Recessive trait

In genetics, a recessive gene is an allele that causes a phenotype (visible or detectable characteristic) that is only seen in a homozygous genotype (an organism that has two copies of the same allele) and never in a heterozygous genotype. Every person has two copies of every gene on autosomal chromosomes, one from mother and one from father. If a genetic trait is recessive, a person needs to inherit two copies of the gene for the trait to be expressed. Thus, both parents have to be carriers of a recessive trait in order for a child to express that trait. Note that "expression" in this sense does not refer to genetic expression (i.e., transcription and translation) of the gene. Instead, "expression" here refers to the observance of the gene within the phenotype. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance with each child to show the recessive trait in the phenotype. Thus if the parents are closely related (in-breeding) the probability of both having inherited the same gene is increased and as a result the probability of the children showing the recessive trait is increased as well. The term "recessive gene" is part of the laws of Mendelian inheritance created by Gregor Mendel. Examples of recessive genes in Mendel's famous pea plant experiments include those that determine the color and shape of seed pods, and plant height.

Allosomal recessive gene
Allosomal recessive is a mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the allosomes (the sex determining chromosomes).

Examples include the gene for hemophilia which is carried on the X chromosome. Diseases carried on the Y chromosome cannot be recessive.

X chromosome diseases are recessive in females unless both of their X chromosomes have the gene. They are not recessive in males because males only have 1 X chromosome so there is not a non-diseased version of the gene to default to.

Autosomal recessive gene
Autosomal recessive or autorecessive is a mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the autosomes (the 22 non-sex determining chromosomes). In opposition to autosomal dominant trait, a recessive trait only becomes phenotypically apparent when two copies of a gene (two alleles) are present. In other words, the subject is homozygous for the trait. Recessive genes will also show a horizontal inheritance on a pedigree chart. The frequency of the carrier state can be calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg formula: $$ p^2+2pq+q^2=1 $$ (p is the frequency of one allele, and q = 1 &minus; p is the frequency of the other allele. Thus p*p is the frequency of the homozygous genotype for the first allele, 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype, and qq is the frequency of the other homozygous genotype.)

Recessive genetic disorders occur when both parents are carriers and each contributes an allele to the embryo. As both parents are heterozygous for the disorder, the chance of two disease alleles being inherited by one of their offspring is 25% (in autosomal dominant traits this is higher). 50% of the children (or 2/3 of the remaining ones) are carriers. When one of the parents is homozygous, the trait will only show in his/her offspring if the other parent is also a carrier. In that case, the chance of disease in the offspring is 50%.

Nomenclature
Technically, the term "recessive gene" is imprecise because it is not the gene that is recessive but the phenotype (or trait). It should also be noted that the concepts of recessiveness and dominance were developed before a molecular understanding of DNA and before molecular biology, thus mapping many newer concepts to "dominant" or "recessive" phenotypes is problematic. Many traits previously thought to be recessive have mild forms or biochemical abnormalities that arise from the presence of the one copy of the allele. This suggests that the dominant phenotype is dependent upon having two dominant genes and the presence of one dominant and one recessive gene creates some blending of both dominant and recessive traits. Recessive genes are usually represented by a lowercase letter in a Punnett square, as opposed to the uppercase letters of dominant genes (see example at right). Using the letter "T" as an example, only in "tt" (the homozygous recessive genotype, indicated by blue) would the recessive physical trait appear. The form "Tt" is called heterozygous (indicated by magenta with a red border), and, even though a recessive allele is present, the dominant gene is the one that appears (becomes the phenotype). The homozygous dominant genotype is "TT" (indicated by red)

Pea plant
Gregor Mendel performed a multitude of experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum) while researching traits, chosen because of the simple and low variety of characteristics, as well as the short period of germination. He experimented with color (green or yellow), size (short or tall), pea texture (smooth or wrinkled), and many others. By good fortune, the characteristics displayed by these plants clearly exhibited a dominant and recessive form. This is not true for many organisms. Few do inherit these traits. For example, when testing the color of the pea plants, he chose two green plants, since green was more common than yellow. He mated them, and examined the offspring. He continued to mate only those that appeared green, and eventually, the yellow ones would stop being produced. He also mated the yellow ones together and determined that only yellow ones were produced. Mendel determined that this was because yellow was a recessive trait which only appeared when green, the dominant trait, was not present. Also, he determined that the dominant trait would be displayed whether or not the recessive trait was there.

Autosomal recessive disease
Dominance/recessiveness refers to phenotype, not genotype. An example to prove the point is sickle cell anemia. The genotype of sickle cell is caused by a single base pair change in the beta-globin gene: normal=GAG (glu), sickle=GTG (val). There are several phenotypes associated with the sickle genotype: - This example demonstrates that one can only refer to dominance/recessiveness with respect to individual phenotypes. Other recessive disorders:
 * 1) anemia (a recessive trait)
 * 2) blood cell sickling (co-dominant)
 * 3) altered beta-globin electrophoretic mobility (co-dominant)
 * 4) resistance to malaria (dominant)
 * Cystic fibrosis
 * PKAN/NBIA
 * Tay-Sachs disease
 * Chronic granulomatous disease
 * Thalassemia
 * Bloom's Syndrome
 * Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
 * Haemochromatosis types 1-3
 * Wilson's disease
 * Most types of Mucopolysaccharidosis
 * Most Glycogen storage diseases
 * Homocystinuria
 * Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
 * Dubin-Johnson syndrome
 * Fanconi anemia
 * Galactosemia
 * Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
 * Phenylketonuria
 * Albinism
 * Rotor syndrome
 * Familial Mediterranean fever
 * Pendred syndrome
 * Certain forms of Spinal muscular atrophy
 * Xeroderma pigmentosum
 * Friedrich's ataxia