Cog's Ladder

History
Cog's Ladder of group development is based off of the work, "Cog's Ladder: A Model of Group Growth", by George O. Charrier, an employee of Procter and Gamble, written and published for a newsletter in that company in 1972. The original document was written to help group managers at Procter and Gamble better understand the dynamics of group work in order to improve efficiency. It is now also used by the United States Naval and Air Force Academy's and other businesses to help understand group development.

Stages
The basic idea of Cog's Ladder is that there are five steps necessary for a small group of people to be able to work efficiently. These stages are the polite stage, the why we're here stage, the power stage, the cooperation stage and the esprit stage. Groups can only move forward after completing the current stage as in Jean Piaget's stage model.

Polite Stage
An introductory phase where members strive to get acquainted or re-acquainted with one another. During this phase, the basis for the group structure is established and is characterized by polite social interaction. All ideas are simple, controversy is avoided and all members limit self disclosure. Judgements of other members are formed and sets tone for the rest of the groups time.

Why We're Here Stage
Group members will want to know why they have been called together. The specific agenda for each planning session will be communicated by the moderator or leader. In this phase, individual need for approval begins to diminish as members examine their group's purpose and begin to set goals. Often social cliques will begin to form as members begin to feel as though they "fit in".

Power Stage
Bids for power begin between group members in an effort to convince each other that their position on an issue is correct. Often the field of candidates vying for leadership narrows as fewer members strive to establish power. Some of those who contributed freely to the group discussion in earlier stages now remain silent, wishing not to engage in a power struggle. It is noted that interactions arising out of this phase do not usually result in optimum solutions. Hence, there is a great need for structure and patience in this stage.

Cooperation Stage
Members not only begin to accept that others have an opinion worth expressing, but a team spirit replaces vested interests. Often new levels of creativity are achieved and the groups productivity soars. If new individuals are introduced into the membership at this point they will be viewed as outsiders or intruders and the group will have to evolve again much as it did initially.

Esprit Stage
Mutual acceptance with high cohesiveness and a general feeling of esprit. Charrier states that the planning team can do its finest work and be most productive in this final stage in the model. However it is also noted that this stage will not always be achieved, however for this level of cooperation as well as productivity the other four stages must be met.

Comparisons
Cog's Ladder is very similar to Tuckman's Stages, another stage model of groups, which lacks the "Why We're Here" stage, and calls the remaining four stages "Forming," "Storming," "Norming," and "Performing." There are also other similar models, some of which are cyclic rather than reaching an end state.