Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

The PPVT-III is an untimed, individual intelligence test, orally administered in 11 to 12 minutes or less. Extensively revised, this test measures an individual's receptive (hearing) vocabulary for Standard American English. In addition, it provides a quick estimate of verbal ability or scholastic aptitude. Specifically, the PPVT-III can also be used for assessing the English vocabulary of non-English-speaking individuals and assessing adult verbal ability. Two parallel forms (IIIA and IIIB) can be used for testing and retesting. No reading is required by the client, and scoring is rapid and objective. Item responses are made by pointing or multiple choice selection, dependent upon the subject's age. The total score can be converted to a percentile rank, mental age, or a standard deviation IQ score. No special training is required to administer, score, or interpret the PPVT-III.

The national norms of the PPVT-III have been extended to include ages 2-6 to 90+ years of age. This edition also was developed from adult norms obtained on 828 persons ages 19 to 40 selected to be nationally representative of geographical regions and major occupational groups. No people with handicaps were included in the norm population. A technical supplement gives detailed standardization data.

The PPVT-III provides an estimate of the client's verbal intelligence and has been administered to groups who had reading or speech problems, had mental retardation, or were emotionally withdrawn. Because the manner of the client's response to stimulus vocabulary is to point in any fashion to one of four pictures that best fits the stimulus work, these tests also apply to rehabilitation clients who have multiple physical impairments, but whose hearing and vision are intact. The test also has high interest value, and this can establish good rapport with the client. For its administration, the examiner presents a series of pictures to each client. There are four pictures to a page, and each is numbered. The examiner states a word describing one of the pictures and asks the client to point to or say the number of the picture that the word describes.

The test is not useful in its present form for blind and deaf people, but can be useful for people with mental retardation, for whom no modifications in instructions or format are needed. The only possible problem is that the illustrations for about the first 50 items often use children. These may not be acceptable to the adult with mental retardation.

Books

 * Altepeter, T. S. (1988). An investigation of the construct validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Altepeter, Thomas S : St Louis U, MO, US.
 * Berry, G. M. (1978). An investigation of the item ordering of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test by sex and race. Berry, Grant M : U Connecticut.
 * Billings, L. R. (1989). The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised: Adult alternate form reliability and comparisons with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised and Wide Range Achievement Test--Revised. Billings, Leonard R : U San Francisco, CA, US.
 * Church, R. W. (1986). An investigation of the value of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised and the Slosson Intelligence Test as screening instruments for the Fourth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Church, Rex W : Ball State U.
 * Conoley, C. A. (2004). Differential item functioning in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Third Edition: Partial correlation versus expert judgment. Conoley, Colleen Adele: Texas A&M U, US.
 * Guzman, M. D. (1977). A comparative study of the WISC-Revised, the Spanish WISC (Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler Para Ninos), PPVT (English version), PPVT (Spanish version), and the CMMS on Mexican-American children. Guzman, Maria D : Texas Woman's U.
 * Knipp, V. R. (1990). Socioeconomic class influences on children's PPVT--R, WISC--R, and TOLD--P scores. Knipp, Vivian R : St Louis U, MO, US.
 * Miller, M. S. (1992). Sign language iconicity and test construction theory for deaf individuals. Miller, Margery S : Georgetown U, Washington, DC, US.
 * Miller, P. (1991). Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised (PPVT--R) with individuals with severe speech and motor impairment: Effect of response mode on test results. Miller, Patricia: U Kansas, US.
 * Newcomer, B. F. (1972). A comparison of word errors made on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test by selected kindergarten, first and second grade students of differing socio-economic groups. Newcomer, Breeze F : U Southern California.
 * Nunn, P. G. (1983). Differential diagnosis of language disorders in children. Nunn, Pamela G : Southern Illnois U, Carbondale.
 * Tarnowski, K. J., & Kelly, P. A. (1987). Utility of the PPVT-R for pediatric intellectual screening. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12(4), 611-614.
 * Taylor, B. A. (1993). The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised as a measure of intellectual functioning among the adult mentally retarded. Taylor, Bryan Alexander: Texas Southern U, US.
 * Teich, H. E. (1976). Practice effects on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: An investigation of uncontrolled coaching and other factors. Teich, Henry E : U South Carolina.
 * Terrell, S. L. (1979). Performance of Black and White children on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a function of race of examiner and type of social reinforcer administered. Terrell, Sandra L : U Pittsburgh.

Papers

 * Abkarian, G., King, P. R., & Krappes, T. L. (1987). Enhancing interaction in a difficult-to-test child: The PPVT-TV technique. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20(5), 268-269.
 * Altepeter, T. (1985). Use of the PPVT--R for intellectual screening with a preschool pediatric sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10(2), 195-198.
 * Altepeter, T., & Handal, P. J. (1985). A factor analytic investigation of the use of the PPVT--R as a measure of general achievement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(4), 540-543.
 * Altepeter, T., & Handal, P. J. (1986). Use of the PPVT--R for intellectual screening with school-aged children: A caution. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 4(2), 145-154.
 * Altepeter, T. S. (1989). The PPVT--R as a measure of psycholinguistic functioning: A caution. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 935-941.
 * Altepeter, T. S., & Johnson, K. A. (1989). Use of the PPVT--R for intellectual screening with adults: A caution. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 7(1), 39-45.
 * Appelbaum, A. S., & Tuma, J. M. (1977). Social class and test performance: Comparative validity of the Peabody with the WISC and WISC-R for two socioeconomic groups. Psychological Reports, 40(1), 139-145.
 * Argulewicz, E. N., & Abel, R. (1984). Internal evidence of bias in the PPVT-R for Anglo-American and Mexican-American children. Journal of School Psychology, 22(3), 299-303.
 * Argulewicz, E. N., Anderson, C. C., & Bingenheimer, L. T. (1983). Alternate form reliability of the PPVT-R for Anglo American and Mexican American school children. Educational & Psychological Research, 3(1), 19-24.
 * Argulewicz, E. N., Bingenheimer, L. T., & Anderson, C. C. (1983). Concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for Anglo-American and Mexican-American students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 1(2), 163-167.
 * Argulewicz, E. N., & Kush, J. C. (1983). Equivalence of Forms L and M of the PPVT-R for use with Anglo-American and Mexican-American learning disabled students. Psychological Reports, 52(3), 827-830.
 * Atlas, J., & Miller, A. (1992). Responses of conduct-disordered versus psychotic adolescents to PPVT--R items of human versus nonhuman content. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75(3, Pt 1), 737-738.
 * Atlas, J. A. (1986). Responses of emotionally disturbed children to PPVT--R items of human versus nonhuman content: Extension of Shipe, Cromwell, and Dunn. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63(2, Pt 2), 863-866.
 * Atlas, J. A., & Fortunato, M. (1990). Responses of psychotic adolescents to PPVT--R items of human versus nonhuman content. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(1), 194.
 * Atlas, J. A., Fortunato, M., & Lavin, V. (1990). Stability and concurrent validity of the PPVT--R in hospitalized psychotic adolescents. Psychological Reports, 67(2), 554.
 * Baer, R. D. (1979). Effects of reinforcement on intelligence test behavior as a function of test administered and sex of subject. Baer, Richard D : Utah State U.
 * Ball, D. W., Payne, J. S., & Hallahan, D. P. (1973). Factorial composition of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with Head Start children. Psychological Reports Vol 32(1) Feb 1973, 12-14.
 * Barrett, C. A., & Nicholls, J. G. (1978). Motivational factors in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Performance of New Zealand children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9(3), 349-357.
 * Baum, D. D., & Abelson, A. (1981). Comparison of Slosson and Peabody IQs among White kindergarten children. Psychological Reports, 48(3), 754.
 * Beck, A. R., & Pirovano, C. M. (1996). Facilitated communicators' performance on a task of receptive language. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(5), 497-512.
 * Beck, F. W., & Black, F. L. (1986). Comparison of PPVT--R and WISC--R in a mild/moderate handicapped sample. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(3), 891-894.
 * Beck, F. W., Black, F. L., & Doles, J. (1985). The concurrent validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised relative to the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(3), 705-710.
 * Bell, N. L., Lassiter, K. S., Matthews, T., & Hutchinson, M. B. (2001). Comparison of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Third Edition and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition with university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 417-422.
 * Berman, S., Friedman, D., Hamberger, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1989). Developmental picture norms: Relationships between name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity for child and adult ratings of two sets of line drawings. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 21(3), 371-382.
 * Bing, J. R., & Bing, S. B. (1984). Alternate-form reliability of the PPVT-R for Black Head Start preschoolers. Psychological Reports, 54(1), 235-238.
 * Bing, S. B., & Bing, J. R. (1984). Concurrent validity of the PPVT--R for college students. Psychological Reports, 55(3), 863-866.
 * Bing, S. B., & Bing, J. R. (1985). Comparison of the K-ABC and PPVT--R with Head Start children. Psychology in the Schools, 22(3), 245-249.
 * Bochner, S. (1978). Reliability of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: A review of 32 selected research studies published between 1965 and 1974. Psychology in the Schools, 15(3), 320-327.
 * Bordogna, M., Forcucci, R. A., & Carlin, J. (1978). Variability in test scores of Forms A and B of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test derived from sampling a first-grade population. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 9(2), 109-117.
 * Bracken, B. A., & Murray, A. M. (1984). Stability and predictive validity of the PPVT-R over an eleven month interval. Educational & Psychological Research, 4(1), 41-44.
 * Bracken, B. A., & Prasse, D. P. (1981). Comparison of the PPVT, PPVT-R, and intelligence tests used for the placement of Black, White and Hispanic EMR students. Journal of School Psychology, 19(4), 304-311.
 * Bracken, B. A., & Prasse, D. P. (1983). Concurrent validity of the PPVT-R for "at risk" preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 20(1), 13-15.
 * Bracken, B. A., Prasse, D. P., & McCallum, R. (1984). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised: An appraisal and review. School Psychology Review, 13(1), 49-60.
 * Breen, M. J. (1981). Comparison of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised for a referred population. Psychological Reports, 49(3), 717-718.
 * Breen, M. J. (1983). A correlational analysis between the PPVT-R and Woodcock-Johnson achievement cluster scores for nonreferred regular education and learning disabled students. Psychology in the Schools, 20(3), 295-297.
 * Breen, M. J., & Siewert, J. C. (1983). Comparison of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised for learning-disabled and referred students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 1(1), 95-99.
 * Bucik, N., & Bucik, V. (2003). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III): Psychometric properties and significance for application. Psiholoska Obzorja/Horizons of Psychology, 12(4), 91-108.
 * Burns, E., Peterson, D., & Bauer, L. (1974). The concurrent validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. Training School Bulletin Vol 70(4) Feb 1974, 221-223.
 * Byrne, J. M., Dywan, C. A., & Connolly, J. F. (1995). Assessment of children's receptive vocabulary using event-related brain potentials: Development of a clinically valid test. Child Neuropsychology, 1(3), 211-223.
 * Campbell, J. M., Bell, S. K., & Keith, L. K. (2001). Concurrent validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition as an intelligence and achievement screener for low SES African American children. Assessment, 8(1), 85-94.
 * Candler, A. C., Maddux, C. D., & Johnson, D. L. (1986). Relationship of scores on PPVT--R and WISC--R with special education children and youth. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(2), 417-418.
 * Cartwright, L. R., & Lass, N. J. (1974). A comparative study of children's performance on the Token Test, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Acta Symbolica, 5(1), 19-29.
 * Carvajal, H., Gerber, J., & Smith, P. D. (1987). Relationship between scores of young adults on Stanford-Binet IV and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(3), 721-722.
 * Carvajal, H., Hardy, K., Harmon, K., Sellers, T. A., & et al. (1987). Relationships among scores on the Stanford-Binet IV, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised, and Columbia Mental Maturity Scale. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25(4), 275-276.
 * Carvajal, H., Hayes, J. E., Miller, H. R., Wiebe, D. A., & et al. (1993). Comparisons of the vocabulary scores and IQs on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76(1), 28-30.
 * Carvajal, H., McKnab, P., Gerber, J., Hewes, P., & et al. (1989). Counseling college-bound students: Can ACT scores be predicted? School Counselor, 36(3), 186-191.
 * Carvajal, H., McVey, S., Sellers, T., Weyand, K., & et al. (1987). Relationships between scores on the General Purpose Abbreviated Battery of Stanford-Binet IV, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised, Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, and Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test. Psychological Record, 37(1), 127-130.
 * Carvajal, H., Shaffer, C., & Weaver, K. A. (1989). Correlations of scores of maximum security inmates on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Psychological Reports, 65(1), 268-270.
 * Carvajal, H. H., Parks, J. P., Logan, R. A., & Page, G. L. (1992). Comparisons of the IQ and Vocabulary scores on Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Psychology in the Schools, 29(1), 22-24.
 * Champion, T. B., Hyter, Y. D., McCabe, A., & Bland-Stewart, L. M. (2003). "A Matter of Vocabulary": Performances of Low-Income African American Head Start Children on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 24(3), 121-127.
 * Chavez, E. L. (1982). Analysis of a Spanish translation of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54(3, Pt 2), 1335-1338.
 * Childers, J. S., Durham, T. W., & Wilson, S. (1994). Relation of performance on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised among preschool children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3, Pt 1), 1195-1199.
 * Choong, J., & McMahon, J. (1983). Comparison of scores obtained on the PPVT and the PPVT-R. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 48(1), 40-43.
 * Clay, M. M. (1971). The Polynesian language skills of Maori and Samoan school entrants. International Journal of Psychology Vol 6(2) 1971, 135-145.
 * Colarusso, R., McLeskey, J., & Gill, S. H. (1977). Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Slosson Intelligence Test with urban Black kindergarten children. The Journal of Special Education, 11(4), 427-432.
 * Coleman, M., Brown, G., & Ganong, L. (1980). A comparison of PPVT and SIT scores of young children. Psychology in the Schools, 17(2), 178-180.
 * Concannon, S. (1975). Comparison of the Stanford-Binet Scale with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Journal of Educational Research, 69(3), 104-105.
 * Condit, J. E., Lewandowski, D. G., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (1976). Efficiency of Peabody Picture Vocabulary in estimating WISC scores for delinquents. Psychological Reports, 38(2), 359-362.
 * Covin, T. M. (1976). Alternate form reliability of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Psychological Reports, 39(3, Pt 2), 1286.
 * Covin, T. M. (1976). Comparability of the Peabody and WISC scores among Black five-year-olds. Psychological Reports, 38(3, Pt 2), 1346.
 * Covin, T. M. (1976). Comparison of Slosson and Peabody IQs among candidates for special education. Psychological Reports, 39(3, Pt 1), 814.
 * Covin, T. M. (1976). Correlations between the Pintner, Otis-Lennon, Peabody, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Revised. Psychological Reports, 39(3, Pt 2), 1058.
 * Covin, T. M. (1977). Brief report on the WISC-R: II. Relationship of the SIT and PPVT to the WISC-R. Journal of School Psychology, 15(3), 259-260.
 * Covin, T. M. (1977). Relationship of Peabody and WISC-R IQs of candidates for special education. Psychological Reports, 40(1), 189-190.
 * Covin, T. M., & Covin, J. N. (1976). Comparability of Peabody and WAIS scores among adolescents suspected of being mentally retarded. Psychological Reports, 39(1), 33-34.
 * Covin, T. M., & Zeanah, H. L. (1975). Stability of the Peabody Form A scores among first-year kindergarten five-year-olds. Psychological Reports, 37(1), 284.
 * Craig, R. J., & Olson, R. E. (1991). Relationship between Wechsler scales and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised scores among disability applicants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(3), 420-429.
 * Culbert, J. P., Hamer, R., & Klinge, V. (1989). Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Peabody Individual Achievement Test in a psychiatric sample. Psychology in the Schools, 26(4), 331-336.
 * Cull, J. G., & Hardy, R. E. (1980). Comparison of expressive and receptive measures of intelligence. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 105(2), 211-213.
 * D'Amato, R. C., Gray, J. W., & Dean, R. S. (1987). Concurrent validity of the PPVT--R with the K-ABC for learning problem children. Psychology in the Schools, 24(1), 35-39.
 * D'Amato, R. C., Gray, J. W., & Dean, R. S. (1988). Construct validity of the PPVT with neuropsychological, intellectual, and achievement measures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 934-939.
 * Davis, S. E., & Kramer, J. J. (1985). Comparison of the PPVT--R and WISC--R: A validation study with second-grade students. Psychology in the Schools, 22(3), 265-268.
 * de Macedo, E. C., Capovllla, F. C., Duduchi, M., D'Antino, M. E. F., & dos Santos Firmo, L. (2006). Evaluating receptive language by Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Computerized versus traditional versions. Psicologia: Teoria e Pratica, 8(2), 40-50.
 * Dean, R. S. (1980). The use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with emotionally disturbed adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 18(2), 172-175.
 * DeHorn, A., & Klinge, V. (1978). Correlations and factor analysis of the WISC-R and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for an adolescent psychiatric sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 1160-1161.
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 * Elwood, D. L., & Clark, C. L. (1978). Computer administration of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test to young children. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 10(1), 43-46.
 * Erickson, M. R., & Howell, J. F. (1974). Summer program helps pre-schoolers. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 1(1), 39.
 * Ernhart, C. B. (1968). The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Automated application in a statewide psychiatric system. Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement Vol 42(2) 1968, 317-320.
 * Facon, B., Bollengier, T., & Grubar, J. (1993). Overestimation of mentally retarded persons' IQs using the PPVT: A re-analysis and some implications for research. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37(4), 373-379.
 * Facon, B., & Facon-Bollengier, T. (1997). Chronological age and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test performance of persons with mental retardation: New data. Psychological Reports, 81(3, Pt 2), 1232-1234.
 * Falbo, T., & Cooper, C. R. (1980). Young children's time and intellectual ability. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 137(2), 299-300.
 * Faust, D. S., & Hollingsworth, J. O. (1991). Concurrent validation of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised (WPPSI--R) with two criteria of cognitive abilities. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9(3), 224-229.
 * Ferrari, M. (1980). Comparisons of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities with a sample of autistic children. Psychology in the Schools, 17(4), 466-469.
 * Field, M., Goodman, J. F., & Rescorla, L. (1987). Psychometric assessment of preschool atypical children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(4), 577-584.
 * Fiester, A. R., & Giambra, L. M. (1972). Language indices of vocational success in mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency Vol 77(3) Nov 1972, 332-337.
 * Flipsen, P., Jr. (1998). Assessing receptive vocabulary in small-town Canadian kindergarten children: Findings for the PPVT--R. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 22(2), 88-93.
 * Forde, J. (1977). Data on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. American Annals of the Deaf, 122(1), 38-43.
 * Friend, T. J., & Channell, R. W. (1987). A comparison of two measures of receptive vocabulary. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 18(3), 231-237.
 * Furlong, M. J., & Teuber, J. F. (1984). Validity of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test for learning-disabled children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2(1), 29-36.
 * Garrity, L. I., & Donoghue, J. T. (1976). Preschool children's performance on the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36(4), 1043-1047.
 * Gensemer, I. B., Walker, J., & Cadman, T. E. (1976). Using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with children having difficulty learning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9(3), 179-181.
 * Goff, G. S., & Montague, J. C. (1980). Caution in using the PPVT (Form A) with rural preschool Black children. Journal of Educational Research, 74(1), 23-26.
 * Gong, Z., & Guo, D. (1984). An intelligence screening test for preschool and primary school children: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 16(4), 392-401.
 * Gong, Z., & Guo, D. (1984). An intelligence screening test for preschool and primary school children--Picture Vocabulary Test. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 16(4), 392-401.
 * Groden, G., Branson, M., & Mann, L. (1976). Relationships between performances of young handicapped children on Peabody Picture Vocabulary test and revised Stanford-Binet scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42(3, Pt 2), 1227-1232.
 * Groeneweg, G., Conway, D., & Stan, E. (1986). Performance of adults with developmental handicaps on alternate forms of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 51(3), 259-263.
 * Gullo, D. F., & McLoughlin, C. S. (1982). Comparison of scores for normal preschool children on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 623-626.
 * Halpin, G., Simpson, R. G., & Martin, S. L. (1990). An investigation of racial bias in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50(1), 183-189.
 * Hardman, P. K., & Smith, D. D. (1984). The PPVT-R: Is it perceptually biased? Academic Therapy, 19(3), 373-377.
 * Hayes, F. B., & Martin, R. P. (1986). Effectiveness of the PPVT--R in the screening of young gifted children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 4(1), 27-33.
 * Heriot, J. T., Tavormina, J. B., & Vautrain, R. L. (1973). The Peabody as a substitute measure of oral reading. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36(3, 1258.
 * Heriot, J. T., Tavormina, J. B., & Vautrain, R. L. (1974). Correction factor for the PPVT as a reading test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38(3, Pt 2), 1098.
 * Hess, C. W., Ritchie, K. P., & Landry, R. G. (1984). The type-token ratio and vocabulary performance. Psychological Reports, 55(1), 51-57.
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 * Hodapp, A. F., & Gerken, K. C. (1999). Correlations between scores for Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III. Psychological Reports, 84(3, Pt 2), 1139-1142.
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 * Hodapp, A. F., & Hodapp, J. B. (1980). Correlation of the PPVT and WISC-R: A function of diagnostic category. Psychology in the Schools, 17(1), 33-36.
 * Hollinger, C. L., & Sarvis, P. H. (1984). A comparison of the PPVT-R and WISC-R with rural children referred for assessment. Psychology in the Schools, 21(1), 97-102.
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 * Ingram, F., Caroselli, J., Robinson, H., Hetzel, R. D., Reed, K., & Masel, B. E. (1998). The PPVT-R: Validity as a quick screen of intelligence in a postacute rehabilitation setting for brain-injured adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(7), 877-884.
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