Monothematic delusion

A monothematic delusion is a delusional state that only concerns one particular topic. This is contrasted by what is sometimes called multi-thematic or polythematic delusions where the person has a range of delusions (typically the case of schizophrenia). These disorders can occur within the context of schizophrenia or dementia or they can occur without any other signs of mental illness. Usually when these disorders are found outside the context of mental illness, they are often caused by organic disfunction as a result of traumatic brain injury, stroke, or neurological illness.

People who suffer from these delusions as a result of organic disfunction often do not suffer from any obvious intellectual deficiency nor do they have any other symptoms. Additionally, a few of these people even have some awareness that their beliefs are bizarre, yet they can not be persuaded that their beliefs are false.

Types
The delusions that fall under this category are:
 * Capgras delusion is the belief that (usually) a close relative or spouse has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.
 * Fregoli delusion is the belief that various people that the believer meets are actually the same person in disguise.
 * Intermetamorphosis is the belief that people in the environment swap identities with each other whilst maintaining the same appearance.
 * Subjective doubles, in which a person believes there is a doppelganger or double of him or herself carrying out independent actions.
 * Cotard delusion is the belief that oneself is dead or does not exist; sometimes coupled with the belief that they are putrifying or missing their internal organs.
 * Mirrored self-misidentification is the belief that one's reflection in a mirror is some other person.
 * Reduplicative paramnesia is the belief that a familiar person, place, object or body part has been duplicated. For example, a person may believe that they are in fact not in the hospital to which they were admitted, but an identical-looking hospital in a different part of the country.
 * Unilateral neglect is the delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of ones body (often connected with stroke).
 * delusions of alien control are delusions that someone or something else is controlling ones actions.
 * thought insertion is the delusion that someone else is putting words or thoughts in one's brain.

Note that some of these delusions are also sometimes grouped under the umbrella term of delusional misidentification syndrome.

Causes
Current cognitive neuropsychology research points toward a two-factor approach to the cause of monothematic delusions1. The first factor being the anomalous experience&mdash;often a neurological defect&mdash;which leads to the delusion and the second factor being an impairment of the belief formation cognitive process.

For example of one of these first factors, several studies point toward Capgras delusion being the result of a disorder of the affect component of face perception. As a result, while the person can recognize their spouse (or other close relation) they do not feel the typical emotional reaction and thus the spouse does not seem like the person they once knew.

Other monothematic delusions are also assumed to precipitate from some form of neurological defect:
 * Cotard delusion - a global flattening of affect leading to a sense of emptiness
 * Fregoli delusion - heightened or misattributed affective response toward others leading to misidentifying others
 * Alien control, Thought insertion - loss of an experience of self-initiation of action or thought
 * Unilateral neglect - Loss of kinaesthetic and proprioceptive experience of a limb or side of body
 * Mirrored self-misidentification - disorder of face processing or inaccessibility of visuo-motor transformations for mirrored space

As studies have shown, these neurological defects are not enough on their own to cause delusional thinking. An additional second factor, a bias or impairment of the belief formation cognitive process is required to solidify and maintain the delusion. Since we do not currently have a solid cognitive model of the belief formation process, this second factor is still somewhat an unknown.

Some research has shown that delusional people are more prone to jumping to conclusions2, 3, 5 and thus they would be more likely to take their anomalous experience as veridical and make snap judgments based on these experiences. Additionally, studies5 have shown and they are more prone to making errors due to matching bias&mdash;indicative of a tendency to try and confirm the rule. These two judgment biases help explain how delusion prone people could grasp onto extreme delusions and be very resistant to change.

Some researchers claim this is enough to explain the delusional thinking. However other researchers still argue that these biases are not enough to explain why they remain completely impervious to evidence over time. They believe that there must be some additional unknown neurological defect in the patient's belief system (probably in the right hemisphere).