Sociometry

Sociometry is the science and art of measuring relationships developed by pyschotherapist Jacob L. Moreno in his studies of the relationship between social configurations or structures and psychological well-being. The term sociometry relates to its Latin etymology, socius meaning companion, and metrum meaning measure. Jacob Moreno defined sociometry as "the inquiry into the evolution and organisation of groups and the position of individuals within them." He goes on to write "As the ...science of group organisation -it attacks the problem not from the outer structure of the group, the group surface, but from the inner structure." Sociometric explorations reveal the hidden structures that give a group its form: the alliances, the subgroups, the hidden beliefs, the forbidden agenda’s, the ideological agreements, the ‘stars’ of the show. He developed sociometry within the new sciences, although its ultimate purpose is transcendence and not science. 'By making choices based on critieria, overt and energetic, Moreno hoped that individuals would be more spontaneous, and organisations and groups structures would become fresh, clear and lively'. Moreno's chief innovation in sociometry was the development of the sociogram, a systematic method for graphically representing individuals as points/nodes and the relationships between them as lines/arcs. Moreno, who wrote extensively of his thinking, applications and findings, also founded a journal entitled Sociometry.

Trained in psychodramatic methods, integrating thinking,feeling and action aspects of behaviour, sociometrists practice in the fields of psychology, counseling, executive leadership, community and organisation development. Within sociology, sociometry has two main branches: research sociometry, and applied sociometry. Research sociometry is action research with groups exploring the socio-emotional networks of relationships using specified criteria e.g Who in this group do you want to sit beside you at work? Who in the group do you go to for advice on a work problem? Who in the group do you see providing satisfying leadership in the pending project? Sometimes called network explorations, research sociometry is concerned with relational patterns in small (individual and small group) and larger populations, such as organizations and neighborhoods.

Applied sociometrists utilise a range of methods to assist people and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-social networks of relationships. Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their application, greater spontaneity and creativity of both individuals and groups.