Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy, built on the experiential ideal of "Here and Now" (rather than the Rogersian "Here and Now"), and relationships with others and the world. Drawing on the ideas of humanistic psychology, the school of Gestalt therapy was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s. It is related to but not identical to Gestalt psychology and the Gestalt psychology-based Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy of Hans-Juergen Walter.

General description
The school of Gestalt therapy was co-founded in the late 1940s to early 1950s by Fritz & Laura Perls, both of whom were originally traditional psychoanalysts; and Paul Goodman, a political writer and anarchist. The seminal work was Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality, published in 1951; co-authored by Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline (a university psychology professor, and sometime patient of Fritz Perls).

Gestalt therapy takes approaches from a wide variety of psychological and philosophical disciplines, integrating them into a therapeutic approach based on the idea of a complete organism (mind and body as an integrated whole). The objective of this therapy is to enable a person to become creatively alive and to be free from the inhibitions to this vitality which may diminish optimimum satisfaction, fulfillment, and growth.

Based initially on the insights of Gestalt psychology and traditional psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy has developed as a humanistic psycho-therapeutic model, with a well developed theory that combines phenomenological, existential, dialogical, and field approaches, to the process of transformation and growth of human beings.

At the centre of Gestalt therapy lies the promotion of "contact"-- a process whereby experience is holistically integrated. The individual is encouraged to experience his or her own feelings and behaviours in the here and now. The way in which he or she interrupts contact with the present environment is considered to be a significant factor when recovering from psychological disturbances. By focusing the individual on self-awareness as part of present reality, new insights can be made and the fluid process of contacting resumed.

Principal influences

 * Wilhelm Reich's psychoanalytic developments, especially the concept of character armor and its focus on the body.
 * Jacob Moreno's Psychodrama, principally the development of body experimentation techniques for the resolution of psychological conflicts
 * Max Wertheimer's Gestalt Psychology, which this therapy derives its name from, influences the application of the concepts about perception to a broader theory about the necessities of humans, and the relation of humans with their surroundings.
 * Kurt Goldstein's theory of the organism, based on Gestalt theory.
 * Martin Buber's existential philosophy of relationship and dialogue ("I - Thou").
 * Carl Jung's psychology, particularly the polarities concept
 * Some elements from existentialism and Zen Buddhism
 * American pragmatism of William James, George Herbert Mead, and John Dewey
 * European phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Being human
The practice of Gestalt therapy is based firmly in the personal experience of both the client and the therapist; furthermore, Gestalt therapy is based on an elaborate theory that developed over many years since the 1940s. Consequently, the following points can give no more than a rough impression. There are many different perspectives among contemporary Gestalt therapy practitioners. Some stress individual autonomy, others stress the essential relatedness of all human experience. Much of today's variations in Gestalt therapy follow some of the divergence of the "later" Fritz Perls from the "earlier' Fritz Perls, the separation of the "West Coast" method (Perls, Jim Simkin) from the "East Coast" theorists (Laura Perls, Paul Goodman, Isadore From, Richard Kitzler). As this modality continues to mature and become an international phenomenon, these differences may be leading to a new synthesis. The following is but a brief -- and disputable -- glimpse at this complex psychotherapeutic modality.

The human being seen as a whole
The human being is seen as an indissoluble entity; we cannot work with the mind without also taking account of the body. The two are closely related with, for example, particular emotions being associated with certain postures.

Further, human beings are social. An "individual" is always understood to be a function of a larger complex social world or "field."

Self-actualization, proceeds by the individual becoming gradually aware of the entirety of themselves and of all that that implies. Generally we are not aware of the greater part of ourselves and we only identify with a lesser part.

For example, in the extreme case of someone over-identified with their job, a person would define themselves through their professionalism, position, authority, responsibility, ability, organization, etc. They will rarely mention other aspects of their identity, such as relationships with a partner or friends. Conversely, they will be strongly influenced by success in their career area, and events like being fired, jobless or retired, could trigger a crisis.

The problem in identifying with a limited number of aspects of ourselves, is that we do not use much of our potential. By assuming we lack the 'inner resources' is that we look for external support; creating dependencies.

Formation of Gestalt
In the German Gestalt psychology, developed by Max Wertheimer, the mind is considered to function by realizing the distinction between the figure (that which attracts attention or protruding) and the ground (that which dwells in the background/ second plane). Perls uses this distinction of figure-ground to establish a principle of human need. He conceived that needs are part of a continuum. The most pronounced need manifests as a figure until its resolution. This type of Gestalt is called a Gestalt controller since it guides the mental process.

An extreme example of the mental function of this mechanism is the case of a toothache. When we have a toothache, our whole world revolves round the pain. We do not care about other concerns. Until we solve our problem of pain, we can not attend to any other affairs with clarity.

With psychological needs something similar happens; a need is considered in this plane to be like an unresolved situation or an unclosed gestalt. This is manifest as thoughts that seize the mind most of the time in involuntary ways. (For example our conscience may compulsively dialogue with us over an issue). Or it may manifest as a filter that makes us blind to certain information in our environment. (For example, someone who has had a history of abuse in childhood might fail to observe issues of power and abuse in relationships in the present day. These aspects are effectively left in the second plane/background and never come to the fore). The formation process and Gestalt closing is a natural process that works without human intervention or the control of our will. We go through Gestalt processes everyday that form and close naturally in time. Nevertheless, situations sometimes occur which do not get resolved as they are supposed to, sometimes to a point that we forget the original problem exists or we believe that it has been resolved. This class of perpetual problem can cause psychological difficulties.

The Gestalt psychotherapist works with this unfinished mental content or filter forms. They help the individual to recognise them and work towards the closing of the Gestalt using various techniques suggested by the psychotherapist.

Contact boundaries
The human being establishes a relationship with his or her surrounding environment; this relationship defines a boundary. This boundary is what allows a distinction to be made between self and non self, but it is also the area where contact takes place. In Gestalt therapy, it is defined as the ego boundary or the contact boundary. In Gestalt therapy it is considered that the relationships with other people are made at this boundary. When it happens in a healthy manner, then the boundary is flexible, which means that we are capable of distinguishing I from You, but also of forming a we. We are capable of coordinating the appropriate needs with those that surround us and we can see each other as a complete person, and not only as a function of our needs and wishes.

Generally, in a relationship with another person, we are each subject to number of conflicts of interest. In most cases, the individual-societal conflict faces us with a conflict between our needs and the demands of others. Concepts of obligations like must do transform themselves into ideals as to what we must do in a particular situation. We then create rigid formulae for relationships which correspond to these must do obligations. In time these become more and more rigid. In Gestalt therapy, this rigidity is called the character. The structure of a character is an inflexible form of relating which transforms, in the long run, into an obstacle to communications with others.

Another important aspect of the contact boundary is the function of those phenomena known as identification and alienation. Gestalt therapy proposes that we often identify with only small parts of our own true selves. This affects the way we see what is in ourselves and what is in others. We make assumptions that certain characteristics of ourselves belong to others, a process known as identification. We may consider some good qualities as only belonging to others when in reality they are also parts of ourselves. This also produces the phenomenon known as alienation; for example, when we have no capacity to see some defect in ourselves, we tend to criticize it when we see it in others.

It must also be stressed that this boundary is not a clear marker delineating separateness, but is a porous phenomenological construct, shifting and always changing to reflect the on-going processes of life.

Organismic self-regulation
As a basic principle, Gestalt therapy emphasises the naturalness of all psychological processes. It considers the human organism as intelligent and sentient, any attempt to control or manipulate it causes organic imbalance. It believes that a majority of psychological problems arise from manipulation or the attempt to control or dominate a part of the psyche. The Gestalt therapeutic principle firstly addresses the removal of internalised controls to allow the organism to self regulate naturally. At the base of Gestalt therapy is the idea that any attempt at imposing a change on the mind is likely to produce the opposite effect. The controlling part of a person's psyche may attempt to obtain an objective but it will face another part that resists its control.

Gestalt therapy sees a distinction between decisions and preferences. Decisions are voluntary choices, but are guided by a form of control (either external or internal). Preferences are the choices that in each moment the organism sees as important, through the process of the formation of a Gestalt.

Psychotherapeutic bases
The goal of Gestalt therapy is to facilitate the removal of obstacles that lie between people and the utilization of their full potential. Gestalt therapy's techniques and attitude create a space in which people can recover their capacity for living. In this way people can become self-aware and aware of their interactions with others, living in the moment and assuming responsibility for their actions. For Perls, the appropriate experience, further on from the whole explanation or possible interpretation, is therapeutic or corrective in this sense.

It is in this way that Claudio Naranjo, for example, systematizes Gestalt therapy along three basic principles: actuality, attention and responsibility, and constantly brings the patient back to these principles throughout their therapy.

Actuality
(Here and now)

Excessive concentration on the past (memories) or on the future (plans) is a form of escapism with respect to the present. These fantasies with both often occur as a form of escape from the present moment when we can not resolve something or we can not totally experiment. Nevertheless, nothing exists outside the present moment.

By this, Gestalt therapy focuses on the here and now in two ways: on the one hand, it insists on expressing everything that is within the field of the awareness of the client, and working with that; and on the other hand, by means of presentification of the past or future&mdash;or of fantasy in general&mdash;dramatizing past scenes&mdash;even those from dreams&mdash;or fantasies of the future. This is made real through gestural, postural, and verbal forms.

Attention
(Self-realization) Assuming the figure-ground game as a basis for perception, Gestalt therapy attempts to achieve permeability between the two. This permits softening of rigid methods of relating with society (character) with which unknown capacities are recovered to form the grounds of attention.

In this manner, the client is encouraged to be aware of his or her feelings, thoughts, body posture, breathing rhythm, physical sensations, etc., enhancing day-to-day experience. In the next stage, the client is directed to experiment across the dramatization of feelings, thoughts, body posture, etc., of other people (fathers, friends, intimate partners, those who appear in dreams) who are brought as significant material to the session.

Responsibility
The principal idea is to replace the concept of blame (related to shoulds and musts) with responsibility (related to organismic self-regulation). This creates a flexibility with the relationship with the medium, allowing natural equilibrium between needs and the environment, permitting the natural equilibrium between one's own needs and those of the environment.

Other Gestalt therapists approach this similarly.

Gestalt therapy emphasizes the independence of the client, leaving him or her in charge of his or her own development. Yet this does not mean that a person is merely an individual, but is always of the social field. This contributes to a great measure the role of Gestalt therapy. The therapist is understood more as a facilitator or guide to the therapeutic process rather than one responsible for the client's well being. In this manner it avoids generating a relation of dependency with both and creates a model for a positive relationship for personal growth.

In this light, the therapist does not have the truth about the client, and neither inteprets nor offers solutions. The therapist's role is to generate a space for the client to experiment by himself/herself in a sufficiently protected atmosphere.

Wider influence of Gestalt therapy on other schools
Gestalt therapy, along with transactional analysis (TA)&mdash;most specifically, Michigan Transactional Analysis&mdash;strongly influenced Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP).

Simple Injunctions of Gestalt therapy
(al


 * 1) Live now, stay in the present.
 * 2) Live here, be with the present.
 * 3) Stop imagining, experience reality.
 * 4) Stop unnecessary thinking.
 * 5) Express, rather than manipulating, explaining, justifying, or judging.
 * 6) Give in to unpleasantness do not restrict your awareness.
 * 7) Accept no "should" or "ought", other than your own.
 * 8) Take full responsibility for your own actions, feelings and thoughts.
 * 9) Surrender to being who you are right now.

Bibliography for original Spanish article

 * Naranjo, Claudio (1990). La vieja y novísima gestalt. Santiago: Editorial Cuatro Vientos
 * Perls, Fritz (1974). Sueños y existencia. Santiago: Editorial Cuatro Vientos
 * Stevens, J. O. Esto es gestalt. Santiago: Editorial Cuatro Vientos