Breathing

Aerobic organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnoea.

Humans typically breathe between 12 and 20 times per minute, with children breathing faster than adults. Babies may breathe as much as 40 times per minute. Adults normally breathe about 500-700ml of air at a time. An average 14 year old takes around 30,000 breaths per day. Breathing is in most cases executed by one nostril at a time instead of two, and the nostril in use changes after a period of time that can be every fifteen minutes or upwards of 3 hours depending on the individual.

Breath is sometimes used as a metaphor for life itself, and often "last breath" is the most obvious sign that death has occurred. The association between the end of life and breathing is not absolute, however. As modern treatment can now take over the process of breathing by mechanical ventilation, or CPR, breathing can be restarted if it stops. Because of this, modern deaths are now better defined in terms of brain disfunction.

Breathing is only part of the process of delivering oxygen to where it is needed in the body. Breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active movement, with the contraction of the diaphragm muscles needed. At rest, breathing out, or exhaling, is normally a passive process powered by the elastic recoil of the chest, similar to a deflating balloon. The process of gas exchange occurs in the alveoli by passive diffusion of gasses between the alveolar gas and the blood passing by in the lung capillaries. Once in the blood, the heart powers the flow dissolved gasses around the body in the circulation.

As well as carbon dioxide, breathing also results in loss of water from the body. Exhaled air has a relative humidity of 100% because of water diffusing across the moist surface of breathing passages and alveoli.

The air we inhale is roughly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% argon, helium, carbon dioxide, other gases and 1% Water Vapor.

Control of breathing
Breathing is one of the few bodily functions which, within limits, can be controlled both consciously and unconsciously. Conscious attention to breathing is common in many forms of meditation, specifically anapana and other forms of yoga and Chinese qigong. In music, breath is used to play wind instruments and many aerophones. Laughter, physically, is simply repeated sharp breaths. Hiccups and yawns are other breath-related phenomena.

Specialized centers in the brainstem automatically regulate the rate and depth of breathing depending on the body’s needs at any time. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, it reacts with the water in blood, producing carbonic acid. The drop in the blood's pH will then cause the medulla oblongata (signalling centre in brain) to send nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles, increasing the rate of breathing. While exercising, the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases due to increased cellular respiration by the muscles, and so breathing rate increases. During rest, the level of carbon dioxide is lower, so breathing rate is lower. This ensures an appropriate amount of oxygen is delivered to the muscles and other organs. This automatic control of respiration can be impaired in premature babies, or by drugs or disease.

It is not possible for a healthy person to voluntarily stop breathing. If we do not inhale, the level of carbon dioxide builds up in our blood, and we experience overwhelming air hunger. This irrepressible reflex is not surprising given that without breathing, the body's internal oxygen levels drop dangerously low within minutes, leading to permanent brain damage followed eventually by death.

The buildup of carbon dioxide making the blood acidic is what makes one desperate for a breath rather than lack of oxygen. Hyperventilating causes an influx of oxygen that lowers blood acidity to trick the brain into thinking it has more oxygen.

Breathing approaches and mental health
In the past breathing and breathing control have had an important role in the management of emotions and thoughts and the maintenance of mental health. More recently various approaches have been developed and research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of their procedures. See


 * Halotropic Breathwork
 * Rebirthing-Breathwork
 * Yoga