Superstitions


 * For other senses, see Superstition (disambiguation).





A Superstition is the irrational belief that future events are influenced by specific behaviors, without having a causal relationship.

Common superstitions from around the world
Examples of superstitions vary greatly from one country to another:


 * A gambler may credit a winning streak in poker to a lucky rabbit's foot or to sitting in a certain chair, rather than to skill or to the law of averages.
 * In Afghanistan it is said that if you see a magpie sitting on a wall, a message will be coming for you.
 * In China people say that one should not sweep or dust on New Year's Day lest good fortune also be swept away.
 * An airline passenger might believe that it is a medal of St Christopher (traditional patron saint of travellers) that keeps him safe in the air, rather than the fact that airplanes statistically crash very rarely.
 * Brides on their wedding day often do not see their groom until the ceremony, believing that to do so causes bad luck.
 * Some people turn back from a journey if a black cat crosses their path.
 * Among African Americans it is considered unlucky to sweep someone with a broom while cleaning house.
 * Many Americans believe that if you can blow out all of the candles on your birthday cake with one breath while making a silent wish, your wish will come true.
 * In Japan Tetraphobia, the fear of the number 4 is widespread; the number's use is minimized or avoided where possible.
 * Triskaidekaphobia, the fear of the number 13, is common among those of European descent.
 * Baseball superstitions are numerous.
 * Some believe that if you see a magpie, you must salute it with the words: "Hello Mr. magpie, how's your wife and family" or bad luck will follow. Unless you see two magpies, which is good luck.

Academic and cultural viewpoints

 * Main article: The psychological study of superstition

Superstition and the study of folklore
In the academic discipline of folkloristics the term "superstition" is used to denote any folk belief expressed in if/then (with an optional "unless" clause) format. If you break a mirror, then you will have seven years of bad luck unless you throw all of the pieces into a body of running water. In this usage, the term is not pejorative.

Supersitions are based on general, culturably variable beliefs in a supernatural "reality". Depending on a given culture's belief set, its superstitions may relate to things that are not fully understood or known, such as cemeteries, animals, demons, a devil, deceased ancestors, the weather, gambling, sports, food, holidays, occupations, excessive scrupulosity, death, luck, and/or Spirits. Urban legends are also sometimes classed as superstition, especially if the moral of the legend is to justify  fears about socially alien people or conditions.

Religious etymology
Superstition, as of today's understanding, is thought to derive from the both meanings of Latin 'superstes' composed on super (over, beyond), -sto (to stand): The 'superstitio' was the gift of narrating events as if one had attended and survived them. This capability of the 'superstitiosus' was associated with divination, which when not performed by a regular augur, was held in contempt as charlatanism. As a result, the superstitio became synonymous with "despisable religious beliefs", as antithetic with 'religio', the accepted official or traditional religion.
 * one who attends, can witness
 * one who survives

Thus, the English word "superstition," as understood from its original Latin meaning, implies a religion-like belief that stands outside the bounds of clerical religion.

In modern English, the term "superstition" is also used to refer to folkloric belief systems, often with the intention of casting negative, derogatory, or belittling scorn upon another culture's concept of the spiritual world.

Religious competition
In keeping with the Latin etymology of the word, religious believers have often seen other religions as superstition. Likewise, Atheists, agnostics, and skeptics often see all religious belief as a form of superstition. Thus, for instance, Edmund Burke, the great Irish orator, once said, "Superstition is the religion of weak minds".

Religious practices are most likely to be labelled "superstitious" by outsiders when they include belief in extraordinary events, supernatural interventions, apparitions or the efficacy of charms, incantations, the meaningfulness of omens, and prognostications.

Greek and Roman pagans, who modeled their relations with the gods on political and social terms scorned the man who constantly trembled with fear at the thought of the gods, as a slave feared a cruel and capricious master. "Such fear of the gods (deisidaimonia) was what the Romans meant by 'superstition' (Veyne 1987, p 211). For Christians just such fears might be worn proudly as a name: Desdemona.

The Roman Catholic Church considers superstition to be sinful in the sense that it denotes a lack of trust in the divine providence of God and, as such, is a violation of the first of the Ten Commandments. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states superstition "in some sense represents a perverse excess of religion" (para. #2110).

The Catechism clearly dispels commonly held preconceptions or misunderstandings about Catholic doctrine relating to superstitious practices:


 * Superstition is a deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes. It can even affect the worship we offer the true God, e.g., when one attributes an importance in some way magical to certain practices otherwise lawful or necessary. To attribute the efficacy of prayers or of sacramental signs to their mere external performance, apart from the interior dispositions that they demand is to fall into superstition. Cf. Matthew 23:16-22  (para. #2111)

Superstition and magic
Superstitions differ from magic spells in that the former are generally passive if/then constructs while the latter contain formulae, recipes, petitions, prayers, and enchantments for effecting future outcomes by means of supernatural, symbolic, and perhaps non-causal activities.

People who otherwise accept scientific de-mystification of the supernal world and do not consider themselves to be occultists or practitioners of magic, still may consider that it is "better to be safe than be sorry" and observe or transmit some or many of the superstitions endemic to their cultures.

Articles about superstitions

 * Triskaidekaphobia (the fear of the number 13)
 * Tetraphobia (the fear of the number 4)
 * Baseball superstitions
 * Black cats
 * Folk religion
 * Tradition, Custom, Practice, etc.
 * Magic (paranormal)

Articles presenting various theories about why people are superstitious

 * Mediation (culture)
 * Obsessive-compulsive disorder
 * Prayer
 * Social sceintist B. F. Skinner's bird experiment: "superstition in the pigeon"
 * Cargo cult programming, superstitions developed by computer programmers who do not understand the deep workings of the computer.
 * Correlation implies causation (logical fallacy), urban legends like "Teenage girls eat lots of chocolate.", built on unproved correlation.
 * Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels With Science

Books

 * Opie, Iona and Moira Tatem. A Dictionary of Superstitions
 * Sagan, Carl, 1995. The Demon-Haunted World : Science As a Candle in the Dark New York: Random House
 * Hyatt, Harry Middleton. "Folk-Lore o Adams County Illiniois"
 * Planer, Felix E. Superstition, 1988, New York: Prometheus Books
 * Puckett, Newbell Niles. "Folk Beleifs of the Southern Negro"
 * Veyne, Paul. 1987 A History of Private Life: 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium.

Superstition sites
These articles examine beliefs, faiths, and superstitions from a respectful and informational viewpoint:
 * Lengthy list of superstitions at oldsuperstitions.com
 * Superstitions and beliefs about cats
 * American Superstitions and Beliefs about Death
 * British Wedding Customs, Beliefs, and Superstitions
 * Taboos and Superstitions of Chinese New Year
 * Animal Superstitions
 * Superstitions of Afghanistan

Anti-superstition sites
These articles examine beliefs, faiths, and superstitions from a negative and debunking viewpoint:
 * Superstition by Robert Green Ingersoll
 * The Science of Superstitions by Dr. Sam Vaknin
 * The Skeptic's Dictionary: Discusses maters from the viewpoint that paranormality is dubious.
 * The Secular Web Reference Desk
 * Problems with beliefs

Some of the text on this page was formerly from Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

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