News media



The news media refers to the section of the mass media that focuses on presenting current news to the public. These include print media]] (newspapers, magazines); broadcast media (radio stations, television stations, television networks), and increasingly Internet-based media (World Wide Web pages, weblogs).

The term news trade refers to the concept of the news media as a business separate from, but integrally connected to, the profession of journalism.

Etymology
A medium (plural media) is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or both.

The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the mass media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music world-wide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbite]s to a small population within its range.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media.

Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

Newsmagazines


A newsmagazine, sometimes called news magazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go a little more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts.

Newspapers
A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

Newsreels
A newsreel is a documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories.

Created by Pathé Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.

Pathé would eventually merge with RKO...

An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane (which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff), which includes a fictional newsreel that summarizes the life of the title character.

Online journalism
Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet.

An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of the medium varies. Some news organizations, such as the Gongwer News Service, use the Web only or primarily.

The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing classified ads to Web sites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The advertising on news Web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment.

Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more but narrower media outlets.

Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK, Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience, such as mediastrike.

News coverage
By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.

An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks. Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article. 

Books

 * Adie, K. (2006). Observing conflict. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
 * Altheide, D. L. (2002). Tracking discourse. New York, NY: Routledge.
 * Barnett, B. (2006). The Stories They Couldn't Tell: How Journalists Use Public Record Databases. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Papers

 * Adams, T., & Tuggle, C. A. (2004). ESPN's SportsCenter and Coverage of Women's Athletics: "It's a Boys' Club": Mass Communication and Society Vol 7(2) 2004, 237-248.
 * Aday, S., Cluverius, J., & Livingston, S. (2005). As Goes the Statue, So Goes the War: The Emergence of the Victory Frame in Television Coverage of the Iraq War: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media Vol 49(3) Sep 2005, 314-331.


 * Agudelo, C. G. (2007). Daring to think is beginning to fight: The history of magazine "alternativa," Colombia, 1974--1980. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
 * Akil, B. (2007). African American news websites: Publishers' views, perspectives and experiences in relation to the social construction of news, online news and the Black Press. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
 * Alessi, N. E., & Alessi, V. A. (2008). New media and an ethics analysis model for child and adolescent psychiatry: Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America Vol 17(1) Jan 2008, 67-92.
 * Alexander, P. J., & Cunningham, B. M. (2007). Public and private decision making: The value of diversity in news. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
 * Alexy, E. M., Burgess, A. W., & Baker, T. (2005). Internet Offenders: Traders, Travelers, and Combination Trader-Travelers: Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 20(7) Jul 2005, 804-812.
 * Allen, C. (2005). Discovering "Joe Six Pack" Content in Television News: The Hidden History of Audience Research, News Consultants, and the Warner Class Model: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media Vol 49(4) Dec 2005, 363-382.
 * Al-Saggaf, Y. (2006). The Online Public Sphere in the Arab World: The War in Iraq on the Al Arabiya Website: Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Vol 12(1) Oct 2006, 311-334.
 * Althaus, S. L., & Kim, Y. M. (2006). Priming Effects in Complex Information Environments: Reassessing the Impact of News Discourse on Presidential Approval: Journal of Politics Vol 68(4) Nov 2006, 960-976.
 * Altheide, D. L. (1997). "The News Media, the Problem Frame, and the Production of Fear": Sociological Quarterly Vol 38(4) Fal 1997, 647-668.
 * Altheide, D. L. (2002). Children and the discourse of fear: Symbolic Interaction Vol 25(2) 2002, 229-250.
 * Altheide, D. L., & Grimes, J. N. (2005). War programming: The propaganda project and the Iraq war: Sociological Quarterly Vol 46(4) Fal 2005, 617-643.
 * Amrine, M. (1965). Psychology in the news: American Psychologist Vol 20(6) Jun 1965, 440-441.
 * Anastasio, P. A., Rose, K. C., & Chapman, J. G. (2005). The Divisive Coverage Effect: How Media May Cleave Differences of Opinion Between Social Groups: Communication Research Vol 32(2) Apr 2005, 171-192.
 * Anderman, E. M., & Johnston, J. (1998). Television news in the classroom: What are adolescents learning? : Journal of Adolescent Research Vol 13(1) Jan 1998, 73-100.
 * Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Media violence and the American public revisited: American Psychologist Vol 57(6-7) Jun-Jul 2002, 448-450.
 * Andrewes, J. (2006). Developing an online press office for Cardiff Council: Principles of excellence: Journal of Communication Management Vol 10(2) 2006, 156-173.
 * Andrews, K. T., & Biggs, M. (2006). The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organizations, Social Networks, and News Media in the 1960 Sit-ins: American Sociological Review Vol 71(5) Oct 2006, 752-777.
 * Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (1996). The effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons on the attitude of the public towards the mentally ill: Social Science & Medicine Vol 43(12) Dec 1996, 1721-1728.
 * Angermeyer, M. C., & Schulze, B. (2001). Reinforcing stereotypes: How the focus on forensic cases in news reporting may influence public attitudes towards the mentally ill: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 24(4-5) Jul-Oct 2001, 469-486.
 * Arad, T. (2005). Voice: When News Comes Close: Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma Vol 10(1-2) 2005, 439-441.
 * Armstrong, C. L., Wood, M. L. M., & Nelson, M. R. (2006). Female News Professionals in Local and National Broadcast News During the Buildup to the Iraq War: Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media Vol 50(1) Mar 2006, 78-94.
 * Arpan, L. M., Baker, K., Lee, Y., Jung, T., Lorusso, L., & Smith, J. (2006). News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes: Mass Communication and Society Vol 9(1) 2006, 1-20.
 * Atkin, D., & Fife, M. (1994). The role of race and gender as determinants of local TV news coverage: Howard Journal of Communications Vol 5(1-2) Fal-Win 1994, 123-137.
 * Attaway-Fink, B. (2004). Market-driven journalism: Creating special sections to meet reader interests: Journal of Communication Management Vol 9(2) 2004, 145-154.
 * Aust, C. F. (1994). Effects of emotional displays by interviewees in broadcast news. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
 * Aust, C. F. (2003). Factors in the appeal of news. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
 * Babad, E. (2005). The Psychological Price of Media Bias: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Vol 11(4) Dec 2005, 245-255.
 * Bagherian, F. (2000). An evaluation of Carleton Hotline for Administration and Teaching "CHAT." Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering.
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 * Bantimaroudis, P., & Ban, H. (2001). Covering the crisis in Somalia: Framing choices by The New York Times and The Manchester Guardian. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
 * Banwart, M. C., Bystrom, D. G., & Robertson, T. (2003). From the primary to the general election: A comparative analysis of candidate media coverage in mixed-gender 2000 races for governor and U. S. Senate: American Behavioral Scientist Vol 46(5) Jan 2003, 658-676.
 * Barber, J. S., & Axinn, W. G. (2004). New Ideas and Fertility Limitation: The Role of Mass Media: Journal of Marriage and Family Vol 66(5) Dec 2004, 1180-1200.
 * Bardhan, N. R. (2002). Accounts from the field: A public relations perspective on global AIDS/HIV: Journal of Health Communication Vol 7(3) May-Jun 2002, 221-244.
 * Barnett, B. (2005). Feminists Shaping News: A Framing Analysis of News Releases From the National Organization for Women: Journal of Public Relations Research Vol 17(4) 2005, 341-362.
 * Bartkowski, J. P. (1998). Claims-making and typifications of voodoo as a deviant religion: Hex, lies, and videotape: Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 37(4) Dec 1998, 559-579.
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 * Beard, H., & Payne, B. K. (2005). The portrayal of elder abuse in the national media: American Journal of Criminal Justice Vol 29(2) Spr 2005, 269-284.
 * Beaudoin, C. E. (2007). The impact of news use and social capital on youth wellbeing: An aggregate-level analysis: Journal of Community Psychology Vol 35(8) Nov 2007, 947-965.
 * Beaudoin, C. E. (2007). News, social capital and health in the context of Katrina: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved Vol 18(2) May 2007, 418-430.
 * Beaudoin, C. E., & Thorson, E. (2005). Credibility Perceptions of News Coverage of Ethnic Groups: The Predictive Roles of Race and News Use: Howard Journal of Communications Vol 16(1) Jan-Mar 2005, 33-48.
 * Beckett, K. (1996). Culture and the politics of signification: The case of child sexual abuse: Social Problems Vol 43(1) Feb 1996, 57-76.
 * Beers, D. (2006). The Public Sphere and Online, Independent Journalism: Canadian Journal of Education Vol 29(1) 2006, 109-130.
 * Bek, M. G. (2004). Research Note: Tabloidization of News Media: An Analysis of Television News in Turkey: European Journal of Communication Vol 19(3) Sep 2004, 371-386.
 * Bennett, W. L. (2004). Gatekeeping and Press-Government Relations: A Multigated Model of News Construction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
 * Bennett, W. L. (2005). Beyond pseudoevents: Election news as reality TV: American Behavioral Scientist Vol 49(3) Nov 2005, 364-378.
 * Bennett, W. L., Lawrence, R. G., & Livingston, S. (2006). None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal: Journal of Communication Vol 56(3) Sep 2006, 467-485.
 * Bennett, W. L., Pickard, V. W., lozzi, D. P., Schroeder, C. L., Lagos, T., & Caswell, C. E. (2004). Managing the Public Sphere: Journalistic Construction of the Great Globalization Debate: Journal of Communication Vol 54(3) Sep 2004, 437-455.
 * Benson, R., & Hallin, D. C. (2007). How States, markets and globalization shape the news: The French and US national press, 1965-97: European Journal of Communication Vol 22(1) Mar 2007, 27-48.
 * Benson, R., & Saguy, A. C. (2005). Constructing Social Problems in an Age of Globalization: A French-American Comparison: American Sociological Review Vol 70(2) Apr 2005, 233-259.
 * Berger, C. R. (1998). Processing quantitative data about risk and threat in news reports: Journal of Communication Vol 48(3) Sum 1998, 87-106.
 * Berger, C. R., Lee, E.-J., & Johnson, J. T. (2003). Gender, rationality, and base-rate explanations for increasing trends: Communication Research Vol 30(6) Dec 2003, 737-765.
 * Berinsky, A. J., & Kinder, D. R. (2006). Making Sense of Issues Through Media Frames: Understanding the Kosovo Crisis: Journal of Politics Vol 68(3) Aug 2006, 640-656.
 * Berry, T. R., Wharf-Higgins, J., & Naylor, P. J. (2007). SARS wars: An examination of the quantity and construction of health information in the news media: Health Communication Vol 21(1) 2007, 35-44.
 * Beyerlein, P., Aubert, X., Haeb-Umbach, R., Harris, M., Klakow, D., Wendemuth, A., et al. (2002). Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition of Broadcast News-The Philips/RWTH approach: Speech Communication Vol 37(1-2) May 2002, 109-131.
 * Bhatia, A. (2006). Critical discourse analysis of political press conferences: Discourse & Society Vol 17(2) Mar 2006, 173-203.
 * Billsus, D., & Pazzani, M. J. (2000). User modeling for adaptive news access: User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction Vol 10(2-3) 2000, 147-180.
 * Bishop, H., & Jaworski, A. (2003). 'We beat 'em': Nationalism and the hegemony of homogeneity in the British press reportage of Germany versus England during Euro 2000: Discourse & Society Vol 14(3) May 2003, 243-271.
 * Bishop, R. (2003). The World's Nicest Grown-Up: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of News Media Coverage of Fred Rogers: Journal of Communication Vol 53(1) Mar 2003, 16-31.
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 * Blood, R. W., Pirkis, J., & Holland, K. (2007). Media reporting of suicide methods: An Australian perspective: Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention Vol 28(Suppl 1) 2007, 64-69.
 * Bloom, R. W. (2002). On media violence: Whose facts? Whose misinformation? : American Psychologist Vol 57(6-7) Jun-Jul 2002, 447-448.
 * Bloom, R. W. (2005). Who's in Control? : PsycCRITIQUES Vol 50 (45), 2005.
 * Blum, D. (1999). Reporting on the changing science of human behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
 * Blum-Kulka, S., Blondheim, M., & Hacohen, G. (2002). Traditions of dispute: From negotiations of talmudic texts to the arena of political discourse in the media: Journal of Pragmatics Vol 34(10-11) Oct-Nov 2002, 1569-1594.
 * Boczkowski, P. J. (2004). The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms: Journal of Communication Vol 54(2) Jun 2004, 197-213.
 * Bolam, B., McLean, C., Pennington, A., & Gillies, P. (2006). Using New Media to Build Social Capital for Health: A Qualitative Process Evaluation Study of Participation in the CityNet Project: Journal of Health Psychology Vol 11(2) Mar 2006, 297-308.
 * Bonett, D. G. (2007). Transforming Odds Ratios Into Correlations for Meta-Analytic Research: American Psychologist Vol 62(3) Apr 2007, 254-255.
 * Bonich, M. A. (2007). The effect of student perceptions of belonging and academic press on academic performance. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.
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