Hermann Snellen

Herman Snellen (February 19, 1834 – January 18, 1908) was a Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1862). He took over directorship of the Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients after Dr. Franciscus Donders.

Biography
Snellen was born in Zeist, Netherlands.

He studied medicine at Utrecht University under Franciscus Donders, Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jacobus Schroeder van der Kolk, earning his medical degree in 1858. He specialized in ophthalmology, working as an assistant physician at the Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients (Nederlandsch Gasthuis voor Ooglijders) after completing his degree. He was named to succeed Donders as the institute's director in 1884, a position he served in until 1903. In 1877 he was appointed as a professor of ophthalmology at Utrecht University. He did research on astigmatism, glaucoma and other eye diseases, as well as research on correction of visual acuity using eyeglasses and ophthalmological surgery.

While other versions had been developed before him by Eduard Jäger von Jaxtthal and others, Snellen developed his eponymous eye chart in 1862 to measure visual acuity, which rapidly become a global standard. The most significant innovation was his use of what he called optotypes, specially designed characters generated on a 5x5 grid, rather than using standard fonts. They provide a physical standard measure that could be used when printing the chart. Standard vision was measured as the ability to correctly read a line of optotype characters when they subtended 5 minutes of arc and were separated by 1 minute of arc.

Since its inception, more copies of the Snellen Chart have been sold in the United States than any other poster. It has remained a ubiquitous standard in medical offices into the 21st century.