Conjoint analysis (in marketing)

See also: Conjoint analysis

Conjoint analysis, also called multiattribute compositional models, is a statistical technique that originated in mathematical psychology. Today it is used in many of the social sciences and applied sciences including marketing, product management, and operations research. The objective of conjoint analysis is to determine what combination of a limited number of attributes is most preferred by respondents. It is used frequently in testing customer acceptance of new product designs and assessing the appeal of advertisements. It has been used in product positioning, but there are some problems with this application of the technique.

Process
The basic steps are:
 * select features to be tested
 * show product feature combinations to potential customers
 * respondents rank, rate, or choose between the combinations
 * input the data from a representative sample of potential customers into a statistical software program and choose the conjoint analysis procedure. The software will produce utility functions for each of the features.
 * incorporate the most preferred features into a new product or advertisement

Information collection
Respondents are shown a set of products, prototypes, mock-ups or pictures. Each example is similar enough that consumers will see them as close substitutes, but dissimilar enough that respondents can clearly determine a preference. Each example is composed of a unique combination of product features. The data may consist of individual ratings, rank-orders, or preferences among alternative combinations. The latter is referred to as "choice based conjoint" or "discrete choice analysis."

Analysis
Any number of algorithms may be used to estimate utility functions. The original methods were monotonic analysis of variance or linear programming techniques, but these are largely obsolete in contemporary marketing research practice. Far more popular are Hierarchical Bayesian procedures that operate on choice data. These utility functions indicate the perceived value of the feature and how sensitive consumer perceptions and preferences are to changes in product features.

Advantages

 * able to use physical objects
 * measures preferences at the individual level

Disadvantages

 * only a limited set of features can be used because the number of combinations increases very quickly as more features are added.
 * information gathering stage is complex
 * difficult to use for product positioning research because there is no procedure for converting perceptions about actual features to perceptions about a reduced set of underlying features
 * respondents are unable to articulate attitudes toward new categories
 * estimates psychological tradeoffs that consumers make when evaluating several attributes together

Finding related topics

 * list of marketing topics
 * list of management topics
 * list of economics topics
 * list of finance topics
 * list of human resource management topics
 * list of accounting topics
 * list of information technology management topics
 * list of business law topics
 * list of production topics
 * list of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics
 * list of business theorists
 * list of economists
 * list of corporate leaders
 * list of companies

External sources

 * Green, P. and Srinivasan, V. (1978) Conjoint analysis in consumer research: Issues and outlook, Journal of Consumer Research, vol 5, September 1978, pp 103-123.
 * Green, P. Carroll, J. and Goldberg, S. (1981) A general approach to product design optimization via conjoint analysis, Journal of Marketing, vol 43, summer 1981, pp 17-35.
 * Orme, B. (2005) Getting Started with Conjoint Analysis Madison, WI: Research Publishers LLC. ISBN 0-9727297-4-7
 * "What is Conjoint Analysis?" From Sawtooth Software (includes interactive training module)

Análisis conjunto Vignettenmethode 联合分析