylcholine and essential for that process. Also a key component of the Krebs acid cycle, an important step in the aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates into chemical energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), and thus capable of increasing energy available to brain cells, improving mental stamina.
 * Focusing and refocusing -


 * Presence of mind -


 * Removing, or getting away from, distractions -- distractions often cause people to procrastinate, by presenting the option to do something else, or by triggering deviations. To prevent this from happening, minimize the chance of distractions occuring:
 * Sometimes the thing causing the distraction can be removed. If it is the TV or a video game, you can either turn it off, wear earplugs and/or hearing protectors, or go somewhere where you cannot hear it.  If you find yourself turning the TV or video game on and watching or playing when you really shouldn't, then perhaps the most effective approach would be to get rid of the TV and video game console (including the game cartridges) by giving them away, or taking them to the dump.  If it is a computer video game that has you hooked, maybe you can unload the program from your computer, and if that doesn't deter you, perhaps you can break the game disk!  Sometimes removing the source of the distraction isn't an option, usually when other people are involved...
 * If the distraction isn't allowed to be removed, or if the distractions are caused by people, such as by family or roommates, maybe you can find somewhere quiet in which to continue your project. If there isn't anywhere in your home, then consider somewhere outside, in your car, at the library, etc.  For some people, renting an office or apartment for a place to escape to, or moving out and living alone are options to consider.
 * Remove distracting thoughts. Perhaps you just can't begin your work because your mind is infested with distracting or energy-consuming thoughts, e.g. about a conflict with a friend or a "better" idea on how to use your time. Make a list of all these subjects - written down, you don't forget all your precious ideas and you can concentrate on them later. Never work on these thoughts first - they are the reason why you are procrastinating! If your hindering thoughts are too strong to have them removed or postponed by yourself, get the help of a clinical psychologist or a psychiatrist.

Thinking rationally

 * Thinking it through -- this is reasoning through an intended course of action, going over why each step needs to be done, and predicting what benefits will likely result if they are completed. Also, making a mental list of the consequences that will be suffered if the tasks are not completed is part of this exercise.  The virtual carrot and the stick. The goal here is to work out one's reservations and talk oneself into doing what needs to be done, taking care not to get stuck in transition (such as setting a time limit).
 * Consciously deciding what to do means switching off one's auto-pilot and actively applying intelligence with presence of mind: being aware of what you are doing and why, while remaining alert for opportunities to adapt and improve one's approach. Don't just go through the motions, actively think about what you are doing.

Improving problem solving skills
Try one of more of the techniques given in the problem solving article.

Acquiring self-management skills
Since the tendency to procrastinate a project is roughly proportional to the difficulty of the project, and since its difficulty is relative to our skill in handling such projects, it follows that improving our self-management and organizing skills (e.g. by breaking the project down into small parts) decreases relative difficulty of the project and therefore also reduces its likelihood of intimidating us into procrastinating it. Simply put, simple jobs aren't scary. The more skilled you are at handling projects, the easier such jobs become.

Self-management systems provide simple procedures to help focus efforts and may assist you in mastering your projects and your situation. Nobody plans to fail, but many people fail to plan. Self-management systems help to keep plans in clear focus. Following are some components of a typical self-management system...

Goal vision
This is a form of goal setting, but more involved. It entails choosing the goal and writing down the goal statement as usual. Then the goal is mentally envisioned as vividly as possible, in as much detail as possible, as often as free time allows, and in every spare moment that becomes available. The more the goal is thought about and the actions for achieving it mentally rehearsed, the more likely the goal will become a driving force of the person's behavior. This method is best suited for important projects and life goals.

Planning

 * Goal setting - write down your goal statement. Be as detailed as you can.
 * Setting selection criteria - what features must your plan have to be successful? These are the plan's selection criteria.
 * Generating strategies - figure out as many ways as you can that the goal could be achieved. Research it if needed.  These are the action plans to choose from.
 * Selecting a course of action - based on your selection criteria, pick a strategy, your plan of action.
 * Develop the chosen plan in more detail - detail the plan down to the task level.
 * Putting the plan into action - see below.

Also, see the article on managing goals.

Capturing tasks on a general to-do list
A general to-do list is a place to store tasks until you are ready to schedule them. It is typically a note pad that you keep handy (or a computer file that you keep open) for recording tasks as you think of them, to get them down in a central list where they won't be forgotten and can be easily referred to later. Tasks are regularly chosen from the general to-do list for inclusion in a more specific daily task list (see below).

Prioritizing tasks
Each task has a relative importance (cutting the grass is less important than studying for an exam). Tasks also have an expected duration (cutting the grass takes less time than studying for an exam). Most tasks are also time-sensitive (cutting the grass is flexible whereas studying must be complete before a fixed time). Prioritizing is the skill of reconciling these often conflicting attributes to determine which task ought to be performed first.

In an environment where more than one task is undertaken at once, and completion of some tasks is a prerequisite for starting other tasks, then a Critical path is formed of tasks which have the highest priority.

Making and using a daily task list
At the end of the day, before you go to bed, or at the very beginning of the day, just after you wake up, prepare a to-do list for the day. List all the tasks you need or plan to get done that day. Place the tasks in order of priority, or grade their priority in the left-hand column with numbers. Throughout the day, focus on executing each task on the list, one task at a time, highest priority tasks first. When you accomplish one of the items on the list, you check it off or cross it off.

The traditional method is to write these on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil, usually on a note pad or clip-board. Loose hole-punched paper is often used to allow such lists to be inserted into loose-leaf binders for record-keeping. However, numerous software equivalents are now available, and many popular e-mail clients include task list applications, as do most PDAs.

Keeping a journal
Making a record of what you have done (while you are doing it) can help you evaluate your performance and spot trouble-areas in your abilities and behaviors, like procrastinating. If you keep notes on task completion on your daily task lists, those can serve as your journal. Simply make note of situations that arose that you handled, and any tasks or significant activities that you did that were not on the list.

Changing habits
In one sense, procrastination is the habit of not getting started. It is not an action, so much as the lack of an action. It is not a habit, so much as the lack of a habit: the habit of getting started. If one acquires the habit of getting started, then not getting started is no longer an issue. Another word for "get started" is initiate. It is the exact opposite of procrastinate, as long as it is applied to the right task, and not an evasion.

At the same time, an ongoing problem of procrastination is a complex of bad habits. Luckily, old bad ways can be replaced by new good ways. Acquiring new good habits through self-training is key to eliminating the bad habits of evasion and putting things off.

The 21-day principle
There are commercial workbooks available concerning this "21-day rule", especially from Essi Systems, which provides workbooks. In general: If one can maintain a new habit for 21 days, the chances that this new routine would be forgotten are dim. This alludes to the detox or deprivation methods in curing drug dependencies.

Practicing replacement behaviors

 * Scheduling time for practice


 * Practicing new behaviors - mentally rehearse doing the task, and physically rehearse starting the task.

Completing tasks
The above strategies are aimed at preventing procrastination, or replacing it while on "down-time". But no defense is infallible, and because the opportunities, temptations, and tendencies to put things off may occur at any time and place, due to a myriad of factors, this calls for a collection of front-line coping and problem-solving methods to deal with these factors head-on. Like a "tackle" box for tackling tasks and situations, right here, right now...

Snapping out of it
Procrastination is really nothing more than confined thinking. All you see is the tiny little box you are trapped in, and all you can think about is how to escape. But in reality, you are already free. Free to work on your life's dreams, free to plan, free to achieve. The trick to overcoming procrastination is to look to the horizon of your life (your dreams), travel there, and enjoy the journey along the way. Focus on that always, and procrastination fades away like an early morning fog.

Maintaining perspective
Thinking about your dreams in terms of what you are willing to do right now, rather than what you'll do or be someday is a call to action. Transformation is an active process. You are on a journey this very moment. The question is, are you on the right journey? If you aren't going anywhere, or you are heading in the wrong direction (towards failure because you are putting things off), simply adjust course, and live the life you want to live. And if that means making a sacrifice, then go for it! Put in the time and effort required, using all the methods you've learned about above, all the while keeping in mind what it is you are working towards. Always look to the horizon: focus on your dreams, how to make them come true, and actually make them come true one moment and one task at a time.

Maintaining grace under pressure
The most effective way to overcome fear is to face it. Veterans are generally more stable under combat conditions simply because they've been through it before. One method for overcoming fear of heights is practicing climbing ladders, for instance. Stepping up to the first rung, repeated over and over, then two, repeated, and so on, proceeding to the next level only after mastering the one before.

Thrill activities may be good training in this regard. Roller-coaster rides, river rafting, and skydiving can all lower sensitivity to perceived threats. Once you've jumped out of an airplane a few times, asking a girl out on a date may not seem that intimidating anymore. Perhaps an easier way of getting over fear of talking to girls is talking to them every chance you get.

Some drugs which are purported to cure phobias or treat anxiety have side effects that defeat the purpose if not used with extreme caution. Propranolol, for instance, a beta blocker which helps to turn off the fight-flight response has the side effect of causing depression, because it is also an acetylcholine inhibitor.

Tending the task list at all times
The task list doesn't do any good if it is not referred to, or if it is not updated frequently. Once using a task list and completing the items on it have become habit, placing a task on the list practically ensures it getting done. Relying continuously on this key tool is a core management skill and executive process. It is a standard method of operation in business for getting things done, and is a central component of competence. Frequently forgetting to do something may be a consequence of not writing it down (and keeping track of it) in the first place.

Focusing on one task at-a-time

 * Find the highest priority task, and then concentrate yourself on that one task and forget all the others. Only when you have finished the first, move on to the next item on the list.


 * Do something, but plan your time: Do not just "do something", but do something in a defined time frame. Wash the dishes for exactly 15 minutes, and write a letter for 30 minutes. Control your time with a timer (most modern cell phones have one); and fulfilling a (dreaded) task is a lot easier if you know how much time you'll spend.

Removing uncertainty
Often, a person will hesitate on or avoid a task because he or she just doesn't know where to begin. How to complete the task isn't obvious, therefore making the task undoable in its present form. The key here is task selection. Switch to the task's prerequisites: whatever other tasks need to be accomplished before this one can be started.

If you don't know what to do or how to do it, then your default task is to figure it out. If you don't know enough to solve a problem, then finding and learning the required information are the default tasks.

Dividing and conquering

 * Breaking a project down into it's component pieces and subpieces will eventually reach a level of detail where the specific actions that need to be taken can be seen. Once action has started on a specific task, flow may take over and the project may seem like it takes on a life of its own and actually becomes fun.  And time flies when you're having fun.
 * Take bite-sized morsels -- rather than sit down to "write your book", write one page. Writing one page is easy.  When you are done with that page, then you can set about writing the next page. In general, try to plan your work in such a fashion that you've accomplished something in a 30 or 60 minute's time, not only a little bit of something. Or, said in a better example: Instead of just learning hours and hours of chemistry, you specialize on a subject - like "I have problems understanding pH values, so I'll read the relevant chapter about it. Then I make a pause." In this approach, you know that your ordeal has become manageable.

Easing into the task
You're faced with a task that will take you 20 hours, and you just aren't relishing it. Seen as one big step, the chore is rather ominous. Instead of approaching it like this, try committing to 5 minutes. Now the pressure is off. Five minutes is easy. During that five minutes you will likely see that your evasion was pointless, and that the activity isn't as bad as you thought it was. Once you begin a task and work on it for awhile, the initial stress goes away, and you are very likely to feel like continuing.

Stopping at the point of diminishing returns

 * Avoiding perfectionism saves a lot of time. Try to do sufficient works, not perfect ones - a start is a start. Perfectionists aren't any more likely to put things off than other procrastinators, but they are likely to spend much more time putting the finishing touches on a task than they need to. By avoiding perfectionism and by striving for "good" or at least "sufficient" work, you lower the bar of your expectations. The lower the bar, the greater the chance that you succeed - and having success is the only thing in the world that can give you a better self-esteem.

Feedback and record keeping

 * Check off tasks as they are completed -- in the left-hand margin of your task list, use check-marks to keep track of which tasks you have completed. This provides a visual indicator of progress.

Scheduling breaks
Most people will, under normal circumstances, work at their best if they take a 10 minute break from their work each hour. Also make limits on your total daily work - when you're learning for an exam, you can't learn more than 6 to 8 hours a day. Being a good student or co-worker does not force you to suffer from overworking or sleeplessness. If you can't adhere to a maximal working time per day, then you should learn to begin earlier instead of trying to work faster.

A great lot of scientific work has shown that good learning - be it practical work that needs fine motorics of your hands or learning for a college exam - prerequisites sleep, as the brain seems to fine-tune and rearrange what you've learned the day before. Try it out: Learn to juggle balls or other objects; and when you begin the next learning period the day after, you magically appear to have less trouble in spite of the fact that you did "not" practise during the night.

Remember: Like a musician has to play so that you hear the rests, you should work to let the pauses appear like pauses. "I didn't work" alone does not constitute a rest from work. It is the conscious doing of "anti-work" - when you did read texts to learn, then you don't read anything during your pause. When you worked half a day in your office, then escape your "prison" to enjoy the break.

Self-rewards
Another method of self-motivation is self-administered rewards - a method which reminds of reinforcement in psychology. In this approach, even the smallest accomplishment deserves an appropriate reward, due after a task is completed, not before. There are several approachess:


 * Applying a reward structure for spending given amounts of time working on a chore. For five hours of doing something you otherwise detest, make yourself a fine meal. For twenty hours, you go out for a movie, etc.
 * Assigning someone else to give out the rewards helps remove the temptation of taking the reward anyway. Of course they shouldn't be expected to provide the rewards - they should be unbribable, impartial people who effectively judge your efforts.

You should make a clear difference between the rewards and all the other things you receive (e.g. your meals at the cantina or watching the TV news). A good reward is something you enjoy and something you don't get every day. If the borderline blurs, a reward is no reward anymore; and so you tend to procrastinate even more because you get the "reward" anyway.

If you exercise a reward system strictly without cheating, there is a high chance that you'll be conquering your procrastination - this is because you get more and more accustomed to working and because you are needing less and smaller rewards over the time.

Recruiting peer support

 * Do your work in a group and start being used to tell your colleagues what you did and what you did not do. Start having friends you care for - and then, begin to fulfil their expectations. This works best if you are working together - being lazy on the group work often means losing your colleagues. Get a feeling for teamwork and that everyone has to fulfil his part. Working in a team is exciting, too. There are always ideas stemming from other minds, and by using them you can extend the scope of your own work without expending a lot of your own energy.


 * Form a group of Procrastinators Anonymous. You surely heard of other people who are "lazy". Now: Try to contact them. Suffering from procrastination means that one often is not respected by others; and so they are very shy to tell you about their problems. Telling others that you have a problem is the first part of any cure; it connects your inner world to the perception of your friends and family members. Telling others about your problems raises the expectations of your fellow human beings, and last but not least fulfilling expectations is something very rewarding.

When nothing seems to work, then perhaps the problem is more serious than the procrastinator can handle himself and outside intervention is called for...

Chronic procrastination and mental health
When procrastination grows so prevalent that it becomes a personality trait, its severity is said to be chronic. In this form of procrastination, the problem has become a generalized habitual self-destructive pattern. Putting things off has become a core habit. The chronic procrastinator cannot get anything accomplished on time, resulting in serious career struggles, persistent financial problems, and a diminished quality of life. Chronic procrastination may cause psychological disability and dysfunction in many dimensions of life, and may result in a persistent sense of shame and low self-esteem. It may be that the procrastinator's parents never forced him to do homework and other tasks, and since some scientists assume that every form of behaviour is a learned one, this spoiling environment could have coined his personality. The solution is for the procrastinator to rebuild his behavior complex upon the foundation of a new core habit of taking action. Unfortunately, the procrastinator is prone to procrastinate this too, so the condition of chronic procrastination usually continues until the procrastinator cannot bear it any longer, and seeks out help or spontaneously realizes the willingness and determination to change his or her ways.

Many individuals who consider themselves "chronic procrastinators" are actually suffering from an underlying mental health problem such as depression or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). These individuals frequently do not understand why they cannot "get it together", and can become resigned to a life of struggle, frustration, and underachievement. There is, unfortunately, widespread ignorance about this problem, even amongst mental health professionals, some of whom see procrastination as simply a "bad habit".

In addition, some people are predisposed to monotropism, a condition associated with autism in which there is a tendency to allocate attention to one task at a time, and to be less able than usual to multi-task or allocate segments of time for different priorities as may be needed. This may stem from many causes, including obsessional disorders and Asperger syndrome. To these individuals, tasks perceived as less important or less urgent may be excessively deferred behind other tasks which receive undue attention or priority.

These disorders can be treated with medication and psychotherapy, whereby the individual can learn new behaviors and achieve a greatly improved quality of life. Thus it is important for people who chronically struggle with debilitating procrastination to see a trained therapist or psychiatrist to see if an underlying mental health issue may be present.

Procrastination and addiction
Severe procrastination and/or ADD, and the intense desire to escape that comes along with it, can lead to internet addiction or computer addiction. In this instance the individual has a compulsion to avoid reality by surfing the web or playing video games (see Game addiction) or looking at pornography (see Pornography addiction).

Although these are relatively new phenomena, some are already being considered as valid psychiatric diagnoses by mental health professionals.

Main article: Addiction

Methods used for overcoming procrastination

 * Autosuggestion
 * Hypnotherapy
 * Neuro-linguistic programming
 * Personal development
 * Self-help
 * Silva method

Web books

 * Psychological Self-Help; by Clayton E. Tucker-Ladd; Mental Health Net.   Click here to turn directly to the section on procrastination.
 * Take Control Today! 7 simple steps to claiming a life you'll love; by Anthony Quinn.

Web articles

 * The Five Main Types of Procrastination; Procrastinators Anonymous
 * A Useful Strategy: Time Logging; Procrastinators Anonymous
 * Chronic Procrastination is NOT a Time Management Problem; Procrastinators Anonymous
 * No Time Bingeing: Key to Ending Procrastination; Procrastinators Anonymous
 * Causes of Procrastination; University of Houston Counselling Services
 * A Company’s Number One Killer: Procrastination (causes and cures); by Donald L. Caruth, Ph. D. and Gail D. Handlogten-Caruth
 * Deadlines and Procrastination Don’t Mix; National Seminars Group
 * Don't get distracted, keep starting - excellent compiled article and practical advice from a Stanford alumni
 * Fifteen Simple, Practical Tips on How to Get Things Done; by Dr. Marty Tashman
 * Procrastination (causes & cures); Tutoring Times. Penn State LRC
 * Procrastination: Habit or Disorder?; by Jenny Maryasis
 * Putting things off (procrastinating); Keele University Student Support Division
 * Overcoming Procrastination; by Ramona Creel
 * Overcoming Procrastination; by Steve Pavlina
 * Overcoming Procrastination; (University of Texas at Austin handout)
 * 7 Little Known Goal Setting Tips!
 * Some Facts Psychologists Know About… PROCRASTINATION; University of Cincinnati Psychological Services Center
 * Stand and Deliver (causes of procrastination); by Maia Szalavitz. Psychology Today
 * Procrastination: Ten Things To Know; by Hara Estroff Marano. Psychology Today
 * Tips on Managing Procrastination; Kwantlen University Counselling Services
 * Structured Procrastination; by John Perry
 * Good and Bad Procrastination''; by Paul Graham
 * There's Always Tomorrow. Interview with Joseph.R.Ferrari; The Chronicle of Higher Education

Websites

 * Procrastinators Anonymous
 * Procrastination Help
 * Procrastination Research
 * Reminder Service
 * Structured Procrastination

Discussion forums

 * Procrastinators Anonymous Forums (insights, meeting info, book-ending)
 * Procrastination Discussion and Mutual Support Forum
 * 43folders a Wiki based on the Getting things done approach.
 * "The Now Habit" Yahoo Group

Books

 * Awaken the Giant Within: How to Take Immediate Control of Your Mental, Emotional, Physical, & Financial Destiny; by Anthony Robbins. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 0671727346
 * The Complete Idiot's Guide to Overcoming Procrastination; by Michelle Tullier. Alpha Publishing. 1999. ISBN 0028636376
 * Do It Now!: Break the Procrastination Habit; by William J. Knaus, with John W. Edgerly. Wiley, John & Sons, 1997. ISBN 0471173991
 * Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity; by David Allen. Viking Adult, 2001. ISBN 0670899240
 * The Now Habit; by Neil Fiore. Tarcher, 1988. ISBN 0874775043
 * Overcoming Procrastination: Or How to Think and Act Rationally in Spite of Life's Inevitable Hassles; by Albert Ellis and William J. Knaus. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. 1979. ISBN 0451087585
 * Procrastination: Why You Do It, What to Do about It; by Jane B. Burka and Lenora Yuen, with Lenora M. Yuen. Perseus Publishing. 1990. Paperback, 227pp. ISBN 020155089X
 * The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People; by Stephen Covey. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 0743272455
 * Unlimited Power: The New Science of Personal Achievement; by Anthony Robbins. Random House Publishing Group, 1987. ISBN 0449902803
 * Procrastination and Blocking: A Novel, Practical Approach; by Robert Boice. Praeger Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0275956571
 * Eat That Frog! 21 Great Ways to Stop Procrastinating and Get More Done in Less Time; by Brian Tracy. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1583762027

Audio Publications

 * The On-Time, On-Target Manager: How a Last-Minute Manager Conquered Procrastination; by Ken Blanchard and Steve Gotty, read by Brian Corrigan. HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 0060584815


 * 'Life of Pi' by Yann Martel. Not only a surreal book about a boy and a tiger on a raft, it deals with the boy's untimely procrastination.

Software

 * Temptation blocker is a slick Free software program which blocks access to certain programs during a fixed amount of time. Ideal for chronic websurfers.
 * MyLife Organized - smart to-do list and goal setting software which helps you to make the first step in digging yourself out of the procrastination rut.

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