Smokeless tobacco



Dipping tobacco (also known as American moist snuff or spit tobacco) is a form of smokeless tobacco. It is commonly referred to as dip while the act of using it as dipping, having a dip, or packing a dip. Chewing tobacco is often associated with this family of products.

Usage
Dip is sometimes "chew"; because of this, it is commonly confused with chewing tobacco. Instead of literally chewing on tobacco, a small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums. The dip rests on the inside lining of the mouth for approximately 20-30 minutes--ultimately the duration of a dip is determined by the user--where saliva carries nicotine to the inferior or superior labial arteries.

Dip tobacco users often produce excess saliva while dipping. This is typically spat onto the ground or in a bottle because swallowing can cause irritation to the esophagus, nausea, and vomiting-- however, some (long-time) dippers can swallow the tobacco-caused saliva with no unusual effects. Smokeless tobacco is sometimes used in the workplace by employees, especially if the employer does not provide many cigarette breaks or if the employee is constantly using both hands during work (which doesn't provide opportunities for cigarette smoking). Dip is also used by many athletes and students to get nicotine without smoking.

Cut sizes
The difference between cut sizes are shown in the length of the individual strands of tobacco.

Types
Longer cuts are easier to manage than fine cuts (in regards to ease of grabbing the tobacco and keeping it comfortably in mouth).
 * Long Cut - Long cut comes in thin strands of tobacco around 7 mm long
 * Mid Cut - Mid-cut is comparable to small granules about 1 mm cubed.
 * Fine Cut - Fine cut comes in granules slightly larger than sand or coffee grounds.
 * Pouches - Pouches hold fine cut tobacco in a tiny, coffee filter-like pouch for simplicity.

Cancer dangers
Studies have shown that dipping tobacco has a relatively low risk for cancer, but some studies give conflicting results. One, done in 2004, shows that tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels were much higher in American dipping tobacco than those of Swedish products.

"Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are believed to play a significant role as causes of cancer in people who use tobacco products." The risk of mouth cancer is significantly debated by some American public health professionals, as noted in several recent and past studies. However, most researchers emphasize that while smokeless tobacco may be a "less harmful" alternative to smoking, it is not a "safe" alternative to smoking.

One recent study indicated that smokeless tobacco users are exposed to more NNK, a human carcinogen, than cigarette smokers. NNK is known to cause cancer in laboratory animals. This study, like others, stresses that smokeless tobacco use is not a "safe" alternative to cigarettes.

"The three leading U.S. snuff brands (Copenhagen, Skoal fine cut, and Kodiak; making up 92% of the U.S. market [in 1994]) showed not only high levels of pH, nicotine, and unprotonated (free) nicotine, but also high concentrations of the strongly carcinogenic TSNAs in comparison with the fourth and fifth best selling moist snuff brands, Hawken and Skoal Bandits (3% of the U.S. market [in 1994])."

Cancer, however, is not frequently experienced as a consequence in Sweden, where smokeless tobacco use is well-established. It should be noted, however, that Swedish moist snuff ("Snus") utilizes a different manufacturing process that is speculated to reduce the amount of harmful chemicals delivered to the smokeless tobacco user, specifically by minimizing nitrosamine content.

Cardiovascular effects
Studies are inconclusive as to how significantly smokeless tobacco affects users' cardiovascular systems, but it has been studied that it may have more nicotine than cigarettes. One study states that, "Although the evidence is not conclusive, the adverse cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use are less than those caused by smoking but are more than those found in nonusers." Other studies also indicate that smokeless tobacco related cardiovascular risks are lower than that of smoked tobacco. One study states that smokeless tobacco use has a "modest effect on cardiovascular risk factors in young physically fit men."

However, it is important to note that one Indian study from the state of Rajasthan states, "There is a significantly greater prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors [sic] obesity, resting tachycardia, hypertension, high total and LDL cholesterol, and low HDL cholesterol, and electrocardiographic changes in tobacco users, chewing or smoking, as compared-to tobacco non-users. Chewing tobacco is associated with similar cardiovascular risk as smoking." This finding may bear on the possibility that smokeless tobacco in India is produced differently than in Western countries.

Due to contrasting results in studies, many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco.

Misconceptions
According to one study, only a "handful of websites" contain accurate information on the hazards of smokeless tobacco. 1/3 of websites relating to smokeless tobacco "explicitly" claim that smokeless tobacco is comparable to, or worse than, cigarettes. The conclusion reads:
 * "Through these websites, and presumably other information provided by the same government, advocacy, and educational organizations, ST [smokeless tobacco] users are told, in effect, that they might as well switch to smoking if they like it a bit more. Smokers and policy makers are told there is no potential for harm reduction. These messages are clearly false and likely harmful, representing violations of ethical standards."

Addiction potential
Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is the primary addictive agent.

According to European Union policy, Scandinavian or some American smokeless tobaccos are at least 90% less hazardous than cigarette smoking. However, the habit is still addictive.

Taxation and restriction of smoking is causing more smokeless tobacco use as "substitution." There are active public health debates regarding risk-reduction for smokers and the reconsideration of smokeless tobacco risks. "...There is a substantial body of informed and independent opinion that sees the value of harm reduction strategies based on smokeless tobacco."

Additives
There are few reports confirming exactly what additives are in smokeless tobacco, and it is very likely that brands vary in what and how much of each additive they use. It is widely claimed that glass or fiberglass is mixed into each tin to cause abrasion to the lip, resulting in higher and faster nicotine absorption. However, at least in the case of snus, the appearance of glass-like particles may be due to the formation of salt crystals.

The addition of glass to dipping tobacco would not be beneficial for increasing nicotine delivery, as bleeding and inflammation would be likely to reduce the uptake of nicotine. The amount of nicotine absorbed can be controlled by different cutting of the tobacco, increasing the nicotine concentration and raising the pH of the tobacco by adding various salts. An alkaline pH causes more nicotine to be absorbed, especially the free, unprotonated form, but is irritating to the mucosa. Nicotine itself can also irritate the mucosa.

Smokeless tobacco companies
Connecticut-based UST Inc. held 62.5 percent of the market as of the third quarter of 2006, according to Morningstar. The company's brands include Copenhagen, Skoal, Husky, and Red Seal. The next two largest entities are the Conwood subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., and Swedish Match.

In 2001, a type of dissolvable tobacco lozenge was developed by Star Scientific, sold and marketed under the brand names Ariva and Stonewall. The company claims that the product is "spit-less", and that its manufacturing process possibly reduces TSNA levels. In 2006, "spit-less" snus tobacco products were test-marketed by Altria Group Inc. (formerly Phillip Morris Companies) and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, under the names Taboka and Camel Snus.

Canadian tins are smaller in size compared to tins produced for the United States. US tins are generally 34 grams while Canadian tins are 15 grams. Smokeless tobacco products are also more expensive in Canada compared to the United States. Prices for a 15 gram tin of average, popular brand smokeless tobacco are normally around $6-7, in Canadian funds. Though prices tend to vary more from one state to the next in the US, it is quite common to find the same brands of smokeless tobacco products in containers twice the size as Canadian ones, for around half the price with currency differences taken into account. Canadian users wait longer for new products to be released and spend, depending on province, up to 40% more. Many flavours are not released in Canadian markets until much later due to tobacco denormalization laws.

Legality
Given the risk of mouth cancer and a fairly low usage outside of North America and the Nordic countries, several countries have banned the sale (and in some cases the import) of dipping tobacco. Sale of dipping tobacco was banned in Australia and New Zealand in 1986 and in most of the EU nations in 1992. Both Sweden and Norway were exempted from this ban because of the traditionally high usage of dipping tobacco in both countries.

Alternative products
Tobacco-free smokeless products are available on the market such as Mint Snuff, Smokey Mountain Snuff, and Hooch Snuff utilize an herbal based composition with ingredients such as mint leaves, corn silk or pueraria. KIKIT is a completely edible chewing tobacco alternative made from coconut. Also, some food companies produce jerky chew, shredded beef jerky in smokeless tobacco sized tins.