The Psychophysiology of anger


 * In response to an electrical stimulation to the hypothalamus area of the brain, production of the hormone adrenaline is increased.
 * Respiration deepens.
 * The heart beats more rapidly and may palpitate. Blood pressure rises.
 * The sympathetic nervous system diverts blood from the skin, liver, stomach and intestines to the heart, central nervous system and muscles.
 * The digestive processes are suspended.
 * Glucose is freed from reserves in the liver.
 * Cortisol production is increased in order to depress the immune system.
 * The spleen contracts and discharges its content of concentrated corpuscles.
 * Men have an increased supply of the hormone testosterone.
 * Involvement of amygdala.
 * Increase in left prefrontal cortical activation.

More noticeable effects of anger include:
 * More acute senses.
 * Desire to yell or to move quickly and forcefully.
 * The eyes are open wider than usual and the pupils are dilated.
 * The face reddens, but then may turn pale.
 * Increased physical strength.
 * Speech and motion are faster and more intense.
 * Tense muscles.
 * Bloodlust