Positivism(philosophy)

Positivism is a philosophy developed by Auguste Comte in the beginning of the 19th century, which stated that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge. It is sometimes referred to, in a pejorative way, as scientism. As an approach to the philosophy of science deriving from Enlightenment thinkers like Pierre-Simon Laplace (and many others), positivism was first systematically theorized by Auguste Comte, who saw the scientific method as replacing metaphysics in the history of thought, and who observed the circular dependence of theory and observation in science. Brazil's national motto, Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") was taken from Comte's positivism, also influential in Poland. Paradoxically, positivism can not be used to validate itself.

The key features of positivism as of the 1950s, as defined in the "received view", are (Hacking, 1981):
 * 1) A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;
 * 2) A concern with axiomatization, that is, with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements;
 * 3) An insistence on at least some of these statements being testable, that is amenable to being verified, confirmed, or falsified by the empirical observation of reality; statements that would, by their nature, be regarded as untestable included the teleological; (Thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics.)
 * 4) The belief that science is markedly cumulative;
 * 5) The belief that science is predominantly transcultural;
 * 6) The belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator;
 * 7) The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable;
 * 8) The belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones;
 * 9) The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science, that there is, underlying the various scientific disciplines, basically one science about one real world.

Reference

 * Foundations of Futures Studies, Wendell Bell

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