Cognitive modules

Introduction
A cognitive module is, in theories of the modularity of mind and the closely-related society of mind theory, a specialised tool or sub-unit that can be used by other parts to resolve cognitive tasks. The question of their existence and nature is a major topic in cognitive science and evolutionary psychology. Some see cognitive modules as an independent part of the mind. Others see also new thought patterns achieved by experience as cognitive modules.

Other theories similar to the Cognitive Module are Cognitive description, Cognitive pattern and Psychological Mechanism. Such a mechanism, if created by evolution, is known as Evolved Psychological Mechanism.

Examples
Some examples of cognitive modules:


 * The modules controlling your hands when you ride a bike, to stop it from crashing, by minor left and right turns.


 * The modules which allow a basket-ball player to accurately put the ball into the basket by tracking ballistic orbits.


 * The modules which recognize hunger and tell you that you need food.


 * The modules which cause you to appreciate a beautiful flower, painting or person.


 * The modules which make humans very efficient in recognizing faces, already shown in two month old babies.


 * The modules which cause some humans to be jealous of their partners' friends.


 * The modules which compute the speeds of incoming vehicles and tells you if you have time to cross without crashing into said vehicles.


 * The modules which tell you to look both to the right and to the left before crossing a street.


 * The modules which cause parents to love and care for their children.


 * The libido modules.


 * Modules that specifically discern the movements of animals.


 * The fight or flight reflex choice modules.

Psychic disorders - cognitive modules run amok
Many common psychic and personality disorders are caused by cognitive modules run amok.

Jealousy A common cause of unnecessary conflict in relations is that a man is jealous of a woman's of other previous sexual partners before she met him. All people are born with a basic jealousy cognitive module, developed through as evolutionary strategy in order to safeguard a mate and trigger aggression towards competitors to ensure paternity and prevent bastards If this module is activated to too strong a degree, it becomes a personality disorder.

Stalking An extreme psychic disorder related to jealousy is stalking. A stalker is a person (usually a man) who behaves as if he had a relation to another person (usually a woman) who is not interested in him. There are also women who stalk men, men who stalk men and women who stalk women, but most common is a man stalking a woman. In modern western culture this behaviour is strongly frowned upon.

Paranoia Being suspicious of fellow human beings is a trait to safeguard against perceived, secret plots against us, a basic human cognitive module useful for survival. But in some people, this turns into unreasonable suspiciousness where there is in reality no plotting against one. Such behaviour is by psychiatrists labeled as paranoid schizophrenia or in milder forms as paranoid personality disorder. These disorders thus occur when the suspiciousness cognitive module is triggered too often and too strongly for triggers which would not trigger this module in normal people.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: In this quite common disorder, a person will repeatedly check, for example, that a door is locked. One may repeatedly wash hands or other body parts, sometimes for hours, in order to ensure cleanliness. Again, this disorder is malfunction of a normal adaptationin all humans to check that a door is looked, to wash to keep us clean, etc.

Transference: A cognitive module developed to solve a particular problem can sometimes crop up in other situations where it is not appropriate. One may be angry at one's boss, but take the anger out on one's fellow man. Often, the transference is unconscious (see also subconscious mind and unconscious mind). In psychotherapy, the patient is made aware of this which makes it easier to modify the unsuitable behaviour

Sigmund Freud's theory of sublimation said that cognitive modules for some activities, such as sex, may incorrectly show up in disguise in cases where they are not suitable. Freud also introduced the idea of the unconscious, which interpreted as cognitive modules where a person is not aware of the initial cause of these modules and may use them inappropriately.

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder where cognitive modules are triggered too often, overwhelming the brain with information. The inability to repress overwhelming information is a cause of Schizophrenia.

Treatment of cognitive module psychic disorders
Cognitive therapy is a psychotherapeutic method which helps people to understand better which cognitive modules cause them to do certain things, and to teach them alternative, more appropriate cognitive modules to use instead in the future.

Psychoanalytic view of cognitive modules
According to psychoanalytic theory, many cognitive modules are unconscious and repressed, in order to avoid mental conflicts. Defenses are meant to be cognitive modules used to suppress the awareness of other cognitive modules. Unconscious cognitive modules may influence our behaviour without our being aware of it.

Evolutionary psychology view of cognitive modules
In the research field of Evolutionary psychology it is believed that some cognitive modules are inherited and some are created by learning, but the creation of new modules by learning is often guided by inherited modules.

For example, the ability to ride a car or throw a basket ball are certainly learned and not inherited modules, but they may make use of inherited modules to rapidly compute trajectories.

There is some disagreement between different social scientists on the importance to the capabilities of the human mind of inherited modules. Evolutionary psychologists claim that other social scientists do not accept that some modules are partially inherited, other social scientists claim that evolutionary psychologists are exaggerating the importance of inherited cognitive modules.

Memory and creative thought
A very important aspect of how humans think is the ability, when encountering a situation or problem, to find more or less similar, but not identical, experiences or cognitive modules. This can be compared to what happens if you sound a tone near a piano. The piano string corresponding to this particular tone will then vibrate. But also other strings, from nearby strings, will vibrate to a lesser extent.

Exactly how the human mind does this is not known, but it is believed that when you encounter a situation or problem, many different cognitive modules are activated at the same time, and the mind selects those which are most useful for understanding a new situation or solving a new problem.

Ethics and law
Most law-abiding people have cognitive modules which stop them from committing crimes. Criminals have different modules, causing criminal behaviour. Thus, cognitive modules can be a cause of both ethical and unethical behaviour.