Waldorf education

Waldorf education (also called Steiner education) is a worldwide movement based on an educational philosophy first formulated by Austrian Rudolf Steiner and which grew out of his "spiritual science," Anthroposophy. Waldorf education, according to its proponents, aims to educate the "whole child" by maintaining a balance between creativity and academic work. Its curriculum includes a focus on arts, social skills, and spiritual values.

Waldorf education is practiced in Waldorf schools, homeschools, and special education environments. There are now over 900 Waldorf schools throughout the world, including Europe, North & South America, Africa, Australia, and Japan.

Description
Waldorf education is principally based on the work of Rudolf Steiner, as well as the research and work of many teachers and pedagogues since Steiner's time. Waldorf schools employ a curriculum that focuses on the developmental stages of childhood. In general, there are three larger phases: early childhood, when learning is experiential and sensory; the middle, elementary school years, when learning is imaginative and aided by creative, and especially by artistic activity; and adolescence, when learning can be supported by abstractions and intellectual rigor. Inside these three larger phases, many smaller stages of development can be defined.

The education addresses subjects on three levels:


 * the head or the Intellect. The education claims to teach the students to think for themselves.
 * the Heart. The education's stated aim is to instill a sense of feeling and spirit.
 * the Hands. Waldorf schools work to involve arts and crafts, everything from painting to coppersmithing.

Though the emphasis in the early years is clearly on learning through doing (hands), in the elementary school years on learning through feeling (heart) and in the middle and high school years on learning through understanding (head), all of these aspects are included in appropriate ways throughout the school years. This has social consequences as well; because of the diversity of subjects in a Waldorf school &mdash; from first year on the curriculum, aged 7, includes two foreign languages, crafts, painting, drawing, singing and instrumental music, mathematics, language and literature, nature studies, and natural science &mdash; each student must exercise a wide variety of learning styles and skills. The broad curriculum thus encourages a social environment of cooperation and mutual appreciation.

Often there is an attempt to integrate the three elements mentioned above into the teaching of all subjects. A conscious effort to build a sense of community and environmental responsibility is fostered at every level, including parents, teachers/staff, students, and alumni. Movement, sport, and drama are employed throughout; in fact, a type of body movement called eurythmy is taught to every age group.

Further, Waldorf education makes no sharp division between theoretical and practical subjects, the arts, and logical subjects such as mathematics. Steiner repeatedly emphasized art, spirituality, and science's common cultural heritage.

Waldorf Schools are co-educational, and predominantly comprehensive. Most are run co-operatively and are self-administered. Some public (state-run) schools incorporate Waldorf education principles into their curriculum. In the United States this has been difficult because: "Steiner's concept is very spiritual in nature, which public education cannot totally embrace because of current law. Nevertheless, after making some modifications, a public school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is using the concept with good results." (Weary, 2000, p. 4) Many Waldorf charter schools have been established, especially in California; similarly, in both Australia and New Zealand some schools have successfully integrated with the state-funded school system, with some adaptation for state-prescribed curricula. Most Waldorf schools have no school uniform.

The schooling is divided into 3 stages (see Pedagogy below) of Kindergarten (early years to 7), Lower, or Elementary school (7 to 14 ) and Upper, or High school (14 to 19).

Pedagogy
Steiner developed a 3-stage pedagogical model of child development that is utilised in Waldorf education. His description preceded but in some respects is analogous to the three stages of conceptual development observed and described by psychologist Jean Piaget in the 1960s. Steiner's approach, however, views a child's physical, emotional, and cognitive development as expressions of the process of incarnation of an immortal soul in its gradual embodiment in the human body which will be its temporary earthly vehicle. Childhood thus includes but three of the seven-year cycles of development that define human biography.

Pre-school and kindergarten: birth to age 7
The child at this early stage learns through imitation and example, so it is best to surround him with the goodness of the world and caring adults to emulate. Waldorf teachers work to support the amazing physical and spiritual growth the child experiences at this time.

Emphasis is placed on traditional household activities such as cooking, fingerknitting, helping with household duties, storytelling, rhyming, and movement games. Children are not taught specific academic subjects at this time, including reading and writing, and are sheltered from the media and even stories which include violence.

At approximately age seven, it is believed that the initial physical growth stage of the child is completed. A developmental test is often done to determine readiness for school entry. This may include a variety of signals: the ability to accomplish more complex physical tasks (e.g. skipping), growth of the limbs (often tested by the child's ability to reach over the head to touch the opposite ear), the beginning of the change of teeth, the ability to interpret and replicate more complex forms in movement or drawing, the general development of drawing skills, the quality of social interaction, the development of play and an awakening interest in numbers and letters.

Elementary education: age 7 to puberty
In the Waldorf school, elementary education begins with "first grade" (USA) or "class one" (UK) when the child is nearing or already seven years of age.

The curriculum is highly challenging, structured, and creative. In Waldorf schools, one teacher often aims to stay with a class as it advances from its first year all the way through to year eight, teaching the main subject lessons. Specialist teachers are utilized for subjects such as foreign languages, handwork and crafts, singing, orchestra (every Waldorf pupil learns to play an orchestral instrument), movement (eurythmy), games and gymnastics, and so on. Academic instruction is integrated with arts, craft, music and movement. As Steiner stated in The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy, "...the child should be laying up in his memory the treasures of thought on which mankind has pondered...".

Throughout this period, an imaginative approach is encouraged; new material is introduced through stories and images, and the children create their own "textbooks", often works of art in themselves. (See any Waldorf school's web-site for examples of this work.) The day begins with a main lesson, a one-and-a-half to two hour lesson devoted to a single academic subject over the course of about a month. Subjects of main lessons are primarily drawn from mathematics, literature and language, history and nature studies.

In the middle school years, when the child is twelve to fourteen years old (seventh and eighth grade in US), many schools employ specialist teachers for mathematics, science, and/or literature as well. These are seen as transitional years when the pupils still need the support of a central teacher, but also the in-depth education possible only through teachers with special competencies in these subjects. The approach to teaching these years is changing rapidly in Waldorf schools, and the combination of teachers employed in different schools for the academic subjects in the middle school runs the gamut from a central teacher teaching all of these to only using specialist teachers.

Secondary education: after puberty
In most Waldorf schools, pupils enter secondary education (high school (USA) or upper school (UK)) in 9th grade/class nine, when they are about fourteen years old. Instead of having one main teacher who teaches most subjects, the students in high school have many specialist teachers. They begin to grasp concepts and analyze the facts and knowledge they learned in the earlier stages. All students continue to take courses in art, music, and crafts on top of the full range of sciences, mathematics, language and literature, and history normal to most academically-oriented schools.

The child is helped to begin a guided, but independent search for truth in himself and the world around him. As stated in Education for Adolescents (1922), "The capacity for forming judgments is blossoming at this time and should be directed toward world-interrelationships in every field." Idealism is central to these years, and the education constantly directs pupils to motivating impulses that can stimulate their enthusiasm. The education works to cultivate a combination of highly analytic thinking with idealism in this phase.

History
Waldorf education was developed by Rudolf Steiner as an attempt to establish a school system that would facilitate the inclusive, broadly based, balanced development of children. Though he had written a book on education, The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy, twelve years before, his first opportunity to open such a school came in 1919 in response to a request by Emil Molt, the owner and managing director of the Waldorf-Astoria Cigarette Company in Stuttgart, Germany. The name Waldorf thus comes from the factory which hosted the first school.

Steiner insisted upon four conditions before opening:


 * 1) that the school be open to all children;
 * 2) that it be coeducational;
 * 3) that it be a unified twelve-year school;
 * 4) that the teachers, those individuals actually in contact with the children, have primary control over the pedagogy of the school, with a minimum of interference from the state or from economic sources.

The first year the school was a company school and all teachers were listed as workers at Waldorf Astoria, but starting the second year the school became separate and independent.

Within a few years, many other Waldorf schools modeled on the Stuttgart school opened in other cities. Most of the European schools were closed down by the Nazis but after World War II were reopened. Today (2005) there are over 900 independent Waldorf schools worldwide, including over 150 in the United States, and 31 in the UK and Ireland. There is also a large homeschooling movement utilizing Waldorf pedagogy and methods.

In the United States there is a growing Waldorf charter school movement. Many public school teachers have brought aspects of Waldorf education into their classrooms, as well. In Europe, especially in Switzerland, there is much more integration of the Waldorf approach and public education than in the USA.

Steiner's educational philosophy is continually being developed further. Journals of note publishing such material include the Erziehungskunst, the organ of the German Association of Waldorf Schools, the Research Bulletin of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America and Paideia, the journal of the Steiner-Waldorf Schools Fellowship in Britain.

Wider social purpose
Besides seeking to foster creative development of the "whole child," Steiner also started the Waldorf movement in order to help fulfill a social purpose: that education, while remaining fully accessible and available to all regardless of economic background, should eventually cease to be controlled by the State, and should instead come to depend on the free choices of families and teachers freely developing a highly pluralistic and diverse range of schools and educational options.

Steiner held that where the State administered education, culture was crippled in its ability to impartially distinguish good from bad in state action and in economic life. Without the capacity to make impartial, independently-based critiques, i.e., critiques not controlled by the state and economic interests, society would proceed relatively blindly. He also held that educators whose methods and work were determined by the State often had their competencies and creativity greatly weakened through the lack of full self-responsibility and independence.

Social health, he believed, required education to be a matter of freedom and pluralism, such that teachers and parents should be permitted to make a thousand different educational flowers bloom, and then all families should be enabled to choose freely from the highly diverse and spontaneously evolving range of options. At the same time Steiner was flexible and pragmatic, and understood that compromises with the State would have to be made, and that even in an ideal system a few legal restrictions (such as health and safety laws), provided they were kept to a minimum, would be necessary and justified.

Intercultural links in socially polarized communities
Waldorf schools have linked polarized communities in a variety of settings.
 * Even under Apartheid the Waldorf school in South Africa was open to children of every race, despite the ensuing loss of state aid.
 * In Ireland, the Holywood Rudolf Steiner School may have been the first school to accept both Catholics and Protestants, which it has done since its founding in 1975.
 * In Israel, when the Harduf Waldorf school attempted to include the local Arab community, the educational authorities threatened to withdraw funding; the school responded by beginning a joint project with that community to run parallel schools with rich contacts. A joint Arab-Jewish Waldorf kindergarten has also been founded in Hilf (near Haifa).
 * In Brazil, a Waldorf teacher, Ute Craemer, founded a community service organization providing training and work, health care and Waldorf education in the Favelas (poverty-stricken areas of the city).

Links to UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, known as UNESCO, has chosen many Waldorf schools to be associated project schools, including at least seven UNESCO Waldorf schools in Germany alone, as well as schools in Africa and Asia.

UNESCO also sponsored an exhibit about the Waldorf schools at the 44th Session of their International Conference on Education in Geneva. An exhibition catalog was published by UNESCO under the title Waldorf Education Exhibition Catalog On Occasion of the 4th Session of the International Conference on Education of UNESCO in Geneva.

Spiritual Foundations
AWSNA, the organization that certifies all schools in North America with the trademarked name "Waldorf," says that to be certified it is "essential" that schools have a "strong foundation" in Rudolf Steiner's "spiritual science," Anthroposophy and that "it should be understood by any school or institution seeking affiliation with AWSNA that Waldorf Education is based on Anthroposophy." (AWSNA)

Anthroposophy, according to Steiner, investigates and describes spiritual phenomena with the same precision and clarity with which natural science investigates and describes the physical world. Steiner described his approach as "soul-observations using scientific methodology," which included trained clairvoyance, a source outside of the traditional view of scientific method. His ideas have their roots in the flowering of Germanic culture that resulted in the transcendent philosophy of Hegel, Fichte and Schelling, on the one hand, and the poetic and scientific works of Goethe, upon whom Steiner draws heavily, on the other.

Steiner's Anthroposophic research and subsequent teachings placed Jesus Christ at the center of the spiritual history of Earth, seeing what he called the "Christ impulse" as living at the heart of every religion.

There is great debate about whether Anthroposophy is a religion, a science, a philosophy or some combination of the three:
 * Columbia University Professor Emeritus of Education Douglas Sloan, himself an anthroposophist, has testified that Anthroposophy is not a religion, but a "spiritual science" or philosophy.
 * Reference books differ in their definitions of anthroposophy. The Merriam-Webster dictionary refers to it as a "religious system," the McGraw-Hill dictionary defines anthroposophy as "a movement that grew out of Theosophy, which emphasizes education and other practical means for spiritual development," and the Encyclopedia Britannica refers to it as a "philosophy based on the premise that the human intellect has the ability to contact spiritual worlds."

Introduction of reading and writing
At a time when many kindergartens are emphasizing reading, writing and early numeracy skills, Waldorf kindergartens approach literacy readiness through movement games, poetry and story. The written language is first introduced, pictorially and artistically, when the children enter elementary school at age six-seven. Instruction progresses through writing into reading. Most children are reading independently by age eight.

Main lesson books
In both the elementary school and secondary school, most academic subjects are taught in blocks. For these blocks, instead of using commercial textbooks each pupil writes and illustrates a "main lesson book", a self-created 'textbook' based upon the content learned. Scope for independent creativity in these books progresses rapidly through the elementary years.

By the secondary school years, if not earlier, standard textbooks begin to be used for courses that either are not taught in or supplement the blocks: mathematics, literature, etc.

Foreign languages
Most Waldorf schools begin teaching two foreign languages from first grade/ class 1 (age six-seven) on. Foreign language instruction in the first years is purely oral; by the end of class 3, (beginning of fourth grade), the written forms of the languages are introduced. When the pupils are about sixteen-years old, exchanges with schools in other countries are encouraged; after such an exchange, a very high level of fluency has usually been reached.

Art

 * Painting is a weekly experience in the early years. Art instruction continues through the high school for all students.
 * In the elementary years, drawing is practiced daily. For pedagogical reasons, full-color figures are usually drawn, not outlines. A special discipline called Form Drawing, created by the early Waldorf pedagogue Hermann von Baravalle, focuses on linear forms.

Music

 * The children sing daily with their class teacher. They also have weekly singing lessons with a specialized music teacher beginning at an early age and continuing as choral instruction through to age 18.


 * Pentatonic recorders are introduced in first grade/ class 1, the familiar diatonic recorder in third grade / class 3, when the children also take up a string instrument: either violin, viola or cello. Waldorf pupils are generally required to take private music lessons when a class orchestra is formed, usually at aged 10. By aged 11, the children may switch to (or add) other orchestral instruments such as the woodwind or brass. Orchestral instruction continues through to 18, though in many schools it becomes elective at some point.

Nature and science in the Waldorf School
Waldorf schools' very distinctive phases of education show themselves clearly in the treatment of nature and the natural sciences. In the pre-school, kindergarten and first elementary years, rich, direct experiences of nature are encouraged. Children play outside in all weathers, preferably in gardens that show the seasons through the changing plant (and sometimes animal) life. Inside the classroom, natural materials are preferred for the room, its furnishings and all toys: these include wood, stone, clay (e.g. pottery), wool, cotton, silk, and linen. The emphasis is on working with the materials of nature through planting and harvesting, craft work and creative play. The beings of nature are personified and even anthropomorphized as active agents. The first years are thus years of ‘nature experience’.

At about nine years of age, children begin to become more conscious of their separation from their environment. From this age, nature is studied in an imaginative (rather than analytical) way, and still in relationship to the human being – but no longer anthropomorphized. The curriculum includes blocks on farming (aged 10), Man and animal (aged 11), Plant and Earth (aged 12) and geology (aged 13). A feeling connection to nature is aimed for, out of which a sense of stewardship can grow.

By twelve, children are entering a newly rational phase (cf. Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development). An experimental approach to science is introduced, beginning with simple but systematic sensory explorations of phenomena of acoustics, light, mechanics and chemistry and progressing through ever more advanced physics, chemistry, biological and ecological studies:


 * 11-12 years: Mineralogy, acoustics, optics, heat, natural magnetism and electricity.
 * 12-13 years: Nutrition and hygiene, mechanics, acoustics, heat, optics, electricity and magnetism, chemistry.
 * 13-14 years: Anatomy, hydrostatics and simple hydrodynamics, simple organic chemistry of starches, sugars and fats.

At the secondary school level (fourteen years of age and up), Waldorf schools tend to emphasize the historical origins, cultural background, and philosophical roots and consequences of scientific discoveries. By the end of their secondary school education, students are expected to have a grasp of modern science equivalent to that achieved in other schools. In particular, the following subjects are recommended:
 * 14-15 years: Acoustics and thermodynamics, earth science, organic chemistry
 * 15-16 years: Mechanics, mineralogy, anatomy and physiology, mechanics, acid-base reactions.
 * 16-17 years: Cell biology and embryology, botany, atomic theory, electromagnetism and radiation, the periodic table, advanced chemistry
 * 17-18 years: Zoology, optics, physiological chemistry

Transferring between Waldorf and non-Waldorf schools
According to the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America:
 * Children who transfer out of a Waldorf school into a public [state] school during the earlier grades probably have to upgrade their reading ability and to approach the science lessons differently. Science in a Waldorf school emphasizes the observation of natural phenomena rather than the formulation of abstract concepts and laws. On the other hand, the Waldorf transferees are usually well prepared for social studies, practical and artistic activities, and mathematics.


 * Children moving during the middle grades should experience no problems. In fact, in most cases, transferring students of this age-group find themselves ahead of their classmates. The departing Waldorf student is likely to take along into the new school a distinguishing individual strength, personal confidence, and love of learning.

and about children transferring into Waldorf schools from state-run schools:
 * Children who transfer to a Waldorf school in the first four grades usually are up to grade in reading, math, and basic academic skills. However, they usually have much to learn in bodily coordination skills, posture, artistic and social activities, cursive handwriting, and listening skills. Listening well is particularly important since most of the curricular content is presented orally in the classroom by the teacher. The human relationship between the child and the teacher is the basis for healthy learning, for the acquiring of understanding and knowledge rather than just information. Children who are used to learning from computers and other electronic media will have to adjust.

A government study of English Waldorf schools showed that Waldorf pupils' reading skills tend to lag behind state-educated pupils in the first few grades, but that by 5th grade (11 years of age) the Waldorf pupils have caught up and thereafter are ahead of children of the same age who are educated in state schools. Waldorf schools maintain that the literacy-building techniques Waldorf schools use during early childhood&mdash;storytelling, music and singing, games, speech, and movement exercises&mdash;help to nourish imagination and a love of language which will be carried long after the child learns to read. It is worth noting that Finland, which sends its children to school at a comparable or later age, is one of the most literate societies in the world. Research by Piaget and others also supports the view that early academic learning actually interferes with the development in early childhood of faculties that will enhance later learning capacity.

Standardized Testing
Waldorf schools rarely use standardized tests in the elementary grades. High school students take standard college entrance examinations: SAT in the USA, A-levels in England, Abitur in Germany, etc.

Celebrations and Festivals
Most private Waldorf schools celebrate holidays and festivals that are an anthroposophic or simply school-specific interpretation of the local culture's holidays and festivals. Festivals can be secular in character, combine elements of several religious traditions, as is frequently the case in multi-cultural settings, or represent the dominant local tradition, as is generally the case in parts of Europe (Christian festivals), Egypt (Islamic festivals), Israel (Jewish festivals, but see Intercultural links in socially polarized communities), and India and Thailand (Buddhist festivals).

In North America and Europe most private Waldorf schools celebrate several Christian-based holidays and festivals, often with an Anthroposophic interpretation, including Martinmas and the four seasonal festivals of Michaelmas (fall), Christmas (winter), Easter (spring), and St. John's (summer). Although a majority of the schools' celebrations in North America and Europe are Christian-based, most North American private and European Waldorf schools also celebrate celebrations and festivals drawn from other traditions.

In the kindergarten and earliest elementary schools years, most Waldorf schools also celebrate something known as the Advent Spiral. This festival, celebrated in the weeks prior to the winter solstice, is also called a Advent Garden, Winter Garden, or Spiral of Light. In this ceremonial celebration, children enter, one at a time, into a large spiral of lit candles. As the parents sing the child a song or music is played, each child lights a candle and as the ceremony progresses, the spiral becomes brighter and brighter. The entire ceremony is conducted without any narration or interpretation, but the spiral and the lighting of the candles symbolizes many things in Anthroposophy: the turning and renewal of the year, the path of incarnation on earth, etc.

Anthroposophy's Role in Waldorf Education
Both historically and philosophically, Waldorf education grows out of anthroposophy's view of child development. Most Waldorf schools mention both Rudolf Steiner and anthroposophy in their websites and the information they provide to prospective parents. AWSNA, the accrediting organization for all Waldorf Schools in North America, clearly states on their web page:


 * A Waldorf school is not just an alternative to public schools or another independent school; its curriculum and philosophy proceed from the worldview and the insights into the nature of the child that Rudolf Steiner has given us in Anthroposophy. If there is not a core community surrounding the school initiative that is thoroughly familiar with and committed to that philosophy and pedagogy, then it is unlikely that the initiative will prosper.
 * The anthroposophical work in a community is very important because Waldorf Education arises out of the soil of Anthroposophy. It is into this soil that the roots of the school will grow and derive nourishment.
 * The school itself needs to have a healthy fertile relationship with Anthroposophy if it is to grow and thrive as a Waldorf school. For more information about the study of Anthroposophy or to learn of anthroposophical study groups in your area, you may contact the Anthroposophical Society in America.

AWSNA also stresses that although Anthroposophy is a central influence, and study of its teachings are encouraged for "the community," they are never compulsory, stating, "There can be nothing compulsory about the study of Anthroposophy, for it must live in the realm of inner freedom."

As a principle in Waldorf schools, anthroposophical content is not explicitly taught to pupils, although the movement art of eurythmy, generally taught in the schools, also originated out of anthroposophy. There is one occasional exception; some schools have seen the need to give their graduating twelfth-graders a clear picture of the basis for their education through a course on Child Development. Above and beyond presenting the anthroposophic view of child development, such a course may include a description of some other anthroposophic ideas, introduced to help the students understand the origin and nature of the school's educational approach: the human being as composed of body, soul and spirit; the value of integrating multiple points of view; reincarnation; etc. The purpose is to ensure that pupils understand the background of their educational experience and there is open discussion of the viability of these ideas.

Teacher education
Specialist Waldorf education teaching colleges are in operation throughout the world. The course of study normally includes methodologies of teaching, academic training in specialized disciplines, artistic development, and familiarity with child development (especially as researched by Steiner and later Waldorf educators). It also generally aims to develop an understanding of the inner, or spiritual, basis of teaching; of the human being as composed of spirit, soul and body; and that an individual human being reincarnates in a series of lives. The latter implies that children bring certain gifts and challenges with them from previous Earth experiences, and have chosen a future destiny to develop in this life — a destiny which can be supported through the environment of family and school. This spiritual background is intended to enhance teachers' professional, personal and inner development. It is not intended to flow into the actual content taught to children.

Rudolf Steiner's "spiritual science" or Anthroposophy and developmental psychology are normally central courses at any Waldorf teaching college. Further specialized courses may draw on the huge body of research since Steiner's day, possibly including work by (in alphabetical order, and without any pretense at comprehensiveness): George Adams, Hermann von Baravalle, Lawrence Edwards, Erich Gabert, Michaela Glöckler, Freya Jaffke, Dennis Klocek, Henning Köhler, Ernst Kranich, Georg Kuhlewind, Audrey McAllen, Martin Rawson, Wolfgang Schad, Ernst Schubert, Jörgen Smit and Olive Whicher. For elementary educators, artistic work will include painting, blackboard drawing, sculpture, singing, recorder playing, speech and drama work and movement (eurythmy and/or gymnastics). Practica in schools vary in length and will include opportunities for observation and for trial teaching.

Much of the education of any Waldorf teacher happens after graduation from teaching college, however, including through further seminars (such as those run by the national associations of Waldorf teachers) as well as the extensive publications on the subject (see the list of publishers below). The monthly magazine Erziehungskunst publishes the latest Waldorf research from Germany; to give an idea of the extensiveness of the source material now available — at least in German —, a collection of the best articles on elementary education from this magazine's 66-year history (Zum Unterricht des Klassenlehrers an der Waldorfschule) included more than one hundred authors and ran to more than a thousand pages. The English language source material is also extensive, and there are English language research magazines in several countries.

U.S. Waldorf Charter Schools
In a California law suit charging that publicly-financed Waldorf charter schools are in violation of the "church and state" establishment clause of the First Amendment, the circuit court ruled that the plaintiffs, the anti-Waldorf group PLANS, had no admissible witnesses or evidence showing that "anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes" and decided for the Waldorf schools. See transcript of the trial. The plaintiffs are appealing the decision.

Comparison with state-run education
In 2005, a UK government-funded study praised the schools' ability to develop students through closer human relationships rather than relying purely on tests, but reported that the state sector could provide guidance to Steiner schools in teacher training and management skills.

Quotes

 * As long as the exemplary work of the Waldorf School Movement continues to spread its influence as it has done over the past decades, we can all look forward with hope.
 * Bruno Walter, conductor


 * The advent of the Waldorf Schools was in my opinion the greatest contribution to world peace and understanding of the century.
 * Willy Brandt, former Chancellor West Germany and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate.

Waldorf Resources

 * Association of Waldorf Schools of North America
 * Steiner-Waldorf Schools Fellowship
 * Bob and Nancy's Services with a link to various Waldorf resources
 * Americans for Waldorf Education
 * Waldorf Answers Waldorf teachers present Waldorf education
 * Association of Waldorf Schools of North America
 * Steiner Waldorf Schools Fellowship of the UK and Ireland
 * Waldorf World website
 * The role of natural toys in Steiner Waldorf education

Further Discussion and Reviews of Waldorf Schools

 * British governmental Department for Education and Skills review of Waldorf schools
 * OpenWaldorf.com - topics, tools, and community for curious Waldorf parents
 * BBC News story on British government-funded study which reports that Waldorf education is a highly structured, disciplined educational model. The emphasis on arts and creativity complements a challenging curriculum.
 * "Schooling the Imagination" by Todd Oppenheimer (a winner of the National Magazine Award for public interest reporting), from a September 1999 Atlantic Monthly article -- a picture of Waldorf education in practice, showing how some minority children do in Waldorf
 * Positive Views of Waldorf: Comments on Waldorf and Steiner from Nobel Prize Winners, Scientists, Artists, Actors, Politicians & Professors of Education
 * Waldorf Education - The International List of Famous Waldorf Alumni (...and Waldorf Parents) maintained by "theWaldorfs". Including, amongst others, the names of Jennifer Aniston, Kenneth Chennault, Michael Ende, Albert Watson and Veronica Webb.

Homeschooling

 * Waldorf Resources reviews of Waldorf materials & resources
 * Wonder Homeschool A parent-to-parent resource on Waldorf homeschooling and guide to available curriculum resources (formerly Wonder Ranch Homeschool)
 * Therapeutic Homeschooling Resources for homeschooling children with bipolar disorder using Waldorf Education.
 * Waldorf Homeschooling for Special Needs Children Discussion List
 * Waldorf Homeschooling curriculum Main lesson resources with a teacher-training format

Special Education

 * Camphill Communities Intentional communities of people with disabilities that recognize the potential, dignity, spiritual integrity, and contributions of each individual.

Teacher training programs

 * Rudolf Steiner College in Fair Oaks, California
 * Sunbridge College in Chestnut Ridge, New York
 * Antioch New England Graduate School
 * Center for Anthroposophy in Wilton, New Hampshire
 * Emerson College in Forest Row, Sussex, England
 * The University of Plymouth, England
 * Rudolf Steiner Centre Toronto, Canada
 * West Coast Institute for Studies in Anthroposophy, Vancouver, Canada

Finding a Waldorf School
List of Waldorf Schools
 * A list of Waldorf Schools Worldwide
 * A list of Waldorf Schools in Germany
 * A list of Waldorf Schools in the US
 * Starting a Waldorf School
 * eSchoolSearch Directory

Critical views

 * The Skeptics Dictionary
 * PLANS: People For Legal And Non-Sectarian Schools
 * Americans for Waldorf Education comments on PLANS

Works by Rudolf Steiner
Note: all of Steiner's lectures on Waldorf education are available in PDF form at this research site
 * Steiner, Rudolf, The Education of the Child in the Light of Anthroposophy. Rudolf Steiner Press, 1975.
 * Steiner, Rudolf, What Is Waldorf Education?
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The Foundations of Human Experience, ISBN 0880103922 - these lectures were given to the teachers just before the opening of the first Waldorf school in Stuttgart in 1919.
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Practical Advice to Teachers, ISBN 0880104678 - also held in Stuttgart in 1919.
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Discussions with Teachers, ISBN 0880104082
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Education As a Force for Social Change, ISBN 0880104112
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The Spirit of the Waldorf School, ISBN 0880103949
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Rudolf Steiner in the Waldorf School: Lectures and Addresses to Children, Parents, and Teachers, 1919–1924, ISBN 0880104333
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The Genius of Language: Observations for Teachers, ISBN 0880103868
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Faculty Meetings with Rudolf Steiner: 1919–1924, ISBN 0880104589
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The renewal of education through the science of the spirit - these lectures were held in Basel in 1920, ISBN 0880104554
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Education for Adolescents, ISBN 0880104058
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Soul Economy: Body, Soul, and Spirit in Waldorf Education, ISBN 0880105178
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy 1, ISBN 0880103876
 * Steiner, Rudolf: Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy 2, ISBN 0880103884
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The Spiritual Ground of Education, ISBN 0880105135
 * Steiner, Rudolf: The Child's Changing Consciousness: As the Basis of Pedagogical Practice, ISBN 0880104104
 * Steiner, Rudolf: A Modern Art of Education, ISBN 0880105119

Works by other authors
Notes: Books about Steiner Waldorf Education are available from Myriad Natural Toys
 * Aeppli, W., The Developing Child


 * Astley, K. and P. Jackson (2000): "Doubts on Spirituality: interpreting Waldorf ritual" in International Journal of Children's Spirituality, Vol.5 Iss.2 pp.221 -227


 * Bärtges, C. and Lyons, N.: Educating as an Art, NY 2003


 * Blunt, Richard: Waldorf Education. Theory and Practice, Novalis Press, Cape Town 1995.
 * Clouder, C. and Rawson, M., Waldorf Education.
 * Cusick, L, Waldorf Parenting Handbook.
 * Edmonds, Francis, An Introduction to Steiner Education.


 * Edwards, Carolyn Pope (2002): "Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia" in Early Childhood Research & Practice, Volume 4, No. 1
 * Gardner, John F., Education in Search of the Spirit: Essays on American Education.


 * Gilbert, Harlan: At the Source: the Incarnation of the Child and the Development of a Modern Pedagogy, Association of Waldorf Schools of North America, Fair Oaks 2005.


 * Gloeckler, Michaela: A Healing Education, Rudolf Steiner College Press, Fair Oaks, 1989.


 * Harwood, A. C.: The Recovery of Man in Childhood


 * ____________ . : The Way of A Child


 * Koepke, Hermann: Encountering the Self, Anthroposophic Press, Hudson, NY 1989
 * Masters, Brien, Adventures in Steiner Education.


 * McDermott, R., Henry, M.E. and Dillard, C.B. (1996): "Waldorf education in an inner-city public school." in The Urban Review, Vol. 28, pp. 119-40
 * Mitchell, David, Waldorf Education: An Annotated Bibliography.


 * Nicholson, D.W. (2000)"Layers of Experience: forms of representation in a Waldorf school classroom" in Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol. 32, Iss. 4
 * Nobel, Agnes, Educating through Art: The Steiner School Approach.


 * Oberman, Ida, Ph. D (1999) Fidelity and flexibility in Waldorf education, 1919-1998 (Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation) Stanford University


 * Ogletree, E.J. (1998): International Survey of the Status of Waldorf Schools. Education Resources Information Center (Link:


 * Ogletree, E.J. (1997): Waldorf Education: Theory of Child Development and Teaching Methods. Education Resources Information Center (Link:)


 * Ogletree, E.J. (1996): The Comparative Status of the Creative Thinking Ability of Waldorf Education Students: A Survey Education Resources Information Center (Link


 * Okumoto, Yoko, M.A. (1999): An alternative possibility of identity development: A discussion of Rudolf Steiner and Waldorf Education (Master of Arts Thesis) McGill University (Canada)
 * Querido, René, Creativity in Education.
 * Querido, René, The Esoteric Background of Waldorf Education.


 * Ruenzel, David (2001): "The spirit of Waldorf education" in Education Week, Vol.20 Iss. 41 pp. 38 -45
 * Spock, Marjorie, Teaching as a Lively Art.


 * Uhrmacher, P. B. (1995): "Uncommon schooling: a historical look at Rudolf Steiner, anthroposophy, and Waldorf education." in Curriculum Inquiry, Vol. 25, pp. 381-406


 * Weary, B.F. (2000): Perceptions of looping addressing the academic and social needs of children:  Waldorf education and public schools (Doctor of Education Dissertation) Temple University


 * Wilkinson, R. (1996): The Spiritual Basis of Steiner Education. London: Sophia Books

Rudolf Steiner-skole Waldorfschule Pedagogía Waldorf Écoles Steiner Vrijeschool Steinerskoler Szkoła Rudolfa Steinera Steinerkoulu Waldorfpedagogik