Circular definition

{{{PhilPsy}} A circular definition is one that assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined. For instance, we can define "oak" as a tree which has catkins and grows from an acorn, and then define "acorn" as the nut produced by an oak tree. To someone not knowing either which trees are oaks or which nuts are acorns, the definition is fairly useless.

A circular definition occurred in an early definition of the kilogram. The kilogram was originally defined as the mass of one liter of water at standard pressure and the temperature at which it is densest (which is about 4°C). The unit of pressure is the Newton per square meter, where a Newton is the force that accelerates one kilogram one meter per second squared. Thus the kilogram was defined in terms of itself. To clear up any confusion, the kilogram was later defined as the mass of a certain piece of metal in Sèvres.

A circular definition also crept into the classic definition of death that was once "the permanent cessation of the flow of vital bodily fluids", which raised the question "what makes a fluid vital?"

A branch of mathematics called non-well-founded set theory allows for the construction of circular sets. Circular sets are good for modelling cycles and, despite the field's name, this area of mathematics is well founded. Computer science allows for procedures to be defined by using recursion&mdash;such definitions are not circular as long as they terminate.

An example of a circular definition

 * See
 * See "See".

Another, commonly cited, example:


 * Recursion
 * See "Recursion".

Another one, not so common:
 * Endless loop
 * See "Loop, endless"

Once you find "Loop, endless"
 * Loop, endless
 * See "Endless loop"