Psychogram (Graphology)

In graphology, psychogram refers to a specific system of handwriting analysis that falls within the approach of Holistic Graphology.

History
This system of handwriting analysis was developed by Klara G Roman, during her tenure [1946-1961] at New School for Social Research.

In 1961, when Daniel Anthony took over Klara Roman's position at New School for Social Research, he made some minor changes to the system.

From 1957 to 1987, Charlie Cole taught this system, through Handwriting Analysis Workshop Unlimited. The most significant change he made, was the addition of traits from Graphoanalysis, as supplementary factors to be used when writing the report.

Over time, the basic chart has been augmented by other charts, designed for specific functions.

Validity
The validity of this system is based upon a number of studies published by Klara Roman, on specific aspects of handwriting analysis.

There have been no comprehensive published studies of the validity or reliability of this system. There have been reliability studies, that included this system as one of the systems being investigated. These studies were published in graphology journals, that do not practice peer review.

There have been no published studies from which one can derive either the frequency, or intensity of any factor, in the general population.

There are a number of anecdotal stories about the validity of this system. One factor that might affect the perceived validity of this system, is that reports are often accompanied by a copy of the Psychogram used to write the report.

Scoring
Forty factors, scored from 0 to 10, are evaluated. Between two and five dataponts are evaluated, to score each factor. For example, Rhythm is scored on the basis of the following datapoints: The congruency of each datapoint, to the copy book, determines the score.
 * Balance;
 * Harmony;
 * Consistency;
 * Spacing;
 * Slant;

Each factor falls into one of the following groups:
 * Intellect;
 * Organization;
 * Simplification of Form;
 * Upper Zone Elaboration;
 * Upper Zone Height;
 * Originality;
 * Expressiveness;
 * Rhythm;
 * Ego;
 * Upper Zone Dynamics;
 * "I" emphasis;
 * Middle Zone Height;
 * Word Directedness;
 * Garlands;
 * Connectedness;
 * Flexibility / Fluency;
 * Speed;
 * Rightward Trend;
 * Horizontal Expansion;
 * Thread;
 * Left Margin;
 * Rightward Slant;
 * Emotional Release;
 * Irregular Fluctuation;
 * Pressure;
 * Pastosity;
 * Libido;
 * Fullness;
 * Lower Zone Length;
 * Lower Zone Elaboration;
 * Repressions;
 * Monotony;
 * Arcades;
 * Concealed Strokes;
 * Narrowness;
 * Angulrity;
 * Inhibitions;
 * Right Margin;
 * Leftward Slant;
 * Leftward Trend;
 * Slowness;
 * Tension;
 * Rigidity;
 * Controls;
 * Sharpness;
 * Word Spacing;
 * Alignment Control;
 * Regularity;

All of these terms have a specific, technical definition.

Copybook
Different instructors have normed the Psychogram for different copybooks.
 * The American Copybook (Klara Roman);
 * Zaner-Blosser (Ellen Bowers);
 * Palmer Script (Charlie Cole);

Normed in this instance means that they have modified the scoring protocol, to correlate with the specific copybook.

Applications
The basic chart is orientated towards reports for individuals. Whilst useful for other purposes, modified charts can be more functional.

Charlie Cole created additional charts to be used for:
 * Personnel Evaluations;
 * Compatibility;
 * Self Worth;

These involve scoring additional factors, such as Intelligence, Economic Motivation, Maturity, and Communication. For the most part, these are composite scores derived from Graphoanalysis.

Training
The only organization that currently offers training in this system of handwriting analysis is Graphex.

This was last taught as part of the Graphology Track leading to an Associate Arts Degree from Felician College, in Lodi, NJ, in 2000. This is the only accredited eductional instution in the United States to have offered graphology for an academic degree.

It used to be taught at New School for Social Research, in New York City, as part of their diploma in Graphology. At its peak, the diploma course took 8 semesters, and also included Forensic Document Analysis. This institution is accredited, but the diploma was not part of a formal degree program. The diploma course was last offered circa 1995.

The Personal Worth Chart
This was developed by Handwriting Consultants of San Diego, between 1975 and 1985. The most significant difference is that each section has five factors.

The Personal Evaluation Chart is a modified form of the Personal Worth Chart It consists of the following factors, with each factor containing ten datapoints:
 * Intellect;
 * Leadership;
 * Emotional Independence;
 * Social Maturity;
 * Communication Skills;
 * Physical Vitality;
 * Immaturity;

The Psychograph
This was developed by Leslie King, between 1970 and 1979. The most visible difference is the names of the factors:
 * Functional Ability;
 * Mental Capabilities;
 * Self Concept;
 * Interpersonal Relationships;
 * Areas of Vulnerability;
 * Productivity;
 * Hindrances To Success;
 * Defense Systems;

Ms King constantly changed both the datapoints, and method of scoring them, to correspond with what her research validated. This resulted in different sets of students being taught different ways of evaluating the same datapoint. It also resulted in some datapoints being dropped, in favor of others. Despite the empirical basis that this system has, it is doomed to being nothing more than footnote in history, for the simple reason that upon her death, her heirs destroyed all of her material related to handwriting analysis.