Transfer (learning)

The Theory of Transfer of Learning was introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth (1901). They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and problem solving, since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004).

Types of transfer
Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following table, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220).

(+) from Cree and Macaulay, (2000). (++) from Ormrod (2004).

Transfer of Learning - applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation. This increases the speed of learning. (Aird 2007)