Chromosome 12 (human)



Chromosome 12 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 12 spans about 132 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.

Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 12 likely contains between 1,000 and 1,300 genes. It also contains the Homeobox C gene cluster.

Genes
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 12:
 * ACVRL1: activin A receptor type II-like 1
 * COL2A1: collagen, type II, alpha 1 (primary osteoarthritis, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, congenital)
 * HPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
 * LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
 * MMAB: methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblB type
 * MYO1A: myosin IA
 * NANOG: NK-2 type homeodomain gene
 * PAH: phenylalanine hydroxylase
 * PPP1R12A: protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 12A
 * PTPN11: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (Noonan syndrome 1)

Diseases
The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 12:
 * achondrogenesis type 2
 * collagenopathy, types II and XI
 * hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
 * hypochondrogenesis
 * Kniest dysplasia
 * maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3
 * methylmalonic acidemia
 * nonsyndromic deafness
 * nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal dominant
 * Noonan syndrome
 * Parkinson disease
 * phenylketonuria
 * spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type
 * spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
 * spondyloperipheral dysplasia
 * Stickler syndrome
 * Stickler syndrome, COL2A1
 * tyrosinemia