G. Stanley Hall

Granville Stanley Hall (February 1, 1844 - April 24, 1924) was a psychologist and educationalist who pioneered American psychology. Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and also the first president of Clark University.

Born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, Hall graduated from Williams College in 1867, then studied at the Union Theological Seminary. Inspired by Principles of Physiological Psychology, he earned his doctorate in psychology under William James at Harvard University, after which he spent time at Wilhelm Wundt's Leipzig laboratory.

He began his career by teaching English and philosophy at Antioch College in Ohio. From 1882-88, he taught psychology at Johns Hopkins University. There, Hall objected vehemently to the emphasis on teaching traditional subjects, e.g., Latin, mathematics, science and history, in high school, arguing instead that high school should focus more on the education of adolescents than on preparing students for college.

In 1887, he founded the American Journal of Psychology. In 1899, he was named the first President of Clark University, a post he filled until 1920. During his 31 years as President, Hall remained intellectually active. He was instrumental in the development of educational psychology, and he tried to show the effect adolescence has on education. He was also responsible for inviting Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and deliver lectures in 1909.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution was another influence on Hall. This prompted him to undertake a scientific examination of child development in order to learn about the inheritance of behavior. The subjective character of these studies made their validation impossible.

Hall coined the phrase "Storm and Stress" with reference to adolescence, taken from the German Sturm und Drang-movement. Its three key aspects are: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risky behavior. As was later the case with the work of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, public interest in this phrase and Hall's originating role, faded. Recent research has led to some reconsideration of the phrase and its denotation. In its three aspects, recent evidence supports storm-and-stress, but modified to take into account individual differences and cultural variations. Currently, pyschologists do not accept storm-and-stress as universal, but do acknowledge the possibility in brief passing. Not all adolescents experience storm-and-stress, but storm-and-stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages.

Hall's major books were Adolescence (1904) and Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921).