Basic counseling skills module: Theoretical approaches to counselling

 Basic Counselling Skills 



'''1. Attending Behaviour'''

'''2. Closed and Open-Ended Questions'''

'''3. Paraphrase'''

'''4. Summary'''

'''5. Reflection'''



 1)        Attending Behaviour 

 v    Orienting oneself physically and psychological

 v    Encourages the other person to talk

 v    Lets the client know you’re listening

<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    Conveys empathy

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none">''' What Does Attending Behaviour Look Like? '''

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> a) SHOVLER (Or SOLER – the underlined): 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v     S  : Face the other Squarely

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    H: Head nods

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v     O  : Adopt an Open Posture

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    V: Verbal Following

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    E: Speech

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v     L  : Lean toward the other

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v     E:  Make Eye Contact

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v     R  : Be Relatively Relaxed

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"> b) Listening: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Listening is the most important skill in counselling. It is the process of ‘hearing’ the other person. Three aspects of listening;

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">i)                      Linguistic:  actual words, phrases and metaphors used to convey feelings.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">ii)                    Paralinguistic:  not words themselves but timing, accent, volume, pitch, etc.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">iii)                  Non-verbal:  ‘body language’ or facial expression, use of gestures, body position and movement, proximity or touch in relation to the counsellor

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">All these express the internal state of the counselee and can be ‘listened’ to by the attentive counsellor.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 2)        Four types of Counselling Interventions 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> i)                       Open-Ended Questions 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    Questions that clients cannot easily answer with “Yes,”, “No,” or one- or two-word responses

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü      “Tell me about your family while you were growing up”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    “Why is that important to you?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    How did you feel when that happened?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü      “What did you do when she said that?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    “What are your reasons for saying that?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Purposes of Open-Ended Questions: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To begin an interview

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To encourage client elaboration

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To elicit specific examples

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To motivate clients to communicate

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> ii)                    Closed-Ended Questions 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         Questions that the other can easily answer with a “Yes,” “No,” or one- or two-word responses

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         “Are you going to have the test done?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         “Did you drink before you got into the car?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">           “Do you drink often?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         “Do you exercise?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">           “Do you like your job?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Purposes of Closed-Ended Questions: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To obtain specific information

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To identify parameters of a problem or issue

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To narrow the topic of discussion

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo5; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To interrupt an over-talkative client

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Closed vs. Open-Ended Question 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">Examples

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">C: Are you scared?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">O: How do you feel?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">C: Are you concerned about what you will do if the test results are positive?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">O: What do you think you might do if the test results are positive?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">C: Is your relationship with your husband a good one?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">O: Tell me about your relationship with your husband.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> iii)                  Reflection: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Reflection is the echoing back of the last few words that the client has spoken. It is widely used in Rogerian counselling.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             e.g.: Counselee: We moved to Bangalore from gulf at the beginning of last year but none of us really settled down. My wife never did like living in such a large city. I found it difficult to get a job….

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counsellor: You found it difficult to get a job…

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counselee: Well, it was difficult to start with, any way. I suppose I didn’t really try hard enough …

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counsellor: You didn’t really try hard enough … (more later-below)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> iv)                  Challenging: 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Though challenging and confronting are not associated with counselling, there are times they are appropriate and even necessary.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counselee: There is no one in this organization that I can talk to at all

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counsellor: No one?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counselee: I have always been a failure, never been any good at anything.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">             Counsellor: Always?

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 3)        Paraphrasing 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">The counsellor rephrases the content of the client’s message

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Example:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Client: “I know it doesn’t help my depression to sit around or stay in bed all day.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Counsellor: “It sounds like you know you should avoid staying in bed or sitting around all day to help your depression.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Purposes of Paraphrasing 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To convey that you are understanding him/her

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         Help the client by simplifying, focusing and crystallizing what they said

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         May encourage the client to elaborate

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         Provide a check on the accuracy of your perceptions

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> When to use it 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">    <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">
 * When you have an hypothesis about what’s going on with the client
 * When the client is in a decision making conflict
 * When the client has presented a lot of material and you feel confused

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Steps in Paraphrasing 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">Client, a 40-year-old woman: “How can I tell my husband I want a divorce? He’ll think I’m crazy. I guess I’m just afraid to tell him.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Steps

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> a)       Recall the message and restate it to yourself covertly

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> b)       Identify the content part of the message

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> c)       Wants divorce, but hasn’t told husband because he will think she’s crazy

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> d)       Select an appropriate beginning: E.g., “It sounds like,” “You think,” “I hear you saying,”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> e)       Translate the key content into your own words: Want a divorce= break off, split; E.g., “It sounds like you haven’t found a way to tell your husband you want to end the relationship because of his possible reaction. Is that right?”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo16; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> f)         Confirm the accuracy of the paraphrase

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Practice: Get into triads/dyads and do the following paraphrases together

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 4)        Summary 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    A collection of two or more paraphrases or reflections that condenses the client’s messages or the session

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    Covers more material

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    Covers a longer period of client’s discussion

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Purposes of a Summary 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To tie together multiple elements of client messages

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To identify a common theme or pattern

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To interrupt excessive rambling

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To start a session

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To end a session

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To pace a session

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To review progress

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo9; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol">         To serve as a transition when changing topics

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Steps in a Summary 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">Example- Client, an young girl

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    At the beginning of the session:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">“I don’t understand why my parents can’t live together anymore. I’m not blaming anybody, but it just feels very confusing to me.” [Said in a low, soft voice with lowered, moist eyes]

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Near the middle of the same session:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">“I wish they could keep it together. I guess I feel like they can’t because they fight about me so much. Maybe I’m the reason they don’t want to live together anymore.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">a) Recall key content and affect messages

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Key content: wants parents to stay together

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Key affect: feels sad, upset, responsible

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">b) Identify patterns or themes

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    She is the one who is responsible for her parents’ break-up

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">c) Use an appropriate sentence stem and verbalize the summarization response

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    e.g., “I sense,” or “You are feeling”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">d) Summarize

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    e.g., “Earlier today you indicated you didn’t feel like blaming anyone for what’s happening to your parents. Now I’m sensing that you are feeling like you are responsible for their break-up

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">e) Assess the effectiveness of your summarization

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Practice: A 30-year-old man who has been blaming himself for his wife’s unhappiness: I really feel guilty about marrying her in the first place. It wasn’t really for love. It was just a convenient thing to do. I feel like I’ve messed up her life really badly. I also feel obliged to her. [Said in low, soft voice tone with lowered eyes]

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> Practice: A 27-year-old woman who has continually focused on her relationships with men and her needs for excitement and stability:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops:list 54.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    First session: I’ve been dating lots and lots of men for the last few years. Most of them have been married. That’s great because there are no demands on me. [Bright eyes, facial animation, high-pitched voice]

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops:list 54.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Fourth session: It doesn’t feel so good anymore. It’s

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:54.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">not so much fun. Now I guess I miss having some commitment and stability in my life. [Soft voice, lowered eyes]

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> 5)        Reflection 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    A verbal response to client emotion

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">Example

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    Client: “So many things are going on right now: another hectic semester has started, my dog’s sick, and my mom’s ill too. I find myself running around trying to take care of everything. I’m not sure I can take it anymore.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> v    Counsellor: “You’re feeling pretty overwhelmed by all the things that are going on right now.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Purposes of a Reflection 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"> ¨        Helps clients:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:90.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops:list 90.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    Feel understood

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:90.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops:list 90.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    Express more feelings

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:90.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops:list 90.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    Manage feelings

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:90.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops:list 90.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> ü    Discriminate among various feelings

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Steps of a Reflection 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops:list 36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Client, a 50-year-old steelworker now laid off: “Now look, what can I do? I’ve been laid off over a year. I’ve got no money, no job, and a family to take care of. It’s also clear to me that my mind and skills are just wasting away. [Said in a loud, critical voice, staring at the ceiling, brow furrowed, eyes squinting]

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">a. Listen closely and observe behaviour

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Watch nonverbal behaviour

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    Verbally reflect the feelings back to the client

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">b. Identify the feeling category

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">c. Identify the intensity

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">d. Match the feeling and intensity of a word

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">e. Feed back to the client

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">f. Add content using the form

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops:list 72.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> Ø    “You feel ___, because _____.”

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none">g. Check for accuracy

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none">   

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"> Practice: Get into your triads/dyads and do the following paraphrases together

<p class="MsoNormal">