Regulatory sequence

A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses.

In DNA, regulation of gene expression normally happens at the level of RNA biosynthesis (transcription), and is accomplished through the sequence-specific binding of proteins (transcription factors) that activate or inhibit transcription. Transcription factors may act as activators, repressors, or both. Repressors often act by preventing RNA polymerase from forming a productive complex with the transcriptional initiation region (promoter), while activators facilitate formation of a productive complex.

In RNA, regulation may occur at the level of protein biosynthesis (translation), RNA cleavage, RNA splicing, or transcriptional termination. Regulatory sequences are frequently associated with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, where they are used to control mRNA biogenesis or translation. A variety of biological molecules may bind to the RNA to accomplish this regulation, including proteins (e.g. translational repressors and splicing factors), other RNA molecules (e.g. miRNA) and small molecules, in the case of riboswitches.

Research to find all regulatory regions in the genomes of all sorts of organisms is under way. Conserved non-coding sequences often contain regulatory regions, and so they are often the subject of these analyses.

Examples

 * CAAT box
 * CCAAT box
 * Operator (biology)
 * Pribnow box
 * TATA box
 * SECIS element, mRNA
 * Polyadenylation signals, mRNA
 * A-box
 * Z-box
 * C-box
 * E-box
 * G-box

Insulin gene
Regulatory sequences for the insulin gene are:
 * A5
 * Z
 * negative regulatory element (NRE)
 * C2
 * E2
 * A3
 * cAMP response element
 * A2
 * CAAT enhancer binding (CEB)
 * C1
 * E1
 * G1